Endourological Management of Ureteral Stricture in Patients with Renal Transplant: A Systematic Review of Literature.

Purpose: To analyze the utility and outcomes of available endourologic options to treat ureteral stricture after kidney transplantation (KT). Methods: A systematic review was carried out for all English language articles from 2000 to 2023 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards using EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Google scholar, and Cochrane library. The search term combination for the string was follows: [(Ureteral stricture) OR (ureter stenosis) OR (ureteral stenosis) OR (Stricture ureter) OR (Narrowing ureter) OR (Ureter restriction) OR (ureteral restriction) OR (ureteral narrowing) OR (ureteral obstruction) OR (ureter obstruction) OR (obstructing ureter) OR (obstructive ureter) OR (narrow ureter) OR (ureteral narrow)] AND [(kidney transplant) OR (transplanted kidney) OR (transplant) OR (transplantation)] AND [(management) OR (Robotic) OR (laser) OR (stent) OR (dilatation) OR (dilation) OR (endoscopic) OR (endourological) OR (Urologic) OR (laparoscopic) OR (surgery) OR (treatment)]. Case reports, review articles, animal and laboratory studies were excluded. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: A total of 1102 relevant articles published from 2000 to 2023 were found. After screening of titles and abstracts, a total of 19 articles were included in our systematic review. Ureteral stent/nephrostomy placement, balloon dilatation (ureteroplasty) with or without laser was used as initial approaches whereas follow-up and success rate were analyzed among other parameters. Conclusions: The management of ureteral strictures after KT is challenging and selecting the most appropriate treatment is crucial for successful outcomes. Our review suggests that, an endourologic management is a safe option with good long-term outcomes, especially in short and early strictures.

Postoperative surgical complications after pediatric kidney transplantation in low weight recipients (<15 kg): a systematic review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Kidney transplantation in low-weight recipients (<15 kg) is a challenging surgery with special characteristics. We proposed to perform a systematic review to determine the postoperative complication rate and the type of complications after kidney transplantation in low-weight recipients (<15 kg). The secondary objectives were to determine graft survival, functional outcomes, and patient survival after kidney transplantation in low-weight recipients. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Medline and Embase databases were searched to identify all studies reporting outcomes on kidney transplantation in low-weight recipients (<15 kg). RESULTS: A total of 1254 patients in 23 studies were included. The median postoperative complications rate was 20.0%, while 87.5% of those were major complications (Clavien ≥3). Further, urological and vascular complications rates were 6.3% (2.0-11.9) and 5.0% (3.0-10.0), whereas the rate of venous thrombosis ranged from 0 to 5.6%. Median 10-year graft and patient survival were 76 and 91.0%. SUMMARY: Kidney transplantation in low-weight recipients is a challenging procedure complicated by a high rate of morbidity. Finally, pediatric kidney transplantation should be performed in centers with expertise and multidisciplinary pediatric teams.

Atencion Farmaceutica al paciente VIH en tratamiento con Dolutegravir y Lamivudina / Pharmaceutical Care for HIV patients on treatment with Dolutegravir and Lamivudine

Introducción: De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) continúa siendo uno de los mayores problemas para la salud pública mundial. A día de hoy, la importancia de la adherencia al tratamiento continúa siendo el centro de atención de todos los profesionales sanitarios. La falta de adherencia supone un gran problema económico y sanitario. Método: Este estudio se centra en el servicio de atención farmacéutica (AF) realizado a los pacien-tes VIH en tratamiento con el comprimido coformulado dolutegravir/lamivudina (DTG/3TC) desde su comercialización en julio de 2019 hasta mayo 2021.Variables estudiadas: sexo, edad, adherencia, carga viral, recuento de linfocitos CD4, terapia anti-rretroviral (TAR) previa en paciente no naive, tratamientos concomitantes, interacciones, en pacientes no naive el motivo que ha conducido al cambio de TAR y los efectos adversos (EA) desarrollados. Fuente de datos: programa informático dispensación pacientes externos e historia clínica electrónica. Resultados: En el servicio de AF en la primera entrevista con el farmacéutico se tratan cinco aspectos: adherencia, EA, tratamientos y/o productos de herboristería concomitantes, interacciones y motivo de cambio de TAR. 62 pacientes iniciaron tratamiento con DTG/3TC: 24,1% (15/62) naive y 75,8% (47/62) no naive. El 100% de los pacientes naive presentaron una alta adherencia, solamente el 6,4% de los pacientes pretratados fueron identificados como no adherentes. Se encontró una contraindicación: hipérico. Conclusiones: Los pacientes presentan una alta adherencia, el tratamiento es efectivo y seguro. Se realiza el servicio de AF de forma eficaz. Conocemos la adherencia de nuestros pacientes y realizamos un estrecho seguimiento farmacoterapéutico. (AU)

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues being one of the world's major public health problems. Currently, the importance of adherence to treatment continues being the focus of attention of health professionals. Lack of adherence is a major economic and health problem. Method: This study focuses on the pharmaceutical care service performed on all HIV patients (naive and non-naive) on treatment with the coformulated tablet dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) from its commercialization in July 2019 until May 2021. Variables studied: sex, age, adherence, viral load, CD4 lymphocyte count, previous antiretroviral therapy (ART) in non-naïve patients, concomitant treatments, interactions, the reason that led to the change of ART in non-naïve patient and the adverse effects developed. Results: In the first interview with the pharmacist in the pharmaceutical care service, five fundamental aspects are discussed: adherence, adverse effects, concomitant treatments and/or herbal products, interactions and reason for changing antiretroviral drugs in non-naive patients. 62 patients started treatment with DTG/3TC: 24.1% (15/62) naive and 75.8% (47/62) no naive. 100% of naive patients were highly adherent, only 6.4% of pre-treated patients were identified as non-adherent. Only one contraindication was found: hypericum. Conclusions: Patients are highly adherent, the treatment is effective and safe. The pharmaceutical care service is carried out efficiently. We are aware of our patients' adherence and carry out close phar-macotherapeutic monitoring. (AU)

Being born small for gestational age (SGA) might be associated with a higher reoperation rate in proximal hypospadias.

PURPOSE: Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is associated with a higher frequency and more severe forms of hypospadias as well as with potential developmental differences. This study aims to characterize operative outcomes in SGA boys compared to boys born with normal weight and length for gestational age (appropriate/large for gestational age, AGA/LGA). METHODS: Demographic data, hypospadias characteristics, associated pathologies and operative outcomes of boys who underwent hypospadias repair at a single center (10/2012-10/2019) were evaluated. Boys were categorized into SGA and non-SGA, which were then compared using unpaired t-tests and chi square tests. To examine the effect of SGA on reoperative risk, a logistic regression model was applied integrating surgical technique, meatal localization and complex hypospadias (narrow glans/plate, curvature, micropenis, bilateral cryptorchidism). RESULTS: SGA boys accounted for 13.7% (n = 80) of the total cohort (n = 584) and 33% of all proximal hypospadias (n = 99, SGA vs. non-SGA 41.3% vs. 13%, p < 0.001). After a mean follow-up of 18.6 months the reoperation rate for all hypospadias was 17.9% (n = 105). In distal hypospadias there was no difference in reoperation rate between SGA and AGA/LGA boys (p = 0.548, multivariate regression model). For each meatal localization in proximal hypospadias SGA was a significant, independent factor predicting higher reoperation rates (p = 0.019, OR 3.21) in a logistic regression model (Figure ROC). DISCUSSION: Hypospadias surgery carries a substantial risk for unplanned reinterventions. Apart from meatal localization, there are only a few factors (urethral plate quality, glandular diameter, curvature) reported in literature to be associated with reoperative risk. Intrauterine growth retardation associated with SGA might lead to not only a higher probability of proximal hypospadias but also contribute to a higher risk for complications mediated by developmental differences. Whether these findings could help to tailor surgical strategies or adjuvant measures, as for example the application of preoperative hormonal stimulation remains to be determined in future studies. This study is limited by being a single-center series with limited follow-up resulting in some complications probably not yet detected - however, in the same extent in both groups. CONCLUSION: Based on this study, 33% of all proximal hypospadias cases occur in boys born SGA. While the reoperation rate in boys with distal hypospadias was not influenced by SGA status, SGA proved to be an independent predictor of a higher risk of reoperation in those with proximal hypospadias. After validation of these findings in other centers, this could be integrated into counseling and risk-stratification.

[Oncological results in high grade prostate cancer treated surgically]. / Resultados oncológicos en el cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo tratado quirúrgicamente.

OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is considered a tumour with a long natural history. However, its high-risk variants exhibit variable behaviour. We analyse the factors that affect BR and CSS (multivariate, Kaplan Meier). METHODS: From 1997 to 2013, 657 patients were operated of a high-grade prostate cancer (pT2b 7.2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18.3%, pT4 1.5%). Gleason score was ≥8 in 23% of cases. Percentage of PSMs was 46.1%. Mean follow-up was 113 months (24-192). RESULTS: BR occurred in 36.5%. Patients with Gleason score <8, 31.7% had BR, Gleason ≥8 had BR in 48% (p<0.05). PSMs recurrence occurred in 48.9%, whereas 26.1% in NSM (p<0.05). If lymphadenectomy, BR occurred in 48.7%, if not 30.9% (p<0,05). In multivariate analysis, stage, Gleason≥8 and PSMs were independent factors for BR. Treatment of BR was 36.5% radiotherapy, 24.1% HT, and 21.2% both simultaneously. Active surveillance was performed in 13.3%. Disease progression (biochemical or radiological) occurred in 23.5%. CSS was 98.93%, pT4 was the stage with the greatest mortality (10%), followed by pT3b (3.4%), p<0.05. Patients with a Gleason score ≥8 accounted for 71% CSM (p<0,05). PSMs and lymphadenectomy didn't have repercussions for survival. In multivariate analysis, Gleason≥8 was independent factor for CSM. CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy plays an important role in multi-modal approach with good oncological control at medium follow up. Gleason score ≥8 was the factor with the greatest effect on CSM. Lymphadenectomy didn't affect CSS.

Resultados oncológicos en el cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo tratado quirúrgicamente / Oncological results in high grade prostate cancer treated surgically

OBJETIVO: El cáncer de próstata se considera un tumor con una historia natural prolongada. Sin embargo, la variante de alto riesgo muestra un comportamiento variable. Analizaremos aquellos factores que afectan a la Recidiva Bioquímica (RB) y la Supervivencia Cáncer Específica (SCE) en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente. MÉTODOS: Desde 1997-2013 se han operado un total de 657 pacientes con cáncer de próstata con criterios de alto grado según la Asociación Europea de Urología (pT2b 7,2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18,3%, pT4 1,5%). El índice de Gleason fue ≥ 8 en 23%. El porcentaje de márgenes quirúrgicos positivos (MQP) fue 46,1%. El seguimiento medio fue 113 meses (24-192). RESULTADOS: En 36,5% se produjo RB. En Gleason < 8, la RB fue 31,7%, en Gleason ≥ 8 del 48% (p < 0,05). La RB en MQP fue 48,9%, por 26,1% en los negativos (p < 0,05). En pacientes con linfadenectomía, la RB se produjo en 48,7%, por 30,9% en los que no se realizó (p < 0,05). En el estudio multivariante, el estadio, el Gleason ≥ 8, MQP, TR y PSA fueron factores independientes de RB. El tratamiento de la RB fue radioterapia 36,5%, Hormonoterapia 24,1%, ambas 21,2%. La vigilancia activa se realizó en 13,3%. La progresion (bioquímica o radiológica) se produjo en el 23,5%. La SCE fue del 98,93%, siendo pT4 el estadio con mayor mortalidad (10%), seguido de pT3b (3,4%), p < 0,05. Pacientes con Gleason ≥ 8 la mortalidad fue del 71% (p < 0,05). MQP y linfadenectomía no tuvieron repercusion en la SCE. En el análisis multivariante, Gleason≥8 fue factor independiente de MCE (Mortalidad cancer específica). CONCLUSIONES: La prostatectomía radical juega un papel importante en el tratamiento multimodal del cáncer de próstata, con un buen control oncológico a medio plazo. El Gleason ≥ 8 es el factor más importante en la SCE. En nuestro trabajo, la linfadenectomía no afectó la SCE

OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer is considered a tumour with a long natural history. However, its highrisk variants exhibit variable behaviour. We analyse the factors that affect BR and CSS (multivariate, Kaplan Meier). METHODS: From 1997 to 2013, 657 patients were operated of a high-grade prostate cancer (pT2b 7.2%, pT3a 73%, pT3b 18.3%, pT4 1.5%). Gleason score was ≥ 8 in 23% of cases. Percentage of PSMs was 46.1%. Mean follow-up was 113 months (24-192). RESULTS: BR occurred in 36.5%. Patients with Gleason score <8 31.7% had BR, Gleason ≥ 8 had BR in 48% (p < 0.05). PSMs recurrence occurred in 48.9%, whereas 26.1% in NSM (p < 0.05)- If lymphadenectomy, BR occurred in 48.7%, if not 30.9% (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, stage, Gleason ≥ 8 and PSMs were independent factors for BR. Treatment of BR was 36.5% radiotherapy, 24.1% HT, and 21.2% both simultaneously. Active surveillance was performed in 13.3%. Disease progression (biochemical or radiological) occurred in 23.5%. CSS was 98.93%, pT4 was the stage with the greatest mortality (10%), followed by pT3b (3.4%), p < 0.05. Patients with a Gleason score ≥ 8 accounted for 71% CSM (pz<0.05)- PSMs and lymphadenectomy didn't have repercussions for survival. In multivariate analysis, Gleason ≥ 8 was independent factor for CSM. CONCLUSIONS: Radical prostatectomy plays an important role in multi-modal approach with good oncological control at medium follow up. Gleason score ≥ 8 was the factor with the greatest effect on CSM. Lymphadenectomy didn't affect CSS

Biochemical recurrence risk factors in surgically treated high and very high-risk prostate tumors.

INTRODUCTION: High and very high-risk prostate cancers are tumors that display great variation in their progression, making their behaviour and consequent prognosis difficult to predict. We analyse preoperative and postoperative risk factors that could influence biochemical recurrence of these tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out univariate and multivariate analyses in an attempt to establish statistically significant preoperative (age, rectal examination, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, uni/bilateral tumor, affected cylinder percentage) and postoperative (pT stage, pN lymph node affectation, Gleason score, positive surgical margins, percentage of tumor affectation, perineural infiltration) risk factors, as well as their relationship with biochemical recurrence (PSA >0.2 ng/mL). RESULTS: We analysed 276 patients with high and very high-risk prostate cancer that were treated with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) between 2003-2007, with a mean follow-up of 84 months. Incidence of biochemical recurrence is 37.3%. Preoperative factors with the greatest impact on recurrence are suspicious rectal exam (OR 2.2) and the bilateralism of the tumor in the biopsy (OR 1.8). Among the postoperative factors, the presence of a LRP positive surgical margins (OR 3.4) showed the greatest impact, followed by the first grade of the Gleason score (OR 3.3). CONCLUSIONS: The factor with the greatest influence on biochemical recurrence when it comes to surgery and high and very high-risk prostate cancer is the presence of a positive margin, followed by the Gleason score. Preoperative factors (PSA, biopsy Gleason score, rectal examination, number of affected cylinders) offered no guidance concerning the incidence of BCR.

Lesiones genitourinarias en cirugía ginecológica y general. Una revisión de 3 años / Genitourinary injuries in gynecological and general surgery. A 3-year review

Objetivos: Las lesiones urológicas son frecuentes en la cirugía abdominal y pélvica compleja; a menudo pasan inadvertidas durante la cirugía, siendo motivo de morbilidad añadida. Nosotros exponemos nuestra serie de casos recogidos durante 3 años en los servicios de ginecología y cirugía general de nuestro hospital. Material y métodos: Analizamos los casos registrados de cualquier lesión genitourinaria durante los años 2009-2012, que fueron un total de 41 lesiones en 39 pacientes. En nuestro hospital se realizaron 736 cirugías por carcinoma colorrectal y 870 histerectomías. Resultados: La lesión más frecuente fue la ureteral, con el 52,5% de los casos, seguida de la vesical, con el 47,5%. El momento del diagnóstico fue intraoperatorio en el 65% y posterior en el 35%. El 33,3% de las lesiones estudiadas fueron en cirugías del aparato digestivo y el 66,6%, en intervenciones de ginecoobstetricia. Conclusiones: Las lesiones genitourinarias son una frecuente causa de complicaciones en la cirugía abdominal y pélvica. En la experiencia clínica el retraso en el diagnóstico conlleva consecuencias a corto y a largo plazo en la recuperación de la lesión, además de ser la causa de un aumento claro en la morbilidad de la intervención quirúrgica realizada, y muchas veces presentan un impacto importante sobre la calidad de vida del paciente en la esfera social y sexual (AU)

Objectives: Iatrogenic ureteral injury can occur during abdominal or pelvic surgeries, and they often go unnoticed during the surgical procedure, thus being a reason of added morbidity. We present a series of cases collected during 3 years in the departments of General Surgery and Gynecology from our hospital. Materials and methods: We analyzed registered cases of any genitourinary injury during the 2009-2012 period, with a total of 41 injuries in 39 patients. In our hospital 736 surgeries due to colorectal carcinoma and 870 hysterectomies were performed. Results: The most frequent injury was of the urethra, 52,5% of the total, followed by the bladder injury, 47,5%. Diagnosis was intraoperative in 65% and postoperative in 35%. 33% of the injuries were found in surgeries performed by the general surgery department and 66,6% in gynecology surgeries. Conclusions: Genitourinary injuries are a common cause of complication in abdominal and pelvic surgery. Based on clinical experience, the delay in diagnosis involves short and long term consequences in the recovery from the injury; furthermore, it is the cause of a clear rise in the morbidity of the performed surgery and also many times they present a important impact in the quality of the patient's life, and his or her sexual health (AU)

Incidence and management of isolated renal injury and polytrauma patients.

OBJECTIVES: The management of renal trauma has undergone important changes in recent years, the current tendency being more conservative than in the past. The present study analyzes our experience over the last 11 years in patients with isolated renal trauma or associated to other lesions. METHODS: Over an 11-year period (January 2001- December 2011 ) we documented a total of 149 renal injuries (47 isolated and 102 associated renal lesions ). An analysis was made of the demographic characteristics of the two groups, as well as of the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, grade of injury, associated lesions, emergency management, mortality, and length of stay. RESULTS: Closed trauma secondary to fall was the most frequent type of injury in both groups. The grade of injury proved similar in both (80%corresponding to grades 1-3 and 20% to grades 4-5). Conservative management was used in 93% of all isolated renal injuries and in 75.5% of the polytrauma patients with 10% and 5.7% failure rates respectively. Mortality rates were 0% and 7.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Renal injures are increasingly subjected to conservative management, with treatment generally being somewhat more aggressive in polytrauma patients.

Incidencia y manejo de traumatismos renales únicos o asociados. Experiencia de 11 años / Incidence and management of isolated renal injury and polytrauma patients

OBJETIVO: La actitud ante los traumatismos renales ha experimentado un cambio muy importante en los últimos años, siendo en el momento actual más conservadora. En este trabajo analizamos los pacientes con lesión renal única o asociada a otras lesiones atendido en nuestro centro en los últimos 11 años. MÉTODOS: En un periodo de 11 años (enero 2001-diciembre 2011) hemos tratado a 149 pacientes con traumatismos renales (47 únicas, 102 con lesiones asociadas). Analizamos las características demográficas de ambos grupos, así como la clínica, métodos diagnósticos, grados de lesión, lesiones asociadas, manejo y resultados del mismo. RESULTADOS: En ambos grupos, la etiología más frecuente fue el traumatismo cerrado por caída. Los grados de lesión son similares para ambos (80% grados 1, 2, 3 y 20% grados 4 y 5). Se adoptó un manejo conservador en el 93% de las lesiones renales aisladas frente al 75,5% en los pacientes politraumatizados, precisando actitud intervencionista posterior en un 10 y 5,7% respectivamente. La tasa de exitus fue del 0 y 7,8%. CONCLUSIONES: En los últimos años se ha producido un cambio en el manejo de los traumatismos renales. El tratamiento conservador es cada vez es más frecuente, siendo significativamente menor en los pacientes politraumatizados

OBJECTIVES: The management of renal trauma has undergone important changes in recent years, the current tendency being more conservative than in the past. The present study analyzes our experience over the last 11 years in patients with isolated renal trauma or associated to other lesions. METHODS: Over an 11-year period (January 2001 - December 2011) we documented a total of 149 renal injuries (47 isolated and 102 associated renal lesions). An analysis was made of the demographic characteristics of the two groups, as well as of the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, grade of injury, associated lesions, emergency management, mortality, and length of stay. RESULTS: Closed trauma secondary to fall was the most frequent type of injury in both groups. The grade of injury proved similar in both (80% corresponding to grades 1-3 and 20% to grades 4-5). Conservative management was used in 93% of all isolated renal injuries and in 75.5% of the polytrauma patients with 10% and 5.7% failure rates respectively. Mortality rates were 0% and 7.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Renal injures are increasingly subjected to conservative management, with treatment generally being somewhat more aggressive in polytrauma patients