[Emergency management of regular supraventricular tachycardias]. / Notfallmanagement supraventrikulärer regelmäßiger Tachykardien.

With an estimated incidence of approximated 36 per 100,000 persons per year, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias form a relevant clinical set of problems. They occur based on different substrates with varied symptoms and electrocardiographic items. The 12-channel ECG depicts the background to determine the underlying pathomechanism. The sinus node and all components of the conduction system such as atrial myocardium can be involved. Vagal maneuvers, several pharmacological strategies and various ablation technology are available for acute therapy.

[Tachycardia and pulmonary arterial hypertension]. / Tachykardien bei pulmonalarterieller Hypertonie.

Pulmonary hypertension is newly defined as an elevation of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure >20 mmHg and a pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units. Arrhythmias are an increasing problem in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pathophysiological aspects leading to supraventricular arrhythmias are atrial fibrosis caused by increased right atrial pressure and dilation. An increased sympathetic tone leads to prolongation of action potential and delayed polarisations causing arrhythmias. Therapy of arrhythmias includes drugs (preferred amiodarone) and electrophysiological therapy like electric cardioversion and ablation, which is safe in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

[Pulmonary embolism]. / Lungenembolie.

Pulmonary embolism is a potentially fatal disorder and frequently seen in critical care and emergency medicine. Due to a high mortality rate within the first few hours, the accurate initiation of rational diagnostic pathways in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and timely consecutive treatment is essential. In this review, the current European guidelines on the diagnosis and therapy of acute pulmonary embolism are presented. Special focus is put on a structured patient management based on the individual risk of early mortality. In particular risk assessment and new risk-adjusted treatment recommendations are presented and discussed in this article.

[Pulmonary embolism]. / Lungenembolie.

Pulmonary embolism is a potentially fatal disorder and frequently seen in critical care and emergency medicine. Due to a high mortality rate within the first few hours, the accurate initiation of rational diagnostic pathways in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and timely consecutive treatment is essential. In this review, the current European guidelines on the diagnosis and therapy of acute pulmonary embolism are presented. Special focus is put on a structured patient management based on the individual risk of early mortality. In particular risk assessment and new risk-adjusted treatment recommendations are presented and discussed in this article.

Quantitative measurements in capsule endoscopy.

This review summarizes several approaches for quantitative measurement in capsule endoscopy. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) typically provides wireless imaging of small bowel. Currently, a variety of quantitative measurements are implemented in commercially available hardware/software. The majority is proprietary and hence undisclosed algorithms. Measurement of amount of luminal contamination allows calculating scores from whole VCE studies. Other scores express the severity of small bowel lesions in Crohn׳s disease or the degree of villous atrophy in celiac disease. Image processing with numerous algorithms of textural and color feature extraction is further in the research focuses for automated image analysis. These tools aim to select single images with relevant lesions as blood, ulcers, polyps and tumors or to omit images showing only luminal contamination. Analysis of motility pattern, size measurement and determination of capsule localization are additional topics. Non-visual wireless capsules transmitting data acquired with specific sensors from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are available for clinical routine. This includes pH measurement in the esophagus for the diagnosis of acid gastro-esophageal reflux. A wireless motility capsule provides GI motility analysis on the basis of pH, pressure, and temperature measurement. Electromagnetically tracking of another motility capsule allows visualization of motility. However, measurement of substances by GI capsules is of great interest but still at an early stage of development.

[Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators - Is the Formal Contraindication still Justified?]. / Kapselendoskopie bei Patienten mit Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Cardioverter-Defibrillatoren - Ist die formale Kontraindikation noch gerechtfertigt?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Capsule endoscopy is an established tool for investigation of the small intestine. Because of limited clinical experience in patients with cardiac devices the US Food and Drug Administration and the manufacturers recommend not to use capsule endoscopy in these patients. METHODS: Studies investigating possible interference between small bowel capsule endoscopy and cardiac pacemakers and implanted cardioverters were analysed. For the review we considered studies published in English or German and indexed in PubMed (Medline) as well as relevant abstracts and technical data from the manufacturer. RESULTS: In vitro and in vivo studies applying real capsules revealed no clinically relevant interference with pacemakers and implanted cardioverters. This evidence already has had an impact on clinical practice and recommendations of scientific societies. On the other hand wireless telemetry can interfere with CE video. CONCLUSION: According to present evidence, small bowel capsule endoscopy can be used in patients with pacemakers and implanted cardioverters after obtaining informed consent concerning the formal existence of contraindication.

[Extracorporeal lung support]. / Extrakorporale Lungenunterstützungsverfahren.

For decades, techniques for extracorporeal lung support, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), have offered in specialized centres the possibility to completely or partly substitute lung function, thus, facilitating healing. Initially the application of ECMO was associated with severe complications, but significant technical progress in recent years has led to the development of safer systems and promotes a wider distribution of the technique. Supported by recent, positive study data, ECMO has become a promising option for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) therapy in specialized centers. Further developments and modifications, such as pumpless devices for extracorporeal lung support have the potential of becoming an interesting option for intensive care medicine - however, data of prospective studies showing efficacy are still not available.

Do induced tachycardias within the scope of electrophysiological studies lead to elevated plasma troponin I levels?

AIMS: Troponin I (TNI) is an established marker for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The study evaluated if (induced) tachycardiac arrhyhthmias within the scope of the electrophysiological studies (EPS) led to elevation of TNI serum levels. METHOD: TNI was measured in the serum of 28 patients before and after the EPS. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) was investigated by two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH) was measured according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. All patients underwent coronary angiography prior to the EPS, and significant coronary heart disease was defined as stenosis > 50%. The EPS revealed supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias using the 18-step protocol with one, two, and three extrastimuli. RESULTS: Indications for the EPS were syncope (n = 15), atrioventricular tachycardia (n = 4), non-sustained VT (n = 6), and sustained VT (n = 3). Coronary heart disease (CHD) was detected in 8 patients (1-vessel: n = 3; 2-vessel: n = 4; 3-vessel: n = 1), and 2 patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention before EPS. Echocardiography revealed normal LV-EF in 18 patients and a reduction in the others (low n = 3, middle n = 5, high n = 2). Thirteen patients suffered from LVH. In 2 patients, external cardioversion was required during the EPS. TNI was elevated over 0.1 ng/ml (risk stratification cut-off for ACS) in 4 patients before and in 12 patients after EPS. There was no relationship between LV-EF, CHD, and the elevation of TNI after the EPS. CONCLUSION: TNI can be elevated by (induced) tachycardias within the scope of electrophysiological studies without a relationship to LV-EF, LVH, and CHD.

[Pneumoretroperitoneum and bilateral pneumothorax after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy]. / Pneumoretroperitoneum und beidseitiger Pneumothorax nach endoskopischer Sphinkterotomie.

HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 39-year-old obese woman underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with elective endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (papillotomy) for symptomatic retained stones in the common bile duct which were extracted completely after added lithotripsy. Three hours later the patient developed profound subcutaneous emphysema of the face, neck and chest wall and shortness of breath, but had no abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed bilaterally diminished breath sounds and a distended and hyper-resonant abdomen, but no evidence of peritonitis. The patient was afebrile and hemodynamically stable. INVESTIGATIONS: An emergency contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen was performed. It demonstrated a bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum, in addition to extensive subcutaneous emphysema. There was no evidence of extraluminal leakage of contrast medium or intraperitoneal fluid on the CT. THERAPY AND CLINICAL COURSE: Because of the increasing respiratory distress an intercostal drain was placed in the left pneumothorax and broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered. No drain was placed in the right lung. A follow-up CT after three days showed decreasing pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and pneumoretroperitoneum as well as resolution of the bilateral pneumothorax. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged home seven days after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Pneumothorax after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy is a rare but serious complication that should be kept in mind after postinterventional development of shortness of breath.

[Acetone compression. A fast, standardized method to investigate gastrointestinal lymph nodes]. / Acetonkompression. Schnelle, standardisierte Methode zur Untersuchung von Lymphknoten im Gastrointestinaltrakt.

Lymph node staging is the most important prognostic parameter in malignant gastrointestinal tumors. Manual dissection of adipose tissue is time-consuming and also depends on the experience of the individual examiner. By combining elution with acetone and mechanical compression using simple equipment it was possible to completely embed adipose tissue from 404 surgical specimens (colon 348, stomach 28, greater omentum 14, other location 14) without manual dissection. As a result of the procedure, the weight of the adipose tissue could be reduced by 90%-95%, making full histological examination possible. The colon specimens included an average of 43.8 lymph nodes (14-109) in 14 embedding cassettes (1-38) with a native fat weight of 234.7 g (42.8-820 g). The quality of histological staining, including immunohistochemical and molecular investigations, is of comparable quality to routine work-up. Elution with acetone enables the prompt, standardized and full histological work-up of adipose tissue without manual dissection. Moreover, additional costs are low. The number of lymph nodes required by medical associations was attained in all cases and often exceeded. This method was successfully used in other organs (greater omentum, breast).

Do endoscopy capsules interfere with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators?

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Capsule endoscopy is already an established diagnostic tool, and the newly introduced capsule PillCam COLON is now entering clinical studies. Because of the very limited clinical experience in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), it is generally recommended that capsule endoscopy should not be used in these patients. Therefore, we investigated, in vitro, the possible interference between three different endoscopy capsules (Given Imaging and Olympus) and ICDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 ICD devices were separately placed in a tank filled with a 0.9 % saline solution. With the help of pin jacks, the pacing pulses of ICDs were recorded and inhibiting signals could be coupled in. The capsules were placed in different positions near to the lead and the ICD device, and finally placed on the case of the device for 1 minute each. The function of each device was observed continuously. RESULTS: Even when the capsules were in closest proximity to the ICDs, no interference was observed. CONCLUSION: The clinical use of the three tested capsule devices is safe in patients with ICDs.

[Recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 61 year-old man with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm]. / Rezidivierende obere gastrointestinale Blutungen bei einem 61-jährigen Patienten mit infrarenalem Bauchaortenaneurysma.

A 61-year-old man was admitted to hospital due to recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Four weeks ago, he had been treated with epinephrine and endoclips by endoscopy due to an arterial gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient had a history of coronary and peripheral artery disease, diabetes, and an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Urgent endoscopy suggested the presence of an ulcus Dieulafoy but no definitive bleeding source could be seen. Due to ongoing melena an abdominal computer tomography was performed and a primary aortoduodenal fistula was suspected caused by the infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Laparatomy was undertaken emergently and an aortoduodenal fistula was found in the descending part of the duodenum. Repair of the duodenal rent was performed and the aortic aneurysm was replaced by a Dacron prosthesis. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. 4 days after initial admission, he died due to septic shock.

Capsule endoscopy and cardiac pacemakers: investigation for possible interference.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The diagnostic benefit of capsule endoscopy in suspected small-bowel disease is high and seems to be superior to that with conventional methods and scintigraphy. Because of the limited clinical experience in patients with cardiac pacemakers and other implanted electrical devices, it is recommended that capsule endoscopy should not be used in such cases. We investigated the potential for capsule endoscopy to interfere with cardiac pacemakers in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 21 different pacemakers and leads were positioned in a 0.9 % saline solution in a tank. Pin jacks were placed that were in contact with the solution. The pacemaker impulse was recorded and an inhibiting signal could be coupled in. The capsules (Given Imaging and Olympus) were placed in different positions relative to the cardiac pacemaker and finally placed on the case of the pacemaker, for 1 minute in each site. The functioning of the pacemaker was observed continuously. The effect on the pacemaker was noted particularly as inhibition, synchronization, or no effect. The pacemaker was then inhibited using a standard test signal. RESULTS: There was no interference between the video capsule and the cardiac pacemakers in our experiment in spite of the close proximity of the two devices. CONCLUSION: The clinical use of capsule endoscopy is unproblematic in patients with cardiac pacemakers.

[Unilateral swollen leg caused by a retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma]. / Retroperitoneales Ganglioneurom als Differenzialdiagnose einer einseitigen Beinschwellung.

HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: An 84-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of a swollen left leg resembling deep venous thrombosis. Clinical conditions favoring thrombosis such as surgery, trauma, malignant tumor or immobilization were not evident. His medical and family history were non-contributory. He denied bowel or bladder dysfunction and did not complain of any back pain, discomfort or neurological symptoms. The enlargement of the leg was painless and unilateral. There were no deficits on physical examination. The neurological status of the patient was unremarkable. INVESTIGATIONS: Ultrasonography was performed because deep vein thrombosis was suspected. Color-coded duplex revealed no thrombus in the veins of the left leg. Both femoral veins were compressible. The flow in the femoral vein was much less than in the other leg. Computed tomography demonstrated a solid lesion located in front of the spine displacing the inferior vena cava. CT-guided biopsy was performed. On histological examination it proved to be diagnostic of a ganglioneuroma. TREATMENT AND COURSE: Initially low molecular weight heparin was administered. Surgical resection was recommended, but the patient opted not to undergo any further treatment at that time. Phenprocoumon was recommended to prevent deep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ganglioneuroma is a rare, benign, well-differentiated, slow-growing tumor composed of sympathetic ganglion cells and mature stroma with a good prognosis. Its appearance in elderly persons is extremely rare and may imitate deep vein thrombosis caused by vessel compression. The appropriate treatment is surgical and complete excision is curative.

[A 16-year-old patient with dysphagia]. / Dysphagie bei einem 16-jährigen Patient.

A 16-year-old man with an 8-year history of progressive dysphagia was referred to hospital. There was no specific finding in his family history. Physical examination was unremarkable. Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, and liver and kidney function tests were normal. Barium swallow revealed an extrinsic impression of the upper esophagus posteriorly. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated an aberrant origin of the right subclavian artery, leaving the aorta below the left subclavian artery. The artery had a retroesophageal course, causing the esophageal narrowing. Due to the persistence and worsening of the patient's symptoms, resection and reconstructive bypass surgery were recommended. Surgical correction was performed through a combined right supraclavicular incision and left posterolateral thoracotomy. After application of a vascular clamp, the aberrant right subclavian artery was ligated almost at its origin, and an end-to-side anastomosis was made with the right common carotid artery. At the end of the operative procedure, good pulses were palpated in the right radial artery. Postoperatively, the patient tolerated a regular diet without symptoms of dysphagia and was discharged on postoperative day 7.