Negligible procedure-related dissemination risk of mucosal incision-assisted biopsy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors versus endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration/biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Mucosal incision-assisted biopsy (MIAB) is a valuable alternative to endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration/biopsy (EUS-FNAB) for sampling gastric subepithelial lesions (SELs). This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk of dissemination and impact on postoperative prognosis associated with MIAB, which has not yet been investigated. METHODS: Study 1: A prospective observational study was conducted to examine the presence or absence and growth rate of tumor cells in gastric juice before and after the procedure in patients with SELs who underwent MIAB (n = 25) or EUS-FNAB (n = 22) between September 2018 and August 2021. Study 2: A retrospective study was conducted to examine the impact of MIAB on postoperative prognosis in 107 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors diagnosed using MIAB (n = 39) or EUS-FNAB (n = 68) who underwent surgery between January 2001 and July 2020. RESULTS: In study 1, although no tumor cells were observed in gastric juice in MIAB before the procedure, they were observed in 64% of patients after obtaining samples (P < 0.001). In contrast, no tumor cells were observed in the gastric juice in EUS-FNAB before and after the procedure. In study 2, there was no significant difference in 5-year disease-free survival between MIAB (100%) and EUS-FNAB (97.1%) (P = 0.27). CONCLUSION: MIAB is safe, with little impact on postoperative prognosis, although the procedure releases some tumor cells after damaging the SEL's pseudocapsule.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy Without Dilation: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) procedures have been gradually established; nonetheless, some adverse events (AEs) have been reported. Dilation procedures using a non-cautery or cautery device increase the incidence of AEs in EUS-HGS. AIMS: We evaluated EUS-HGS procedures without dilation and the factors associated with dilation. METHODS: We enrolled 79 patients who underwent EUS-HGS between July 2015 and March 2021 at two centers, 72 of whom had technical success (72/79, 91%). During the EUS-HGS procedures, we defined patients without dilation procedures as the dilation (-) group. We divided the patients into two groups: the dilation (+) (35 patients) and dilation (-) (37 patients) groups. We performed a propensity score matching analysis to adjust for confounding bias between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with dilation. RESULTS: There was no difference in clinical success rate between the dilation (+) and dilation (-) groups (91% vs. 95%, P = 0.545). The AE rate (P = 0.013) and long procedure time (P = 0.017) were significantly higher in the dilation (+) group than in the dilation (-) group before and after propensity score matching. Factors associated with dilation were plastic stent placement (odds ratio [OR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68-28.7; P = 0.007) and puncture angle of ≤ 90° (OR, 44.6; 95% CI, 5.1-390; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A dilation procedure in EUS-HGS may not always be necessary. However, patients with an angle of ≤ 90° between the needle and intrahepatic biliary tract or plastic stent deployment require dilation procedures.

Efficacy of Early Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Transluminal Drainage for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transluminal drainage (EUS-TD) is generally performed 4 weeks after disease onset for evacuating pancreatic fluid collections. However, the optimal timing for conducting the procedure in those diagnosed with postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) has not been established. We aimed to elucidate the efficacy and safety of early EUS-TD procedures for treating POPF. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with POPF who underwent EUS-TD in the Kyushu University Hospital between 2008 and 2019. Clinical features were comparatively analyzed between the two patient groups who underwent either early (≤15 days postoperatively) or late (>15 days postoperatively) EUS-TD. Factors prolonging hospital stay were also analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Thirty patients (median age, 64.5 years) were enrolled. The most common initial operation was distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (60.0%). Median size of POPF was 69.5 (range, 38-145) mm, and median time interval between surgery and EUS-TD was 17.5 (range, 3-232) days. Totally, 47% patients underwent early EUS-TD. Rates of technical success, clinical success, and complications were 100%, 97%, and 6.9%, respectively. No recurrence of POPF occurred during a median follow-up period of 14 months. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were comparable between the early and late drainage patient groups, except for the rates of infection and nonencapsulation of POPF, which were significantly higher in the early drainage group. Performing simultaneous internal and external drainage (hazard ratio (HR): 0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.93, p=0.04) and conducting ≥2 treatment sessions (HR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08-0.84, p=0.02) were significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization after EUS-TD. Conclusions: EUS-TD is a safe and effective method for managing POPF, regardless of when it is performed in the postoperative period. Once infected POPF occurs, clinicians should not hesitate to perform EUS-TD even within 15 days of the initial operation.

Endoscopic mucosal resection vs endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors.

BACKGROUND: The selection of endoscopic treatments for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) is controversial. AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for SNADETs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with SNADETs from a database of endoscopic treatment for SNADETs, which included eight hospitals in Fukuoka, Japan, between April 2001 and October 2017. A total of 142 patients with SNADETs treated with EMR or ESD were analyzed. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for the differences in the patient characteristics between the two groups. We analyzed the treatment outcomes, including the rates of en bloc/complete resection, procedure time, adverse event rate, hospital stay, and local or metastatic recurrence. RESULTS: Twenty-eight pairs of patients were created. The characteristics of patients between the two groups were similar after matching. The EMR group had a significantly shorter procedure time and hospital stay than those of the ESD group [median procedure time (interquartile range): 6 (3-10.75) min vs 87.5 (68.5-136.5) min, P < 0.001, hospital stay: 8 (6-10.75) d vs 11 (8.25-14.75) d, P = 0.006]. Other outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups (en bloc resection rate: 82.1% vs 92.9%, P = 0.42; complete resection rate: 71.4% vs 89.3%, P = 0.18; and adverse event rate: 3.6% vs 17.9%, P = 0.19, local recurrence rate: 3.6% vs 0%, P = 1; metastatic recurrence rate: 0% in both). Only one patient in the ESD group underwent emergency surgery owing to intraoperative perforation. CONCLUSION: EMR has significantly shorter procedure time and hospital stay than ESD, and provides acceptable curability and safety compared to ESD. Accordingly, EMR for SNADETs is associated with lower medical costs.

Superiority of mucosal incision-assisted biopsy over ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosing small gastric subepithelial lesions: a propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Gastric subepithelial lesions, including gastrointestinal stromal tumors, are often found during routine gastroscopy. While endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB) has been the gold standard for diagnosing gastric subepithelial lesions, alternative open biopsy procedures, such as mucosal incision-assisted biopsy (MIAB) has been reported useful. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of MIAB for the diagnosis of gastric SELs compared with EUS-FNAB. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 177 consecutive patients with gastric SELs who underwent either MIAB or EUS-FNAB at five hospitals in Japan between January 2010 and January 2018. Diagnostic yield, procedural time, and adverse event rates for the two procedures were evaluated before and after propensity-score matching. RESULTS: No major procedure-related adverse events were observed in either group. Both procedures yielded highly-accurate diagnoses once large enough samples were obtained; however, such successful sampling was more often accomplished by MIAB than by EUS-FNAB, especially for small SELs. As a result, MIAB provided better diagnostic yields for SELs smaller than 20-mm diameter. The diagnostic yields of both procedures were comparable for SELs larger than 20-mm diameter; however, MIAB required significantly longer procedural time (approximately 13 min) compared with EUS-FNAB. CONCLUSIONS: Although MIAB required longer procedural time, it outperformed EUS-FNAB when diagnosing gastric SELs smaller than 20-mm diameter.

Objective validity of the Japan Narrow-Band Imaging Expert Team classification system for the differential diagnosis of colorectal polyps.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The Japan Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI) Expert Team (JNET) classification is a recently proposed NBI magnifying endoscopy-based classification system for colorectal tumors. Although the usefulness of this system has been reported by JNET experts, its objective validity remains unclear. We tested its validity and usefulness for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps by including colonoscopy experts and non-experts as test participants. METHODS: Forty NBI images of polyps of various JNET types were shown to 22 doctors (11 experts and 11 non-gastrointestinal [GI] trainees) who had not examined the patients. The doctors diagnosed the polyps based solely on the surface and vessel patterns in the magnified images and the JNET classification system. Concordance rates of their diagnoses with the pathological findings of the polyps were determined, and the results for experts and non-GI trainees were compared. RESULTS: Both for colonoscopy experts and non-GI trainees, the JNET classification system was particularly useful for classifying polyps as benign or malignant. Although the accuracy rates for classifying polyps into each JNET type varied among colonoscopy experts, those who were familiar with the JNET classification system were able to diagnose polyps with approximately 90% accuracy. Common mistakes were attributable to misunderstandings of the wording in the JNET classification chart and lack of proper training. CONCLUSION: The JNET classification system is a practical approach for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps. Training is required even for experienced colonoscopists to adopt the system properly. Common pitfalls must be shared among colonoscopists to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.

Mucosal incision-assisted biopsy versus endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration with a rapid on-site evaluation for gastric subepithelial lesions: A randomized cross-over study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic yield of mucosal incision-assisted biopsy (MIAB) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) with a rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) for gastric subepithelial lesions (SEL) suspected of being gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with an intraluminal growth pattern. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized, cross-over multicenter study. The primary outcome was the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA and MIAB. The secondary outcomes were the technical success rate, complication rate, procedure time and biopsy frequency. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients were randomized to the MIAB group (n = 23) and EUS-FNA group (n = 24). There was no significant difference in the diagnostic yield of MIAB and EUS-FNA (91.3% vs 70.8%, P = 0.0746). The complication rates of MIAB and EUS-FNA did not differ to a statistically significant extent. The mean procedure time in the MIAB group was significantly longer than that in the EUS-FNA group (34 vs 26 min, P = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic yield of MIAB was satisfactorily as high as EUS-FNA with ROSE for gastric SEL with an intraluminal growth pattern.

Mucosal Profiles of Immune Molecules Related to T Helper and Regulatory T Cells Predict Future Relapse in Patients With Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND: T helper (Th)- and regulatory T (Treg) cell-related immune molecules are implicated in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the association between their mucosal expression during remission and the subsequent clinical course of UC is unknown. METHODS: The expression of cytokines and transcription factors related to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg in endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens from 40 UC patients in clinical remission and 9 controls was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between their expression patterns, as stratified by Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES), and any future relapse was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Six of 40 patients (baseline MES 0/1/2, 22/14/4) experienced a relapse during the study period (median, 37 months). At baseline, even in the MES0 patients, the interleukin (IL)-17A of the patients was significantly upregulated in comparison with controls (P = 0.0351). Future relapse was associated with a higher baseline expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-21 in MES0/1, and the upregulation of IL-17F and IL-21 remained statistically significant when limited to MES0 patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that as a single marker, a higher IL-21 level best grouped patients with an increased risk of relapse (P = 0.0042). Furthermore, a multivariate model that consisted of IL-21 and T-bet showed an even greater value (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The profiles of Th/Treg-related gene expression in the colonic mucosa are altered, even during clinical and endoscopic remission of UC, with a detectable Th17-predominant profile predicting future relapse. This association might represent latent immune dysregulation during disease quiescence and has the potential to be utilized to improve patient care.

[A case of non-cardiac chest pain caused by esophageal motility disorder observed on esophageal high-resolution manometry].

A 20-year-old man was referred to our hospital with dysphagia and chest pain. Heart disease was denied. No abnormality was observed in upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy and fluoroscopy;furthermore, no gastric acid-related symptoms were observed on combined esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring. Esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) performed by liquid swallow revealed normal peristalsis;however, HRM performed while the patient was taking solid meals showed abnormal contraction, and the patient simultaneously complained of chest pain. Therefore, we diagnosed this case as non-cardiac chest pain due to esophageal motility disorder.

Mucosally Expressed Cytokines are Associated with the Esophageal Motility Function.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although basic research has shown that certain cytokines affect gastrointestinal motility, the clinical evidence is lacking. The objective of this study was to explore the association between mucosally expressed cytokines and the esophageal motility function in humans. METHODS: We enrolled a total of 57 patients with suspected esophageal motility disorders (EMDs) who underwent high-resolution manometry. RESULTS: The diagnoses of the patients were as follows: normal esophageal motility (n = 25), ineffective esophageal motility (n = 5), esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO; n = 10), distal esophageal spasm (n = 5), achalasia (n = 10), absent contractility (n = 1), and jackhammer esophagus (n = 1). The expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) was significantly higher in EGJOO (14.6, 14.0-15.8, n = 10) than in normal esophageal motility (13.3, 12.8-14.1, n = 25); however, there was no difference in the expression of TNF-α between achalasia (13.4, 13.0-14.1, n = 10) and normal esophageal motility (13.3, 12.8-14.1, n = 25). EGJOO was discriminated from achalasia/normal by a linear discriminant analysis (AUC = 0.917). A multivariable regression analysis revealed that interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-23A were predictive of the distal contractile integral, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 were predictive of the basal EGJ pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The esophageal motility was associated with mucosally expressed cytokines in humans; these cytokines could be useful targets for the diagnosis and treatment of EMDs.

Development of Image-enhanced Endoscopy of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review of History and Current Evidences.

Endoscopy imaging of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has evolved tremendously over the last few decades. Key milestones in the development of endoscopy imaging include the use of various dyes for chromoendoscopy, the application of optical magnification in endoscopy, the introduction of high-definition image capturing and display technology and the application of altered illuminating light to achieve vascular and surface enhancement. Aims of this review paper are to summarize the development and evolution of modern endoscopy imaging and in particular, imaged-enhanced endoscopy (IEE), to promote appropriate usage, and to guide future development of good endoscopy practice. A search of PubMed database was performed to identify articles related to IEE of the GI tract. Where appropriate, landmark trials and high-quality meta-analyses and systematic reviews were used in the discussion. In this review, the developments and evolutions in endoscopy imaging and in particular, IEE, were summarized into discernible eras and the literature evidence with regard to the strengths and weaknesses in term of their detection and characterization capability in each of these eras were discussed. It is in the authors' opinion that IEE is capable of fairly good detection and accurate characterization of various GI lesions but such benefits may not be readily reaped by those who are new in the field of luminal endoscopy. Exposure and training in making confident diagnoses using these endoscopy imaging technologies are required in tandem with these new developments in order to fully embrace and adopt the benefits.

The Effective Treatment with Cyclosporine of a Ulcerative Colitis Patient with Concurrent Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Who Subsequently Developed Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum.

Although extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases are not uncommon, few reports have described concurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is also a rare complication of ulcerative colitis (UC). This report describes the case of a 14-year-old boy who experienced recurrent ulcerative colitis 3 months after temporary improvement following treatment with prednisolone (20 mg/day) and granulocyte/monocyte adsorption apheresis. His platelet counts decreased, suggesting ITP. The dosage of prednisolone was increased to 60 mg/day; however, his thrombocytopenia did not improve and he suddenly developed pneumomediastinum. A continuous infusion of cyclosporine increased his platelet counts and improved his ulcerative colitis. Cyclosporine should be considered when steroid-resistant ITP accompanies UC.

Telemedicine for gastrointestinal endoscopy: The Endoscopic Club E-conference in the Asia Pacific Region.

Background and study aims An Endoscopic Club E-conference (ECE) was set up in May 2014 to cater to increased demand for gastrointestinal endoscopy-related teleconferences in the Asia-Pacific region which were traditionally organized by the medical working group (MWG) of Asia-Pacific Advanced Network. This study describes how the ECE meeting was run, examines the group dynamics, outlines feedback and analyzes factors affecting the enthusiasm of participants. It is hoped that the findings here can serve as guidance for future development of other teleconference groups. Methods The preparation, running of and feedback on the ECE teleconference were evaluated and described. The country's economic situation, time zone differences, connectivity with a research and education network (REN) and engineering cooperation of each member were recorded and analyzed with regard to their association with participant enthusiasm, which was taken as participation in at least 50 % of the meetings since joining. Associations were calculated using 2-way table with chi-square test to generate odds ratio and P value. Results To date, ECE members have increased from 7 to 29 (increment of 314 %). Feedback received indicated a high level of satisfaction with program content, audiovisual transmission and ease of technical preparation. Upper gastrointestinal luminal endoscopy-related topics were the most favored program content. Those topics were presented mainly via case studies with a focus on management challenges. Time zone differences of more than 6 hours and poor engineering cooperation were independently associated with inactive participation (P values of 0.04 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusions Good program content and high-quality audiovisual transmission are keys to the success of an endoscopic medical teleconference. In our analysis, poor engineering cooperation and discordant time zones contributed to inactive participation while connectivity with REN and a country's economic situation were not significantly associated with participant enthusiasm.

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm of the Pancreas in Young Male Patients: Three Case Reports.

A preoperative diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) in young male patients is difficult to achieve using radiological images. We herein present three cases of young male patients with relatively small SPNs. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) showed well-encapsulated, smooth-surfaced, heterogeneous solid lesions in all patients, and all preoperative diagnoses were achieved by EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). The final pathological diagnosis after surgery was an SPN with a Ki-67 labeling index of <2%. SPNs should be considered even in young male patients. EUS with EUS-FNA could be a useful diagnostic modality for SPNs even in young male patients.

Gastric neuroendocrine tumor with hypergastrinemia following type B chronic atrophic gastritis: a case report.

A man in his 60s was referred to our institution for the evaluation of a gastric neuroendocrine tumor (G-NET) located in the fornix and that measured 13mm in size. Blood test results revealed hypergastrinemia (up to 3376pg/ml). Additional tests, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy, computed tomography, and intragastric pH monitoring, indicated that hypergastrinemia was not associated with type A autoimmune gastritis or gastrinoma. The patient was positive for the immunoglobulin G antibody against Helicobacter pylori, suggesting type B chronic atrophic gastritis as the cause for the condition. This report describes a rare case of G-NET with hypergastrinemia following type B chronic atrophic gastritis. Evaluation of similar cases is necessary to determine if H. pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis is frequently associated with G-NET.

Limited Effect of Rebamipide in Addition to Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) in the Treatment of Post-Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Gastric Ulcers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing PPI Plus Rebamipide Combination Therapy with PPI Monotherapy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The ability of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to resect large early gastric cancers (EGCs) results in the need to treat large artificial gastric ulcers. This study assessed whether the combination therapy of rebamipide plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) offered benefits over PPI monotherapy. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, and comparative study, patients who had undergone ESD for EGC or gastric adenoma were randomized into groups receiving either rabeprazole monotherapy (10 mg/day, n=64) or a combination of rabeprazole plus rebamipide (300 mg/day, n=66). The Scar stage (S stage) ratio after treatment was compared, and factors independently associated with ulcer healing were identified by using multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The S stage rates at 4 and 8 weeks were similar in the two groups, even in the subgroups of patients with large amounts of tissue resected and regardless of CYP2C19 genotype. Independent factors for ulcer healing were circumferential location of the tumor and resected tissue size; the type of treatment did not affect ulcer healing. CONCLUSIONS: Combination therapy with rebamipide and PPI had limited benefits compared with PPI monotherapy in the treatment of post-ESD gastric ulcer (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000007435).

Basic principles and practice of gastric cancer screening using high-definition white-light gastroscopy: Eyes can only see what the brain knows.

Endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors consists of the following processes: (i) detection; (ii) differential diagnosis; and (iii) quantitative diagnosis (size and depth) of a lesion. Although detection is the first step to make a diagnosis of the tumor, the lesion can be overlooked if an endoscopist has no knowledge of what an early-stage 'superficial lesion' looks like. In recent years, image-enhanced endoscopy has become common, but white-light endoscopy (WLI) is still the first step for detection and characterization of lesions in general clinical practice. Settings and practice of routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) such as use of antispasmodics, number of endoscopic images taken, and observational procedure are customarily decided in each facility in each country and are not well standardized. Therefore, in the present article, we attempted to outline currently available evidence and actual Japanese practice on gastric cancer screening using WLI, and provide tips for detecting EGC during routine EGD which could become the basis of future research.

Differences in routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy between Japanese and international facilities: A questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The mortality rate of gastric cancer (GC) is close to the incidence rate worldwide. However, in Korea and Japan, the mortality rate of GC is less than half of the incidence rate. We hypothesized that good-quality routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) contributes to a high detection rate for early GC (EGC) and improves mortality in these countries. METHODS: To clarify the differences in routine EGD, a questionnaire survey was conducted in 98 Japanese and 53 international institutions. RESULTS: Prevalence of screening examination among routine EGD was higher in Japanese than in international institutions. Japanese endoscopists noted that endoscopic mucosal atrophy was the most significant risk factor for GC, whereas international endoscopists paid more attention to clinical information such as age, symptoms and family history. Antispasmodics, mucolytics and defoaming agents were used more frequently in Japanese institutions. The examination time was similar (mostly 5-10 min) between Japanese and international institutions. Japanese endoscopists took more pictures (>20 in almost all institutions) than international endoscopists (≤20 in two-thirds of institutions). In Japanese institutions, biopsy specimens were more frequently taken from areas of mucosal discoloration, unevenness or spontaneous bleeding rather than from obvious endoscopic lesions such as ulceration or polyps. In most Japanese institutions, one or two biopsy specimens were taken per lesion, compared with ≥three in international institutions. CONCLUSION: There were some discrepancies between Japanese and international institutions for routine EGD. Thus, standardization is required for adequate risk assessment, proper techniques, and knowledge of endoscopic diagnosis of EGC.

New Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Motility Disorders by High-Resolution manometry.

Esophageal motility disorders (EMD) is characterized by impaired coordinated esophageal motility function with symptoms including dysphasia, heartburn or noncardiac chest pain. Since EMDs is functional disorders, it is usually difficult to make a diagnosis by conventional examinations including endoscopy and esophagography. Recently developed high-resolution manometry allows us to evaluate esophageal motility function precisely and to make a differential diagnosis of EMDs, together with Chicago Classification (CC) version 3.0 (CC ver3.0). In this article, we reviewed diagnosis of EMDs based on CC ver3.0 and current treatment strategy for EMDs.