Switch to Hypomania After Discontinuation of Tamoxifen: A Case Report.

Tamoxifen is a synthetic, nonsteroidal antiestrogen widely used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer that has also been shown to inhibit the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). Upregulation of PKC is associated with disruption of prefrontal cortical regulation of thinking and behavior, which can lead to mania-like symptoms in animal models. Lithium and valproate, 2 mood stabilizers that are widely used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, have also been shown to inhibit PKC. We describe the case of a 48-year-old woman who entered a hypomanic state after discontinuation of tamoxifen while remaining on unopposed venlafaxine prescribed for depression. This case highlights the risk of misdiagnosing unipolar depression in breast cancer patients with undiagnosed bipolar disorder who are being treated with tamoxifen and subsequently started on antidepressants. The use of antidepressants in this population should be carefully monitored to avoid the development of manic, hypomanic, or mixed symptoms in patients with underlying bipolar disorder once tamoxifen is discontinued.

Minocycline augmentation in older adults with persistent depression: an open label proof of concept study.

Less than 40% of depressed older adults treated with an antidepressant achieve remission. Incomplete response to treatment is common. Current augmentation strategies have limited efficacy, and many have side effects that restrict their utilization in older adults. We conducted the first open pilot trial of minocycline augmentation in older adults who had failed to achieve remission after adequate psychopharmacologic treatment. Subjects older than 55 years of age with major depression and failure to achieve substantial improvement of depressive symptoms after at least 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment were given augmentation with minocycline 100 mg twice daily over an 8-week period. At the end of 8 weeks of augmentation with minocycline, 31% (4/13) patients achieved remission. Remitters had higher baseline ratings of hopelessness and apathy. Minocycline was well tolerated with no reported adverse events or discontinuation due to intolerance. Larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effects of minocycline augmentation in older adults who had failed to achieve remission after adequate treatment with antidepressants.

White matter abnormalities predict residual negative self-referential thinking following treatment of late-life depression with escitalopram: A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Negative self-referential thinking is a common symptom of depression associated with poor treatment response. In late-life depression, white matter abnormalities may contribute to negative self-referential thoughts following antidepressant treatment. We investigated the association of fractional anisotropy (FA) in select regions of the negative valence system (NVS) with residual negative self-referential thoughts following treatment with escitalopram for late-life depression. METHODS: The participants were older adults with major depression and psychiatrically normal controls. Depressed participants received 12 weeks of treatment with escitalopram. To assess self-referential thinking, participants completed a Trait Adjective Task at baseline and at week 12. Baseline MRI scans included a diffusion imaging sequence for FA analyses. RESULTS: Participants with late-life depression differed from controls on all performance measures of the Trait Adjective Task at baseline and at 12 weeks. Depressed participants endorsed fewer negative personality traits and more positive personality traits at week 12 compared to baseline. Lower FA in the dorsal anterior cingulate and in the uncinate fasciculus in depressed participants was correlated with residual negative self-referential thinking (e.g., more endorsed negative adjectives, fewer rejected negative adjectives) at treatment end. LIMITATIONS: The sample size is modest so the findings are preliminary. FA analyses were restricted to predetermined regions. CONCLUSIONS: Negative self-referential thinking improved in depressed older adults following 12 weeks of treatment with escitalopram. Baseline FA in select white matter regions of the NVS was associated with residual negative self-referential thinking. These findings may help identify treatment targets for residual negative self-referential thoughts.

Models of care for late-life depression of the medically ill: examples from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke.

Depression worsens most treatment outcomes in medically ill older adults. Chronic medical illnesses weaken and demoralize patients and compromise their ability to adhere to treatments requiring consistency and effort. Acute medical illnesses create a psychosocial storm that finds patients and their ecosystem unprepared. We describe two intervention models that can be used to target and personalize treatment in depressed, chronically, or acutely medically ill older adults. The Personalized Adherence Intervention for Depression and COPD (PID-C) is a model intervention for depressed patients with chronic medical illnesses. It targets patient-specific barriers to treatment engagement and aims to shift the balance in favor of treatment participation. PID-C led to higher remission rates of depression, reduction in depressive symptoms, and reduction in dyspnea-related disability. The addition of problem-solving training enables patients to use resources available to them and hopefully improve their outcomes. Ecosystem-focused therapy (EFT) is a model intervention for depression developing in the context of an acute medical event. It was developed for patients with poststroke depression (PSD) and targets five areas, part of the "psychosocial storm" originating from the patient's sudden disability and the resulting change in the patient's needs and family's life. A preliminary study suggests that EFT is feasible and efficacious in reducing depressive symptoms and signs and disability in PSD.

A patient with bipolar disorder and antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipidsyndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder which causes a hyper-coagulable state characterized by recurrent thrombosis. It has a diverse range of central nervous system manifestations. We describe a case of a 61 year old man with bipolar disorder and APS, and we compare this to a previously reported case. Additionally, we reviewed literature regarding APS-related markers and the relationship of APS to other psychiatric and neurologic illnesses. We discuss possible mechanisms for an association between APS and bipolar disorder. We encourage clinicians to be aware of this possible relationship and have proposed research strategies.