Age, Sex, Metabolic and Pharmacologic Factors May Predict Nonresponse Status to Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapies.

BACKGROUND/AIM: A real challenge for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and rheumatologists is primary nonresponse status (PNRS) or secondary nonresponse status (SNRS) to various therapies. Despite their detrimental influence on patient life quality, PNRS and SNRS have no accurate definition and no early predictive criteria for their development exist. Patients with RA under 40 years of age are rare, hence PNRS and SNRS data for this age group are scarce. This study examined the PNRS and SNRS according to sex, age, BMI, therapy type, and duration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospectively, 115 patients with RA having PNRS and/or SNRS were stratified by age (22-39, 40-59, and 60-81). The association between body mass index (BMI), proinflammatory cytokines inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and TNF-alpha inhibitors, sex, age, and PNRS and SNRS was examined. RESULTS: All three proinflammatory cytokine inhibitors (rituximab, tocilizumab, and abatacept) were associated with PNRS and SNRS in women with a high BMI aged 40-59 years. Abatacept-related PNRS and SNRS was significant in women with normal BMI aged 60-81 years. Adalimumab, infliximab, and golimumab affected SNRS differently in women with normal BMI aged 22-39 years and women with high BMI aged 60-81 years. Etanercept and infliximab were associated with SNRS status in men with high-BMI aged 40-59 years. CONCLUSION: PNRS and SNRS development in patients with RA is significantly influenced by age, sex, and BMI, but most importantly is closely and differentially related to therapy type and duration.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Machine Learning AI Architectures in Detection and Classification of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic imaging has gained significant interest in recent years, particularly in lung cancer detection. This systematic review aims to assess the accuracy of machine learning (ML) AI algorithms in lung cancer detection, identify the ML architectures currently in use, and evaluate the clinical relevance of these diagnostic imaging methods. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases was conducted in February 2023, encompassing the literature published up until December 2022. The review included nine studies, comprising five case-control studies, three retrospective cohort studies, and one prospective cohort study. Various ML architectures were analyzed, including artificial neural network (ANN), entropy degradation method (EDM), probabilistic neural network (PNN), support vector machine (SVM), partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and random forest neural network (RFNN). The ML architectures demonstrated promising results in detecting and classifying lung cancer across different lesion types. The sensitivity of the ML algorithms ranged from 0.81 to 0.99, while the specificity varied from 0.46 to 1.00. The accuracy of the ML algorithms ranged from 77.8% to 100%. The AI architectures were successful in differentiating between malignant and benign lesions and detecting small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This systematic review highlights the potential of ML AI architectures in the detection and classification of lung cancer, with varying levels of diagnostic accuracy. Further studies are needed to optimize and validate these AI algorithms, as well as to determine their clinical relevance and applicability in routine practice.

Assessment of Forward Head Posture and Ergonomics in Young IT Professionals - Reasons to Worry?

BACKGROUND:  Prolonged computer use and poor ergonomics among IT professionals are considered risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. This research aims to analyze the degree of forward head posture and workplace ergonomics in young IT professionals to assess the risk for a neck disability. Methods: A prospective study was carried out by assessing the sitting posture at work, neck disability in the cervical region, quality of life, physical activity, and ergonomics of the workspace in 73 young IT professionals (32.56±5.46 years). Results: The score for the cervical functional disability index (NDI) showed a mild neck disability (8.19±7.51). The craniovertebral angle has an average value of 32.01±11.46, corresponding to a light forward head posture, and it positively correlated with age and work experience and negatively correlated with ROSA (r=0.24, p<0.05). The NDI positively correlated with physical activity (r =00.32 p<0.05) and with ROSA (r= 0.24, p<0.05). Conclusions: In IT professionals, neck disability is associated with the lack of workspace ergonomics and the amount of physical activity. Forward head posture correlated with age, work experience, and poor workspace ergonomics. According to our findings, there are real concerns about the influence of head posture and workplace ergonomics on health among IT professionals. We consider that it is necessary to adopt preventive measures to address neck disability and improve workspace ergonomics.

Time to redefine hyperuricemia? The serum uric acid cut-off level for precipitation might be lower: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is classically defined as serum uric acid (SUA) value higher than 6.8 mg∕dL; between hyperuricemic patients, only 15-20% will develop gout. Our first goal was to find if there is a specificity of the "snowstorm" feature on ultrasound (US) for hyperuricemia. Moreover, we aimed to determine if there is a level of SUA from which the urates tend to appear in the synovial fluid, without generating a typical clinical gouty flare. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, transverse study, including 108 consecutive patients that displayed a set of clinical and imaging features, such as swollen knee and US proof for knee joint effusion. RESULTS: Performing binary logistic regression, the relation between the explanatory variable (hyperechogenic spots) and the response variable (SUA) was demonstrated to be a significant one (p=0.005). The value of 0.397 for the statistical phi coefficient suggests a medium intensity association between the diagnosis of gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia and whether the patients have hyperechogenic spots or not. We found the cut-off value for SUA equal to 4.815 mg∕dL, regardless of gender, from which, the urate starts to precipitate. Values for men tend to be higher in comparison to the ones found for women (4.95 mg∕dL vs. 3.9 mg∕dL). CONCLUSIONS: The "snowstorm" aspect of the fluid might be the result of an increased level of SUA and more than this, the cut-off level for SUA to precipitate might be lower than the fore used values.

Preliminary Study of κ-Carrageenan Based Membranes for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Delivery.

This study proposes a simple and effective method to obtain ultra-thin membranes based on κ-carrageenan. Two types of membranes were obtained, one based on κ-carrageenan and the second type based on κ-carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose and the plasticizer (glycerol). Three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Dexketoprofen trometamol, Meloxicam, Diclofenac sodium) and a glucocorticoid (Dexamethasone) were introduced, looking for the best option for incorporation. The obtained membranes were characterized by FTIR, TG/DTG and UV-VIS methods and the data collected following these methods indicated success in terms of the incorporation of the active substance, as well as the high thermal stability in the temperature range 37-100 °C of both the matrices of membrane types, as well as the membranes with the drug incorporated. All the studies carried out led to the conclusion that within all the membranes the anti-inflammatory substances were intact and, thus we can say that these membranes can be used for transdermal administration of the studied anti-inflammatory substances.

COVID-19 Pandemic Effects on Cervical Cancer Diagnosis and Management: A Population-Based Study in Romania.

The Pap test plays a significant role worldwide in the early diagnosis of and high curability rates for cervical cancer. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic necessitated the use of multiple drastic measures to stop the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, limiting women's access to essential invasive and non-invasive investigations for cervical cancer diagnosis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on cancer diagnosis and management in western Romania. A retrospective study design allowed us to compare the last 24 months of the pre-pandemic period with the first 24 months of the COVID-19 pandemic to determine the change in volume of cervical screening tests, the number of newly diagnosed cases and their severity, and the access to cancer care. A drastic 75.5% decrease in the volume of tests was observed in April 2020 during the first lockdown, after which the volume of cases decreased by up to 36.1% in December 2021. The total volume loss of tests during the first 24 months of the pandemic was 49.9%. The percentage of late-stage cervical cancers (III-IV) rose by 17%, while the number of newly diagnosed cancers in our outpatient clinic was significantly lower than the baseline, with a 45% drop. The access to cancer care was negatively influenced, with 9.2% more patients waiting longer to receive test results over four weeks, while taking longer to seek cancer care after diagnosis (6.4 months vs. 4.1 months pre-pandemic) and missing significantly more appointments. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significantly negative impact on cervical cancer diagnosis and management during the first 24 months compared with the same period before the pandemic. Although the numbers are now recovering, there is still a big gap, meaning that many cervical cancer cases were potentially missed. We recommend further interventions to reduce the gap between the pre-pandemic and pandemic period.

The Experiences of Functioning and Health of Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Multicenter Qualitative European Study.

Objective: To identify a spectrum of perspectives on functioning and health of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) from the five European countries in order to reveal commonalities and insights in their experiences. Methods: A multicenter focus group study on the patients with pSS about their perspectives of functioning and health was performed. Focus groups were chaired by trained moderators based on an interview guide, audiotaped, and transcribed. After conducting a meaning condensation analysis of each focus group, we subsequently combined the extracted concepts from each country and mapped them to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Results: Fifty-one patients with pSS participated in 12 focus groups. We identified a total of 82 concepts meaningful to people with pSS. Of these, 55 (67%) were mentioned by the patients with pSS in at least four of five countries and 36 (44%) emerged in all the five countries. Most concepts were assigned to the ICF components activities and participation (n = 25, 30%), followed by 22 concepts (27%) that were considered to be not definable or not covered by the ICF; 15 concepts (18%) linked to body structures and functions. Participants reported several limitations in the daily life due to a mismatch between the capabilities of the person, the demands of the environment and the requirements of the activities. Conclusion: Concepts that emerged in all the five non-English speaking countries may be used to guide the development and adaption of the patient-reported outcome measures and to enhance the provision of treatment options based on the aspects meaningful to patients with pSS in clinical routine.

CLIC1 Expression in Skin Biopsies from Patients With Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis as a Potential Tool to Predict Therapy Response.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) activates inflammasomes in rheumatoid (RA) and psoriatic (PsA) arthritis. We studied CLIC1 expression in RA and PsA patients' skin with vasculitis and its variability depending on the therapy used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CLIC1 immunoexpression was evaluated in the vascular (CLIC1-V) and stromal (CLIC1-S) compartments of the RA and PsA skin biopsies of patients treated with methotrexate (MTX), leflunomid (LFN), corticotherapy (CT), or biological therapies. RESULTS: MTX significantly reduced CLIC1-S expression (p=0.016), whereas LFN decreased CLIC1-V (p<0.001). LFN therapy duration also correlated with CLIC1-V (p<0.001). CT decreased CLIC1-S expression (p=0.006). CLIC1-S expression persisted in skin biopsies despite of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, p=0.018) and C reactive protein (CRP, p=0.0026) normalisation. For PsA, CLIC1-S expression significantly related to MTX (p<0.022). Both CLIC1-S (p<0.001) and CLIC1-V (p=0.007) decreased by biological therapies in RA. CONCLUSION: CLIC1 expression is strongly influenced by the therapy used. Our data strongly support the extensive evaluation of CLIC1 in RA as a potential marker of inflammation and tool to predict therapy response.

Formulation and Characterization of Alginate-Based Membranes for the Potential Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate.

The aim of this study is to obtain and characterize of alginate-based membranes, as well as to choose the most suitable membrane type for the transdermal release of methotrexate. The paper presents the synthesis of four types of membranes based on alginate to which are added other copolymers (Carbopol, Tween, and Polyvinylpyrrolidone) as well as other components with different roles. Membranes and binary mixtures made between the components used in membrane synthesis and methotrexate are analyzed by thermogravimetric techniques, FTIR and UV spectroscopic techniques as well as SEM. The analyses aim to establish the type of membrane most indicated in the use of the controlled release of methotrexate, namely those membranes in which there are no interactions that could inactivate the active substance. Following these studies, it was concluded that membranes obtained from alginate/alginate and Tw can be used for methotrexate release. The membrane obtained from alginate and carbopol was excluded from the beginning because it is not homogeneous. Regarding the AGP-MTX membrane, it presents interactions with the active substance, carboxylate group interactions argued by TGA and FTIR studies, and interactions that occur in aqueous medium.

Physical Training, Hemodynamic Parameters and Arterial Stiffness: Friends or Foes of the Hypertensive Patient?

AIM: To evaluate the impact of physical training on central hemodynamic parameters and elasticity of large arteries in hypertensive patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 129 hypertensive patients were divided into two groups: group A followed lifestyle changes and physical training; and group B acted as a control group; seven parameters were recorded: Pulse wave velocity (PWVao), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), central aortic systolic blood pressure (SBPao), aortic diastolic blood pressure (DBPao), and central aortic pulse pressure (PPao). RESULTS: The difference between values at 4 months and baseline (Δ) were as follows: ΔPWVao was -1.02 m/s (p<0.001) versus 0.17 m/s (p=0.035), ΔSBPao was -9.6 mmHg (p=0.009) versus 1.6 mmHg (p=0.064), and ΔPPao was -6.8 mmHg (p<0.001) versus 3.2 mmHg, (p=0.029) in group A versus B, respectively. CONCLUSION: Exercise training improves SBP, PP, SBPao, PPao and may delay arterial ageing.

Association between arterial stiffness, disease activity and functional impairment in ankylosing spondylitis patients: a cross-sectional study.

Cardiovascular risk is an important factor for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The aim of this study is to assess arterial stiffness in relation to the disease activity and functional limitation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Twenty-four patients (mean age 45.8 ± 11.7 years) suffering of ankylosing spondylitis (disease duration 11.1 ± 5.1 years) and 24 gender and age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Clinical, biological, and functional status of ankylosing spondylitis patients was recorded. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measuring pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA) was performed using applanation tonometry. We found significant differences between ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls in regard to PWV (p = 0.047), aortic augmentation pressure-AP (p = 0.028), augmentation index-AIx (p = 0.038) and aortic augmentation index adjusted for heart rate-AIx75 (p = 0.011). PWV and AIx75 were significantly associated with the disease functioning score-BASFI (p = 0.012, r = 0.504; p = 0.041, r = 0.421). Aortic AP and augmentation indexes (AIx and AIx75) were all associated to ASDAS score (p = 0.028, r = 0.448; p = 0.005, r = 0.549; p = 0.025, r = 0.455). Our study showed that ankylosing spondylitis patients have a higher arterial stiffness than the age-matched controls, leading to an increased cardiovascular risk. We found that arterial stiffness is positively associated with disease activity and functional impairment. Chronic spondiloarthropaties should be screened for arterial stiffness, even in the absence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, in order to benefit from primary prevention measures.

Inspiratory muscle training improves aerobic capacity and pulmonary function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of inspiratory muscle training on aerobic capacity and pulmonary function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: Rheumatic Rehabilitation Centre. SUBJECTS: A total of 54 ankylosing spondylitis patients, all males, were randomized to a conventional exercise training associated with an inspiratory muscle training group, or to a conventional exercise training group. INTERVENTIONS: Group 1 (27 patients) performed eight weeks of conventional exercise training (supervised weekly group sessions followed by a home-based exercise programme) associated with inspiratory muscle training sessions. Group 2 (27 patients) received eight weeks of conventional exercise training only. MAIN MEASURES: Resting pulmonary function (forced vital capacity - FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second - FEV1); effort ventilatory efficiency (lowest ventilatory equivalent ratio for oxygen and carbon dioxide - VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2) and aerobic capacity (peak oxygen uptake - VO2peak) were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks of exercise-based intervention. RESULTS: After eight weeks follow-up, patients in Group 1 had a significant increased chest expansion and VO2peak compared with Group 2 (3.6 ±0.8 cm vs. 3.2 ±0.5 cm, P = 0.032; 2.0 ±0.5 l/min vs. 1.8 ±0.3 l/min, P = 0.033). There were no significant differences of spirometric measurements, except FVC which significantly improved in patients who performed inspiratory muscle training (82.7 ±5.1% vs. 79.5 ±3.5%, P = 0.014). VE/VCO2 also improved significantly in Group 1 (26.6 ±3.6 vs. 29.2 ±4.7, P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Ankylosing spondylitis patients who performed eight weeks of inspiratory muscle training associated to conventional exercise training had an increased chest expansion, a better aerobic capacity, resting pulmonary function and ventilatory efficiency than those who performed conventional exercise training only.

Balance impairment and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially in severe forms, is commonly associated with systemic inflammation and balance impairment. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact on equilibrium of stable and exacerbation (acute exacerbation of COPD [AECOPD]) phases of COPD and to investigate if there is a connection between lower extremity muscle weakness and systemic inflammation. METHODS: We enrolled 41 patients with COPD (22 stable and 19 in AECOPD) and 20 healthy subjects (control group), having no significant differences regarding the anthropometric data. We analyzed the differences in balance tests scores: Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) questionnaire, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Single Leg Stance (SLS), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), isometric knee extension (IKE) between these groups, and also the correlation between these scores and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: The presence and severity of COPD was associated with significantly decreased score in IKE (P<0.001), 6MWD (P<0.001), SLS (P<0.001), and BBS (P<0.001), at the same time noting a significant increase in median TUG score across the studied groups (P<0.001). The AECOPD group vs stable group presented a significant increase in high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels (10.60 vs 4.01; P=0.003) and decrease in PaO2 (70.1 vs 59.1; P<0.001). We observed that both IKE scores were significantly and positive correlated with all the respiratory volumes. In both COPD groups, we observed that fibrinogen reversely and significantly correlated with the 6MWD, and FES-I questionnaire is correlated positively with TUG test. Hs-CRP correlated reversely with the walking test and SLS test, while correlating positively with TUG test and FES-I questionnaire. CONCLUSION: According to this study, COPD in advanced and acute stages is associated with an increased history of falls, systemic inflammation, balance impairment, and lower extremity muscle weakness.

Changes in physical activity in healthy people and COPD patients.

PURPOSE: Pedometry is an objective method to analyse part of physical activity. The aims of this study were to evaluate physical activity (by quantifying walking steps/day) in Romanian chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: A total of 58 COPD patients (GOLD stages III and IV) and 273 healthy subjects, divided by decades of age, wore pedometers for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Significant decrease of physical activity level was observed in COPD patients vs. control group (3,414 ± 1,105 vs. 7,200 ± 2,452 steps/day). Walking performance of patients with COPD stage III was better than that of patients with COPD stage IV. For both groups, the lowest activity level was recorded during the weekend. Patients with COPD could not perform any aerobic movement. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a difference of physical activity in both healthy individuals and COPD patients, in the latter group the decrease being worse and in accordance with the disease severity.

The effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback as part of a meniscal repair rehabilitation programme.

The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using electromyographic biofeedback in the early stages of rehabilitation after meniscal repair. In this randomised, controlled, parallel group study, the evolution of patients with meniscal lesions treated by meniscal suture who received (study group, n = 33) or did not receive (control group, n = 31) electromyographic biofeedback as part of their early rehabilitation programme has been compared. A total of 64 patients with previous meniscal repair participated in the study. The patients received a baseline assessment (after 1 postoperative week) and a follow-up (after 8 postoperative weeks) consisting of surface electromyography, dynamometry of thigh muscles and the assessment of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The electrical potential in contraction and the speed for contraction and relaxation for all monitored muscles increased significantly in the study group (p < 0.05). The difference between groups in the assessed score was significant for sport and recreational function (p < 0.05). The strength of the thigh muscles was not significantly influenced by the introduction of electromyographic biofeedback (EMG- BFB) in the rehabilitation programme. Electromyographic biofeedback helped patients to control their muscles after meniscal repair to accomplish physical activities that require better neuromuscular coordination and control. For these reasons, one may consider electromyographic biofeedback as an important component of rehabilitation after meniscal repair. Key PointsExercises during the early phases of rehabilitation after meniscal repair are difficult to perform because of pain, oedema, and possibly a disruption in normal joint receptor activity.Electromyographic biofeedback is a painless, non-invasive method that can be used in muscle recovery after meniscal repair and enhances the rehabilitation process, especially related to muscular function.The rehabilitation programme that includes electromyographic biofeedback after meniscal repair increased the speed of muscle response to acoustic stimulation in both the initiation of contraction (onset time) and relaxation (offset time) and, also, the capacity of performing some specific physical acti-vities after 8 weeks of rehabilitation (according to KOOS values).Electromyographic biofeedback is not responsible for the decrease in pain, swelling or other postoperative symptoms but it is important in order to help the patient to conduct the activities which require neuromuscular coordination and muscle control.

Benefits of exercise training during hemodialysis sessions: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease patients can be considered as 'cardiovascular time bombs' due to their tremendous cardiovascular risk. Our study has determined the impact of 3 months of exercise training during dialysis on some of the cardiovascular risk factors (arterial stiffness, body composition and physical performance) in a chronic hemodialyzed population. METHODS: The study group (n = 19) and control group (n = 16) of chronic hemodialysis patients from Timisoara, Romania, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. The intervention--40 min of exercise training (with non-fistula hand and both lower limbs) during each hemodialysis session for 3 months--was applied only to the study group. The measurements made before and after intervention were aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic augmentation index, return time and both central and peripheral blood pressure for arterial stiffness evaluation, using the Arteriograph Tensiomed system, body composition by multifrequency bioimpedance and physical performance (Myotest PRO system and hand dynamometer). RESULTS: We found a significant 1-m/s reduction in PWV, a 12-second increase in return time and a 10-mm Hg reduction in both central and systolic blood pressure driven only by the exercise training. Exercise training significantly increased the skeletal muscle mass and the soft lean mass of the study group patients. Physical performance significantly improved in the study group jumping height by 1 cm, lower limbs explosive power by 3 W/kg and non-fistula hand strength prehension by 0.06 bar. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training during dialysis has a positive effect on arterial stiffness, body composition and physical performance of chronic hemodialyzed patients.

Economic efficiency of primary care for CVD prevention and treatment in Eastern European countries.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but it also is highly preventable. The prevention rate mainly depends on the patients' readiness to follow recommendations and the state's capacity to support patients. Our study aims to show that proper primary care can decrease the CVD-related morbidity rate and increase the economic efficiency of the healthcare system. Since their admission to the European Union (EU), the Eastern European countries have been in a quest to achieve the Western European standards of living. As a representative Eastern European country, Romania implemented the same strategies as the rest of Eastern Europe, reflected in the health status and lifestyle of its inhabitants. Thus, a valid health policy implemented in Romania should be valid for the rest of the Eastern European countries. METHODS: Based on the data collected during the EUROASPIRE III Romania Follow Up study, the potential costs of healthcare were estimated for various cases over a 10-year time period. The total costs were split into patient-supported costs and state-supported costs. The state-supported costs were used to deduce the rate of patients with severe CVD that can be treated yearly. A statistical model for the evolution of this rate was computed based on the readiness of the patients to comply with proper primary care treatment. RESULTS: We demonstrate that for patients ignoring the risks, a severe CVD has disadvantageous economic consequences, leading to increased healthcare expenses and even poverty. In contrast, performing appropriate prevention activities result in a decrease of the expenses allocated to a (eventual) CVD. In the long-term, the number of patients with severe CVD that can be treated increases as the number of patients receiving proper primary care increases. CONCLUSIONS: Proper primary care can not only decrease the risk of major CVD but also decrease the healthcare costs and increase the number of patients that can be treated. Most importantly, the health standards of the EU can be achieved more rapidly when primary care is delivered appropriately. JEL: I18, H51.

Smoking prevalence in coronary patients from EuroAspire III Romania.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating smoking incidence, the compliance to smoking cessation recommendation and benefits of quitting smoking in coronary patients included in EuroAspire III Romania survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the acute cardiovascular events (MACE) incidence in 530 consecutive coronary patients (> or = 18 years and < 80 years at the time ofidentification) with first or recurrent clinical diagnosis or treatments for coronary heart disease, retrospectively identified from diagnostic registers or hospital discharge lists. The coronary events for hospital admission were: elective or emergency coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG), elective or emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA). The starting date for identification was not less than 6 months and not more than 3 years prior to the expected date ofinterview. Patients were divided in three groups according to their condition of smoker (smoking at interview moment), ex-smoker (quitting smoking prior to interview moment) and no smoker (never smoking). RESULTS: Smoking incidence before hospital admission for coronary event was 68.3% and 10% after hospital discharge. Prior the coronary event, percentage of male smokers (77.15%) predominated by female smokers (42.64%) - p<0.05, OR=4.54. Male smokers (67.25%) were more compliant to smoking cessation recommendation compared to females (32.35%) - p=0.04, OR=2.16; there was no significant difference between the two sexes concerning smoking incidence at interview moment (p>0.05). Patients who continued smoking after hospital discharged presented an increased frequency of MACE compared to non smokers (p=0.043, OR=1.98). Also, patients who continued smoking till hospitalization for coronary event, presented a higher risk compared to non smokers concerning re-intervention by PTCA (p=0.017, OR=4.28) and AMI incidence (p=0.01, OR=4.89). The MACE incidence was higher in active smokers versus passive smokers, but there was no significant differences between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Majority of coronary patients renounced smoking after their first experience with cardiovascular events, a small part continued smoking. Patients who continued smoking after the acute event had higher incidence of MACE compared to non-smokers or ex-smokers (p<0.05). Also, MACE incidence was higher in active smokers versus passive but the difference was not significant between the two groups (p>0.05).