Validation of Linear Range HER2/Estrogen Receptor/Progesterone Receptor IHControls for Daily Quality Assurance.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a new US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared immunohistochemistry (IHC) control (IHControls [Boston Cell Standards]) comprising peptide epitopes for HER2, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) attached to cell-sized microspheres and to compare its performance against conventional tissue controls. METHODS: IHControls and tissue/cell line controls for HER2, ER, and PR were compared side by side daily at 5 clinical IHC laboratories for 1 to 2 months. Separately, the sensitivity of the 2 types of controls was evaluated in simulated IHC assay failure experiments by diluting the primary antibody. Additional evaluations included lot-to-lot manufacturing reproducibility of 3 independent lots and specificity against 26 antigenically irrelevant IHC stains. RESULTS: Side-by-side testing revealed a 99.6% concordance between IHControls and tissue controls across 5 IHC laboratories and 766 individual evaluations. Three discordant quality control events were the result of operator error. Simulated assay failure data showed that both IHControls and tissue controls are similarly capable of detecting IHC staining errors. Manufacturing reproducibility of IHControls showed less than 10% variability (coefficient of variation). No cross-reactions were detected from 26 antigenically irrelevant IHC stains. CONCLUSIONS: IHControls, the first FDA-cleared IHC controls, can sensitively and accurately detect IHC assay problems, similar to tissue controls.

Symptomatic Parapelvic Cysts in Children: Anatomical and Histological Features, Diagnostic Pitfalls and Urological Management.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic parapelvic cysts (PPC) are rare entities. Our objective is to highlight specific features of PPC to avoid a misdiagnosis of UPJ obstruction. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children managed between 2012-2017. RESULTS: All four patients (18 months-8 years) presented with acute renal colic with a large intra-sinusal liquid mass (42-85 mm) on ultrasound, evoking a diagnosis of UPJ obstruction. On preoperative renal scintigraphy (n = 3) there was no dilatation of the renal pelvis and ipsilateral differential function was impaired in 2. Diagnosis of PPC was suspected preoperatively in three children (CT scan (n = 1); MRI (n = 2)) and made peri-operatively (n = 1). Preoperative retrograde pyelography (n = 3) and a further intraoperative retrograde pyelography with methylene blue (n = 1) did not identify communication with the cyst. No renal pelvis was identified in two patients. De-roofing of the cyst was curative in all cases at 5 years mean follow-up (no leakage, cyst recurrence or loss of function) and all 4 patients became asymptomatic after surgery. Histology demonstrated a single flat epithelial cell layer. Renal function normalized in one patient but remained impaired in the other. CONCLUSION: In case of symptoms of UPJ obstruction with a medial renal liquid mass on ultrasound, PPC should be considered when no dilatated pelvis on renal scan is identified. In such cases, a complementary imaging work-up is mandatory prior to surgery.

Severe Graves' disease-associated orbitopathy: A rare case of frontal bone hemangioma.

Graves' orbitopathy might be severe, requiring treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids. A lytic bone lesion, malignant lesions, and diseases resulting from bone remodeling processes (eg, Paget's disease) must be excluded by markers and imagery. Outcomes of high-dose glucocorticoids and thyrotoxicosis must be screened and prevented.

Impact of country of birth on genetic testing of metastatic lung adenocarcinomas in France: African women exhibit a mutational spectrum more similar to Asians than to Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the prevalence of oncogenic driver mutations in Caucasian populations, and especially in Europeans. AIM: To evaluate the targetable mutational spectra in unselected patients with lung adenocarcinoma in routine clinical practice from several French hospitals, using the same molecular platform. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Samples from 2,219 consecutive patients with histologically-proven advanced lung adenocarcinoma were centrally analysed at a referenced and certified diagnostic platform in order to test for activating and resistance mutations in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2 and PI3KCA. Demographic and clinical features were retrieved from the medical charts. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictive factors for the occurrence of specific mutations, in the whole study population or in selected subgroups. FINDINGS: The overall respective incidence of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2 and PI3KCA mutations was 10.5%, 0.9%, 25%, 1.5%, 2.1% and 1.4%, in our study sample including 87.4% white Caucasians, 10.8% Africans and 1.8% Asians; 60.6% men, 30.7% never smoker (median age: 68.3 years). Ethnicity was an independent predictor for EGFR, KRAS and ERBB2 gene abnormalities. In all cases, a significantly higher prevalence of targetable EGFR and ERBB2, and a lower prevalence of resistance KRAS mutations were observed in African women as compared to African men or Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS: In real life conditions of routine genetic testing, we have identified subsets of patients with specific targetable activating somatic mutations according to ethnicity, who could preferentially benefit from anti-EGFR and anti-ERBB2 targeted therapies.

Clusterin expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma is inversely correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases.

Clusterin (CLU) is a sulfated glycoprotein implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. Several studies have reported the overexpression of CLU in human neoplasm, examined by immunohistochemistry. However, there are no extensive data on its role in the thyroid. Here we investigate CLU expression in thyroid tumors, and the potential correlation between this expression and clinicopathological parameters. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CLU was performed on paraffin sections from 39 thyroid tumors. Only medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) were positive (n = 5). To confirm these results, 130 further cases (including 4 C-cell hyperplasia), their matched lymph node metastases (46 cases), and lymph node recurrences (10 cases) were analyzed. All MTCs were subdivided according to World Health Organization classification. Cytoplasmic positivity was scored qualitatively (weak, moderate, strong) and quantitatively on a 5-tier scale from 0, 1+ (<10% of cells positive) to 5+ (>75%). Statistical analysis was performed. CLU was expressed in normal C cells, C-cell hyperplasia, all MTCs, their lymph node metastases, and recurrences. There was a strong association between CLU score and the cellular type (P < .004). CLU score was inversely correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases (P < .0001). There were no differences between primary and metastatic or recurrent tumors. CLU expression is related to the cellular type and inversely correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases, which could represent a new positive prognostic factor.

Clusterin expression in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours is highly correlated with location and is helpful in determining the origin of liver metastases.

AIMS: Clusterin (CLU) is a sulphated glycoprotein implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. We have previously demonstrated that CLU is highly expressed in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). The aims of this study were: to investigate CLU expression in gastrointestinal NETs; the potential correlation between this expression and different clinicopathological parameters; and its usefulness in the differential diagnosis of liver metastases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry using an anti-CLU antibody was performed on paraffin sections from 108 primary NETs [G3 (13 cases), G2 (18 cases), and G1 (77 cases), according to the 2010 WHO classification] and 60 metastases. Cytoplasmic positivity was scored qualitatively and quantitatively. The pattern of staining was also assessed. Two-step statistical analyses (univariate and multivariate logistic regression) were performed. More than 90% of small-intestine NETs were completely negative. The probability of obtaining a positive CLU score was higher for the appendix, the stomach, the duodenum and the rectum than for the small intestine and colon. All G3 NETs and most G2 NETs were negative as compared with G1. CLU expression in the metastatic foci was identical to that of the primary tumour. CONCLUSIONS: Clusterin expression in gastrointestinal NETs is highly correlated with location and probably also with grading, in both the primary tumour and metastases. Underexpression of CLU in small-intestine NETs is helpful for identifying the origin of liver metastases: a strong CLU score in a liver biopsy makes the small intestine highly unlikely as a primary site.

Left ventricular metastasis from ocular melanoma: a new, rare, and unusual pathway?

Melanoma is a neoplasm known for its propensity for cardiac involvement. When there exists an isolated metastasis to the heart, the melanoma tends to involve the right heart. Rarely does melanoma metastasize to the left ventricle. We report the first case of choroidal melanoma that had indeed metastasized to the left ventricle and was associated with a patent foramen ovale, which may explain its initially surprising location on this side of the heart.

Accuracy of HER2 status determination on breast core-needle biopsies (immunohistochemistry, FISH, CISH and SISH vs FISH).

Preoperative breast cancer diagnosis on core biopsies has become a standard of care in many countries. Controversies exist concerning the accuracy of HER2 testing on biopsies as compared with surgical specimens, and few data exist concerning the use of emerging technologies such as bright-field in-situ hybridization in such a setting. A French multicenter, cross-sectional, histopathological study assessed the concordance of HER2 status determined by immunohistochemistry and silver (SISH) or chromogenic in-situ hybridization (CISH) on core-needle biopsies with HER2 status determined by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) on surgical specimens. The concordance between biopsy and operative results was also assessed for each method. We studied 260 breast tumors from 24 centers between April 2003 and August 2009. Excellent concordance (κ: 0.92-0.97) was shown between immunohistochemistry and FISH with low discordance rates (2-4%), high specificity (97-98%) and sensitivity values (95-99%), with no significant difference according to the immunohistochemistry interpretation guidelines used. The correlation between SISH and CISH on biopsies and FISH on surgical samples was strong (κ: 0.96 and 0.94, respectively), with no significant difference between false negative rates or sensitivity and specificity values (2 and 5%, 99 and 96%, 98 and 98%, respectively). Whatever the evaluation technique, excellent concordance between biopsies and surgical specimens was observed (κ ≥ 0.97; discordance rates between 1 and 2%), with high sensitivity (98-99%) and specificity (98-100%). Based on these results, when FISH cannot be used, SISH and/or CISH could be proposed as an alternative method to determine HER2 status and to confirm any ambiguous immunohistochemistry results, either for preoperative percutaneous biopsies or for surgical specimens. They could also be used for quality controls and immunohistochemistry calibration.

[Proliferating trichilemmal tumor of the ischiorectal fossa]. / Tumeur trichilemmale proliférante de la région ischio-rectale.

Proliferating trichilemmal tumor (PTT) is rare and follows a protracted course, almost always benign. Nevertheless an adverse outcome may occur. Usually PTT presents as an indolent mass in the scalp of elderly women. We report a case of PTT localized in the ischiorectal fossa, which might have been diagnosed as an epidermoid carcinoma.

[Update of the GEFPICS' recommendations for HER2 status determination in breast cancers in France]. / Mise à jour des recommandations du GEFPICS pour l'évaluation du statut HER2 dans les cancers du sein en France.

In Europe, patients who may benefit from an HER2 targeted drug are currently selected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In situ hybridization (ISH) techniques should be used for complementary assessment of ambiguous 2+ IHC cases and for the calibration of the IHC technique. Eligibility to an HER2 target treatment is defined by an HER2 positive status being IHC test 3+ or 2+ amplified. Reliable detection of HER2 status is essential to the appropriate usage of HER2 targeted drugs because its specificity is limited to tumors overexpressing HER2. It is essential that the IHC evaluation of the HER2 status of a mammary carcinoma is optimized and reliable. This GEFPICS' guidelines look over the different steps of the IHC technique, the controls and, the rules for interpretation. Once acquired, this knowledge must be perpetuated by the observation of rules of good technical practice (internal and external controls, quality assurance programs).

[Histological modifications observed in prostate after preserving treatments for prostate cancer and their impact on Gleason score interpretation]. / Modifications histologiques induites par les traitements conservateurs du cancer de la prostate et leurs conséquences sur l'interprétation du score de Gleason.

Total prostatectomy remains the main treatment for intermediate risk prostate cancer with a life expectancy greater than 10 years. In other cases non-surgical treatments can be proposed: external radiotherapy (exclusive or combined anti-androgen therapy), brachytherapy with permanent implants, high frequency ultrasounds (HIFU, Ablatherm), cryotherapy or exclusive hormonal treatment. For such patients in case of biological recurrence, prostate biopsies are usually performed in order to affirm the local recurrence. The histological confirmation of persistent tumor is usually required before any treatment: salvage surgery, cryotherapy, and brachytherapy or high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Pathologists must be aware of the histological modifications induced by these different treatments in order to ensure an optimal interpretation of the biopsies. In this review, we describe the modifications observed in the normal prostate and in cancers after these various therapeutic methods, and also after alpha reductase inhibitors proposed as treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy and prostate cancer chemoprevention.

[Prostate biopsies: how many samples and how many containers? Cost effectiveness]. / Biopsies prostatiques : combien de prélèvements et combien de flacons ? Défi économique et efficacité

Prostate biopsies remain the only way to confirm the presence of prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the ideal number of biopsies needed to establish the diagnosis is prone to controversy. The current European guidelines recommend 12 sextant biopsies. Few recommendations concerning how the biopsies should be handled have been published. In France, in order to avoid the loss of histological specimens, it was strongly recommended to transmit each core biopsy to the pathology department in an independent container. Performing a large number of biopsies means an increase in the number of containers transmitted and consequently a technical overload of the transmission network, which occurs without any financial counterpart. Since the current tarification system establishes cost allotment by activity, there is no room for an increased technical workload schedule. New approaches must be developed in order to increase productivity. The main aim of our study was to search for answers to the question whether it would be possible to use only one container per sextant irrespective of the number of biopsies performed. For this purpose, we performed various series of one, two, three, four or six biopsies from fresh total prostatectomies with an automatic prostate biopsy gun. All the biopsies were paraffin embedded after a 4% formalin fixative procedure. All the cores were measured after fixing, and on HES slides. The 48 series were as follow: 10 cases with one core, 16 cases with two cores, 13 cases with three cores, five cases with four cores and three cases with six cores. The average length of each core before inclusion varied from 11,8mm to 16,3mm. The average length on HES slides from 9,7 to 11,5mm. A significant difference was observed only for the blocks containing six biopsies (p=0.02). Inclusion of one to three cores from each sextant, did not lead to a loss of information or loss of chances for the patient.

Prevalence of anal cytologic abnormalities in a French referral population: a prospective study with special emphasis on HIV, HPV, and smoking.

PURPOSE: Studying anal cytology to detect intraepithelial neoplasia has been demonstrated to be useful in highly selected populations. This study was designed to determine the frequency of abnormal smears in a wide sample of patients consulting for anorectal symptoms. METHODS: An anal smear was proposed during each consultation during a three-month period. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients (112 females) were included. After the consultation, visible condylomas were detected in 12 (6 percent) of the cases. Two hundred three (99 percent) smears were able to be analyzed. No case of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was found. Four cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were found, all in HIV patients with a history of condylomatous lesions. Forty smears were interpreted as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 159 were normal. The prevalence in this population of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was 19 percent (4/21) in HIV seropositive males, and 15 percent (4/26) in the case of a past history of condyloma. The factors associated with an abnormal smear (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) were a history of anal condylomatous lesions (odd ratio, 4.9; range, 2.1-11.5), HIV seropositivity (odd ratio, 4; range, 1.6-9.9), and smoking (odd ratio, 2.1; range, 1.1-11.5). CONCLUSIONS: This work confirms that the frequency of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion is raised in HIV-seropositive males and also where there is a history of condyloma, which corroborates the necessity for regular monitoring and screening of these patients at risk. This study also suggests that the use of tobacco is associated with anal cytologic abnormalities.

Development of a seeded scaffold in the great omentum: feasibility of an in vivo bioreactor for bladder tissue engineering.

OBJECTIVES: Tissue engineering is very promising in bladder reconstruction. However, one of the main problems is to limit the development of ischaemic fibrosis during tissue maturation. We describe a model using the omentum as an in vivo bioreactor for a previously seeded scaffold. METHODS: Bladder biopsies were taken from five female pigs, from which both urothelial and smooth muscle cells cultures were made. These cultured cells were used to seed a sphere-shaped small intestinal submucosa (SIS) matrix, which was transferred into the omentum after 3 wk of cell growth. The grafts were harvested 3 wk later and histologic, immunohistochemical, and functional studies were performed. RESULTS: We obtained a highly vascularized tissue-engineered construct that contracted in response to acetylcholine stimulation. The wall thickness was 4mm, on average. Histologic and immunostaining analysis of the construct confirmed the presence of a multilayer urothelium on the luminal aspect and deeper fascicles organised tissue composed of differentiated smooth muscle cells and mature fibroblasts without evidence of inflammation or necrosis. Large- and small-diameter vessels were clearly identified histologically in the tissue obtained. CONCLUSION: The omentum permitted in vivo maturation of seeded scaffolds with the development of a dense vascularisation that is anticipated to prevent fibrosis and loss of contractility. This in vivo maturation into the omentum could be the first step before in situ implantation of the construct.