Total synthesis of (-)-ulapualide A, a novel tris-oxazole macrolide from marine nudibranchs, based on some biosynthesis speculation.

A new, second generation, total synthesis of ulapualide A (1), whose stereochemistry was recently determined from X-ray analysis of its complex with the protein actin, is described. The synthesis is designed and based on some speculation of the biosynthetic origin of the contiguous tris-oxazole unit in ulapualide A, alongside that of the related co-metabolites that contain only two oxazole rings, e.g. 6 and 7. The mono-oxazole carboxylic acid 67b and the mono-oxazole secondary 55b alcohol which, together, contain all of the 10 asymmetric centres in the natural metabolite, were first elaborated using a combination of contemporary asymmetric synthesis protocols. Esterification of 67b with 55b under Yamaguchi conditions gave the ester 77 which was then converted into the omega-amino acid 18a following simultaneous deprotection of the t-butyl ester and the N-Boc protecting groups. Macrolactamisation of 18a, using HATU, now gave the key intermediate macrolactam 17, containing two of the three oxazole rings in ulapualide A (1). A number of procedures were used to introduce the third oxazole ring in ulapualide A from 17, including: a) cyclodehydration to the oxazoline 78a followed by oxidation using nickel peroxide leading to 76; b) dehydration to the enamide 79, followed by conversion into the methoxyoxazoline 78b, via 80, and elimination of methanol from 78b using camphorsulfonic acid. The tris-oxazole macrolide 76 was next converted into the aldehyde 82b in four straightforward steps, which was then reacted with N-methylformamide, leading to the E-alkenylformamide 83. Removal of the TBDPS protection at C3 in 83 finally gave (-)-ulapualide A, whose 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data were indistinguishable from those obtained for naturally derived material. It is likely that the tris-oxazole unit in ulapualide A (1) is derived in nature from a cascade of cyclodehydrations from an acylated tris-serine precursor, e.g.9, followed by oxidation of the resulting tris-oxazoline intermediate, i.e.10. It is also plausible to speculate that the biosynthesis of metabolites related to ulapualide A, e.g. the bis-oxazole 6 and the imide 7, involve cyclisations of just two of the serine units in 9. These speculations were given some credence by carrying out pertinent interconversions involving the bis-oxazole amide 24, the enamide 25, the imide 26, the oxazoline 27 and the tris-oxazole 30 as model compounds. An alternative strategy to the tris-oxazole macrolide intermediate 76 was also examined, involving preliminary synthesis of the aldehyde 73, containing a shortened (C25-C34) side chain from 67b and 47b. A Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reaction between 73 and the phosphonate ester 74 led smoothly to the E-alkene 75, but we were not able to reduce selectively the conjugated enone group in 75 to 76 without simultaneous reduction of the oxazole alkene bond, using a variety of reagents and reaction conditions.

Selection, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones as human GnRH receptor antagonists.

The present article describes a selection of a new class of small molecule antagonists for the h-GnRH receptor, their preparation, and evaluation in vitro. Three computational methods were combined into a consensus score, to rank order virtual templates. The top 5% of templates were further evaluated in silico and assessed for novelty and synthetic accessibility. The tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione core was selected for synthesis and evaluated in vitro. Using an array approach for analog design and synthesis, we were able to drive the binding below 10nM for the h-GnRH receptor after two rounds of optimization.

Identification of 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)-ethylamine derivatives as novel GnRH receptor antagonists.

A novel series of 2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl)-ethylamine derivatives were designed and synthesized as GnRH receptor antagonists. SAR studies led to a series of highly active molecules against both the rat and human receptors. Furthermore, one potent compound, 17j, demonstrated dose-dependent LH suppression in castrated rats.

Barrier to enantiomerization of unstabilized, chelated, and dipole-stabilized 2-lithiopyrrolidines.

Kinetics experiments have been used to establish the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation for the enantiomerization of three structural classes of 2-lithiopyrrolidines. We find that alpha-aminoorganolithiums chelated by a N-methoxyethyl or N-Boc group have a barrier to enantiomerization (DeltaG++) 2-3 kcal/mol lower than that of unstabilized alpha-aminoorganolithiums at 273 K. Density functional calculations were performed to clarify possible ground state and transition structures and to identify possible pathways for inversion of these chiral organolithium species.

Preparation of diamines by lithiation-substitution of imidazolidines and pyrimidines.

The synthesis of chiral 1,2-diamines and 1,3-diamines was achieved from the unsubstituted diamines by way of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) substituted imidazolidines (tetrahydroimidazoles) and pyrimidines (hexahydro-1,3-diazines), which were treated with sec-butyllithium to effect deprotonation alpha- to the N-Boc group, followed by addition of an electrophile to give substituted products that could be hydrolysed under acidic conditions to give the substituted 1,2- or 1,3-diamines. Use of the chiral ligand (-)-sparteine promoted asymmetric deprotonation of the imidazolidine substrates to give, after hydrolysis, enantiomerically enriched 1,2-diamines.

Intramolecular carbolithiation reactions of chiral alpha-amino-organolithium species.

Enantiomerically enriched alpha-amino-organolithium species, in which the lithium atom is attached to a stereogenic carbon centre, have been found to be chemically stable at room temperature in a solvent of very low polarity and undergo intramolecular carbolithiation onto an unactivated alkene. The configurational stability of the chiral organolithium species, bearing a variety of N-alkenyl substituents, was probed by studying the enantiomeric purity of the cyclization products. With N-but-3-enyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine, cyclization to the five-membered ring is more rapid than racemization and a high yield of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-pseudoheliotridane was obtained with no loss of optical purity. In contrast, with N-pent-4-enyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine, cyclization to the six-membered ring was found to occur with significant loss of optical purity. The cyclization to the six-membered ring was determined to occur with a half-life, t(1/2) approximately 90 min at 23 degrees C. The epimerization of this organolithium species in hexane/Et2O 4:1 was calculated to have a half-life, t(1/2) approximately 30 min at 23 degrees C. Enhanced levels of enantioselectivity for the formation of the indolizidine ring system were obtained using an alkene bearing a terminal phenylthio substituent. With N-[(3-phenylthio)-prop-2-enyl]-2-lithiopyrrolidine, cyclization to the four-membered ring occurs with poor enantioselectivity at low temperature in THF but is highly enantioselective at room temperature in a solvent of very low polarity.