Quantum nature of photon signal emitted by Xanthoria parietina and its implications to biology.

The properties of living systems are usually described in the semi-classical framework that makes phenomenological division of properties into four classes--matter, psyche, soft consciousness and hard consciousness. Quantum framework provides a scientific basis of this classification of properties. The scientific basis requires the existence of macroscopic quantum entity entangled with quantum photon field of a living system. Every living system emits a photon signal with features indicating its quantum nature. Quantum nature of the signal emitted by a sample of X. parietina is confirmed by analysing photo count distributions obtained in 20000 measurements of photon number in contiguous bins of sizes of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 ms. The measurements use a broadband detector sensitive in 300-800 nm range (Photo count distributions of background noise and observed signal are measured similarly. These measurements background noise corrected squeezed state parameters of the signal. The parameters are signal strength expressed in counts per bin, r = 0.06, theta = 2.76 and phi = 0.64. The parameters correctly reproduce photo count distribution of any bin size in 50 ms-6 s range. The reproduction of photo count distributions is a credible evidence of spontaneous emission of photon signal in a quantum squeezed state for macroscopic time by the sample. The evidence is extrapolated to other living systems emitting similar photon signals. It is suggested that every living system is associated with a photon field in squeezed state. The suggestion has far reaching implications to biology and provides two ways of observing and manipulating a living system--either through matter or field or a combination of the two. Some implications and possible scenarios are elaborated.

Delayed luminescence of high homeopathic potencies on sugar globuli.

Delayed luminescence signals of Arg.met. CMf (100Mf), Canth. CMf, Bov. CMf absorbed onto sugar globuli was observed by exciting them at their known resonance frequency of 2.060 MHz. Arn. CMf also showed delayed luminescence when excited at 2.060 MHz and at 1.828 MHz. Alc. LMK (50MK) could not be excited by 2.060 MHz and showed properties of control globuli. Canth. LMK could not be excited at 2.006 MHz. The delayed luminescence signals were characterized by the coefficient B(2) typical of the delayed luminescence of non-living complex systems, and by the coefficient B(0) typical of living systems. Both coefficients can be considered as indicative of holistic quantum structures in homeopathic potencies.

Effect of colorpuncture on spontaneous photon emission in a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis.

Spontaneous photon signals from four sites of a human subject suffering from multiple sclerosis were detected in 3600 bins of 50 milliseconds by a photo multiplier sensitive in 160-630 nm, before and after a session of colorpuncture treatment. Measurements were made in 22 sessions over a period of 9 months. Each signal was analyzed to determine if it was a quantum signal in a squeezed state. The analysis first generates 10 signals of bin sizes (50 to 500 milliseconds at 50 millisecond intervals) by merging the counts at contiguous bins of the observed signal and then estimates three squeezed state parameters (r, theta and phi) in these ten signals and nine other combinations of signals. All estimations yield r=2.72.10(-10), theta = 101.91 degrees and phi = 69.53 degrees for TolX=10(-8) in every signal of a healthy subject. These are normal values of the parameters. Other values of parameters in a signal of any estimation indicate some ailment. The deviation from the squeezed state description of a signal is quantified by a new property, "coherency index", which appears to be a good indicator of health. A session of colorpuncture treatment changed coherency indices of signals from different sides and provided relief to the subject suffering from multiple sclerosis. The changes in coherency indices and relief were temporary. Changes in coherency indices lasting for longer periods occurred after many sessions of treatment.

Development of a heating reactor for a continuous flow-through application in urea measurement.

In most biochemical analyses, a flow-through heating arrangement is needed to reduce the reaction time or maintain a constant temperature. A rectangular reactor is described that is constructed of aluminium, is hollow inside and is filled with silicone oil. The glass coil through which the solution flows is immersed in the silicone oil. The heater, a Peltier-effect heat pump, on one side and the temperature sensor on the other side of the reactor body are embedded for heating and temperature control. The brief performance evaluation of the reactor is discussed by measuring the absorbance of urea concentration at different temperatures.

Biophoton emission of a lichen species Parmelia tinctorum.

The properties of biophoton signals emitted by samples of lichen species P. tinctorum are investigated. The shape of a light induced signal is determined from 5 ms onwards using successively the bin resolution of 1, 10 and 100 ms; 1000 measurements in successive bins are made at each resolution. The measurement of the shape is repeated at various temperatures in the range (1 degree-40 degrees C) in steps of 1 degree C. It is found that a biophoton signal is very sensitive to temperature and different portions of the signal show different sensitivity. The temperature dependence of the decaying part is even qualitatively different from that of the non-decaying part. The signal responds to temperature changes of 0.1 degrees C in less than 1 ms. The effect of monochromatic stimulation on the strengths of the signal and its red, blue and green spectral components are determined in the wavelength range (400-700) nm in steps of 10 nm. The signal and its broad spectral components have similar excitation curves. The relative strength of spectral component appears independent of the stimulating wavelength. The shape of the decaying portion of the signal and its red, blue and green components is also determined. The character of decay in all four cases is non-exponential. The measurements with various interference filters spanning the entire visible region are made with the bin size of 20 s. These measurements are qualitative because of large fluctuations but suggest that the spectral components of a biophoton signal are distributed in the entire visible region. The probabilities of detecting different number of photons in the non-decaying portion are determined by making 30,000 measurements in each set with the bin size of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 700 ms. The probabilities determine the parameters of a squeezed state of light--the magnitude of its displacement parameter is different but the phase of its displacement parameter and its squeezing parameter are same for different sizes of a bin. These measurements further indicate that the average signal strength remains constant for 19 hr.

Quantum coherence of biophotons and living systems.

Coherence is a property of the description of the system in the classical framework in which the subunits of a system act in a cooperative manner. Coherence becomes classical if the agent causing cooperation is discernible otherwise it is quantum coherence. Both stimulated and spontaneous biophoton signals show properties that can be attributed to the cooperative actions of many photon-emitting units. But the agents responsible for the cooperative actions of units have not been discovered so far. The stimulated signal decays with non-exponential character. It is system and situation specific and sensitive to many physiological and environmental factors. Its measurable holistic parameters are strength, shape, relative strengths of spectral components, and excitation curve. The spontaneous signal is non-decaying with the probabilities of detecting various number of photons to be neither normal nor Poisson. The detected probabilities in a signal of Parmelia tinctorum match with probabilities expected in a squeezed state of photons. It is speculated that an in vivo nucleic acid molecule is an assembly of intermittent quantum patches that emit biophoton in quantum transitions. The distributions of quantum patches and their lifetimes determine the holistic features of biophoton signals, so that the coherence of biophotons is merely a manifestation of the coherence of living systems.

Light-induced biophotonic emission from plant tissues.

The emission of biophotons in the visible range, following a delay time of 2-200 seconds after exposure to light, has been measured in germinating seeds, roots, flowers, leaves, and cells. It was found that the biophotonic signals are reproducible and light-induced. The observed signals from germinating seeds of Phaseolus aures and decaying leaves of Eucalyptus are presented to show that the signals have characteristic kinetics and intensity. The kinetics of the signal was found to be independent of the stage of growth or decay, though its intensity varied with biological factors. The kinetics in the first minute is characterized by a single exponential decay term while that in the region t less than or equal to 200 s is characterized by two exponentials. The variation in the intensity of the signal with mass, state of hydration, and growth, and the effect of inhibitors in various systems (e.g. leaves, lichen, Chlorella) are reported.

Ultraweak photon emission in germinating seeds: a signal of biological order.

Photon emission from germinating gram seeds at various stages of growth exhibits a definite pattern. The pattern of emission changes when a seed is disrupted by physical processes, e.g. mechanical crushing, cooling or heating. The disrupted seeds do not grow. The change in the biological order responsible for seed growth and the observed changes in the pattern of photo emission suggest a link between the macroscopic spatio-temporal organization and metabolic processes.