Framework for valorizing waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed.

One third of the food produced for human consumption is currently lost or wasted. Insects have a high potential for converting organic waste- and by-products into food and feed for a growing human population due to symbiosis with microorganisms. These symbioses provide an untapped reservoir of functional microbiomes that can be used to improve industrial insect production but are poorly studied in most insect species. Here we review the most current understanding and challenges of valorizing organic waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed, and emerging novel food technologies that can be used to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions. We further construct a holistic framework, by integration of novel food technologies including holo-omics, genome editing, breeding, phage therapy, and administration of prebiotics and probiotics to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions, and solutions for achieving stakeholder acceptance of novel food technologies for a sustainable food production.

Beyond sugar: Exploring the influence of health and naturalness framing on attitudes towards products with sweet proteins in Europe.

Amidst rising obesity rates in the EU and the significant public health impact of excessive sugar consumption, the debate on reducing sugar through reformulation with sweet proteins derived from precision fermentation gains prominence, presenting a viable alternative to traditional sugars and conventional sweeteners. We conducted two studies to investigate the effects of health (emphasizing sugar reduction) versus naturalness (highlighting sweet proteins as alternatives to artificial sweeteners) message framing on the acceptance of products reformulated with sweet proteins. Study 1 (N = 296, Denmark) evaluated the impact of health and naturalness message framing on attitudes towards such reformulations. Study 2, in a cross-cultural sample (N = 3,000 Denmark, Germany, and Poland), tested the mediating role of health perceptions and the moderating effects of BMI and guilt (Study 2a), as well as naturalness perceptions, sweetener use, and pleasure (Study 2b) on product attitudes. Results of Study 1 indicated that healthiness perceptions had a more persuasive influence than naturalness perceptions. The cross-cultural findings of Studies 2a and 2b revealed that BMI, sweetener usage frequency, anticipatory guilt, and pleasure can modulate these effects. These insights suggest that while both perceived healthiness and naturalness shape attitudes towards sweet protein-enriched products, the significance of health perceptions prevails, with anticipatory emotions of guilt enhancing this influence, particularly when sweet proteins substitute added sugar. Such evidence holds substantial implications for strategies aimed at reducing sugar consumption and fostering the acceptance of products containing alternative sweeteners.

Correlation of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Values and Cardiac Radiation Doses in Patients with Left-Sided Breast Cancer Undergoing Hypofractionated Adjuvant Radiotherapy with Concurrent Anti-HER2 Therapy.

Anti HER2 therapy and left breast adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) can both result in cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of radiation dose on cardiac structures on the values of the early cardiotoxicity marker high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hscTnI) in patients with HER2-positive left breast cancer undergoing adjuvant concomitant antiHER2 therapy and radiotherapy, and to establish a correlation between the hscTnI values and cardiac radiation doses. Sixty-one patients underwent left breast hypofractionated radiotherapy in parallel with anti-HER2 therapy: trastuzumab, combined trastuzumab-pertuzumab or trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). The hscTnI values were measured prior to and upon completion of radiotherapy. A significant increase in hscTnI was defined as >30% from baseline, with the second value being 4 ng/L or higher. Dose volume histograms (DVH) were generated for the heart, left ventricle (LV) and left anterior descending artery (LAD). The hscTnI levels were corelated with radiation doses on cardiac structures. An increase in hscTnI values was observed in 17 patients (Group 1). These patients had significantly higher mean radiation doses for the heart (p = 0.02), LV (p = 0.03) and LAD (p = 0.04), and AUC for heart and LV (p = 0.01), than patients without hscTnI increase (Group 2). The patients in Group 1 also had larger volumes of heart and LV receiving 2 Gy (p = 0.01 for both) and 4 Gy (p = 0.02 for both). LAD differences were observed in volumes receiving 2 Gy (p = 0.03), 4 Gy (p = 0.02) and 5 Gy (p = 0.02). The increase in hscTnI observed in patients receiving anti-HER2 therapy after adjuvant RT was positively associated with radiation doses on the heart, LV and LAD.

A taste of things to come: Effect of temporal order of information and product experience on evaluation of healthy and sustainable plant-based products.

Current patterns of meat consumption are considered unsustainable. Plant-based products are presented as a solution. However, while some plant-based products thrive, others do not make the cut due to the information "framing" effect issues related to the way information is presented to the consumers. Information on the nutrition and health properties of food products are usually made available at the point of purchase, but their effect on consumer product evaluation and subsequent purchase intent can also occur later, during or after consumption. This research demonstrates that the effect of nutrition information on product evaluation and purchase intention depends on when such information is made available-before first tasting or after first tasting-and that the information interacts with the taste experience in its effect on product evaluation and subsequent purchase intent. Using three plant-based products as an example, we conducted a cross-cultural experimental sensory evaluation with temporal order of information as the main between-subject experimental condition (informed before taste vs. informed after taste vs. control condition), and product experience phase (expectation vs. experience vs. post-experience phase) and information content as within-subject conditions. Information content had two levels: lower vs. higher share of oat protein in the product (i.e., source of protein vs. high in protein). The results indicate that information generally increases consumers' purchase intentions with information before tasting having a higher weight when compared to the condition when information was presented after tasting. Presenting the information before tasting also mitigates a drop in the evaluation of taste after tasting, observed in the two other conditions. Further, taste acts as a healthiness cue, but the direction of the inference depends on the availability of health-related information: tasting in the informed condition increased the healthiness perception, whereas tasting in the uninformed condition had the opposite effect. Giving the information before the first tasting also increased the weight of healthiness as compared to taste in the formation of purchase intentions. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the effect of temporal order of information and product tasting have on the consumers' product evaluations of plant-based products from theoretical and managerial perspectives.

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Using Optical Surface Management System - AlignRT as an Optical Body Surface Motion Management in Deep Breath Hold Patients: Results from a Single-Arm Retrospective Study.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer using Optical Surface Management System - AlignRT (OSMS-AlignRT) as an optical body surface motion management in deep breath hold. Patients and Methods: Forty-five patients diagnosed with locally advanced pancreatic cancer were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy in 3 or 5 fractions, and received varying BED10 (median 79.5 Gy) from April 2017 to December 2020. All patients were treated in deep breath hold with OSMS-AlignRT used as optical body surface motion management. Thirty-three patients received systemic treatment before and/or after stereotactic body radiotherapy, and twelve patients received no systemic treatment. In this retrospective, observational, single-arm study, primary endpoints were overall survival and freedom from local progression (ie, local control). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and toxicity. Actuarial survival analysis and univariate analysis were investigated. Results: Data from forty-five patients were analyzed. Median follow-up was 15 months. One-year freedom from local progression and survival were 95.5% and 71.1%, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 14 months. Median overall survival from diagnosis for all patients was 17 months, and 19 months for patients alive at the time of analysis. No patient had >G2 toxicity. Conclusion: Stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer using OSMS-AlignRT as optical body surface motion management in deep breath hold patients is an effective and safe local treatment option, with no >G2 toxicity, and could be a promising therapeutic option with acceptable toxicity, either as a single treatment or in a multimodal regimen. OSMS-AlignRT provided accurate and reliable body surface motion management during stereotactic body radiotherapy.

IMPACT OF BODY COMPOSITION ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PREMENOPAUSAL PATIENTS WITH EARLY STAGE BREAST CANCER DURING CHEMOTHERAPY.

Body composition has been studied relatively recently as part of oncology trials in different types of tumors. There are numerous studies that define the impact of chemotherapy side effects on the quality of life (QoL) of breast cancer patients, however, there are few studies that analyze the impact of body composition on the QoL of premenopausal patients in the course of cytotoxic treatment. The study was performed on a sample of premenopausal patients treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant AC chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer at Day Hospital of the Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital for Tumors in Zagreb. The study included 68 patients, median age 46.6 years. Analysis of the QoL questionnaires and their association with body composition indicated several interesting results. At the beginning of treatment, most pronounced was the connection between body composition and physical and sexual functioning and hair loss, while in subsequent treatment cycles the effect on other QoL subdomains, in particular fatigue and diarrhea, was more pronounced. In conclusion, we found body composition to have a significant impact on certain QoL subdomains during treatment.

The usual suspect: How to co-create healthier meat products.

Healthier meat products have a major economic potential and are attracting considerable research and media attention to meet the growing and complex consumer demand. Whether this potential will be realized and at what speed is contingent on consumers' acceptance of these novel foods. This study uses a cross-cultural context to co-create new healthier meat products, while mapping the conditions leading to consumers' product acceptance (vs. rejection). Results from online focus groups conducted in Denmark, Spain and the United Kingdom show that consumers generally have a negative attitude toward healthier meat products due to unfamiliarity and perception of over-processing. Nevertheless, partial meat-substitution with plant-based ingredients together with fat and salt reduction show specific conditions under which consumers' acceptance would be possible. This is further related to product-specific factors: ingredients and base meat, and marketing-related factors: labelling and packaging. Finally, implications and recommendations for the manufacturing and marketing of new healthier meat products are provided.

ATF4 Regulates MYB to Increase γ-Globin in Response to Loss of ß-Globin.

ß-Hemoglobinopathies can trigger rapid production of red blood cells in a process known as stress erythropoiesis. Cellular stress prompts differentiating erythroid precursors to express high levels of fetal γ-globin. However, the mechanisms underlying γ-globin production during cellular stress are still poorly defined. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas genome editing to model the stress caused by reduced levels of adult ß-globin. We find that decreased ß-globin is sufficient to induce robust re-expression of γ-globin, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of differentiating isogenic erythroid precursors implicates ATF4 as a causal regulator of this response. ATF4 binds within the HBS1L-MYB intergenic enhancer and regulates expression of MYB, a known γ-globin regulator. Overall, the reduction of ATF4 upon ß-globin knockout decreases the levels of MYB and BCL11A. Identification of ATF4 as a key regulator of globin compensation adds mechanistic insight to the poorly understood phenomenon of stress-induced globin compensation and could inform strategies to treat hemoglobinopathies.

Role of ganglioside biosynthesis genetic polymorphism in cervical cancer development.

Cervical cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer in women. Cell mediated immunity plays a significant role in the progression or regression of neoplastic cervical lesions caused by human papilloma virus infection. Engagement of antigen-specific T cell receptors is a prerequisite for T cell activation. The initial events of T cell activation involve the movement of the T cell receptor into specialised microdomains known as lipid rafts. Gangliosides play an active role in the formation, stabilisation and biological functions of lipid rafts. This study aims to determine whether polymorphisms in the genes involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides represent risk a factor for cervical cancer.Taqman methods for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was used. All subjects carried the homozygous wild-type genotypes for all analysed genes (CC for gene B4GALT5, AA for gene ST3GAL5, AA for gene ST8SIA1 and CC for gene B4GALNT1). A χ2 test showed significant differences in genotype failure for B4GALT5 rs138960078 (χ2 = 32.02, df = 1, p = .001) and genotype failure for B4GALNT1 rs144643461 (χ2 = 41.03, df = 1, p = .001) between cervical cancer group and control group. Genotype failures were significantly more frequent in the cervical cancer group. Unknown adjacent SNPs to rs138960078 in gene B4GALT5 and rs144643461 in gene B4GALNT1 could be associated with cervical cancer development.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Individual genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. In recent years, the different SNPs and their potential effects on CC risk have been extensively studied. A large number of single nucleotide genetic variants associated with cervical cancer have been identified.What do the results of this study add? Our results suggest the presence of unknown adjacent SNPs to rs138960078 in gene B4GALT5 and rs144643461 in gene B4GALNT1 that could be associated with cervical cancer development.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Better understanding of causal-consequence relationship between ganglioside biosynthesis and TCR mediated activation with consequently cervical cancer development is needed. Our research opens a new possibilities for identification of polymorphisms in the genes involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides which can be a risk factor for cervical cancer development.

A cross-cultural perspective on impact of health and nutrition claims, country-of-origin and eco-label on consumer choice of new aquaculture products.

Over the last decade, an increasing number of new value-added aquaculture products made their way onto the European market, as a response to growing demand for healthier diet, and more sustainable and locally produced protein sources. The importance of these drivers of consumer choice for aquaculture products' acceptance paves the way for a relevant reorientation of the European aquaculture industry towards a more consumer-centred approach. This research uses discrete choice experiments to examine the effect of health and nutrition claims, country-of-origin (COO), and eco-labels on consumer choice of new aquaculture products in a cross-cultural context. Three products with different preserving methods have been chosen for the study: fresh (chilled), canned, and smoked product. Results indicate that COO label "produced in own country" together with ASC eco-label function better than the health and nutrition claims as driver of choice. Results further point to the existence of different segments of "nutrition conscious", "ethnocentric", "price conscious", and "eco-conscious" consumers.

Body composition analysis in patients with myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2.

INTRODUCTION: To date, there are only several reports on body composition in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and there are no data for myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). The aim was to analyze body composition of patients with DM1 and DM2, and its association with socio-demographic and clinical features of the diseases. METHODS: There were no statistical differences in sociodemographic features between 20 DM1 patients and 12 DM2 patients. Body composition was assessed by DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). A three-compartment model was used: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), and lean tissue mass (LTM). RESULTS: Patients with DM1 and DM2 had similar total body mass (TBM), BMC, FM, and LTM. Patients with DM1 had higher trunk-limb fat index (TLFI) in comparison to DM2 patients which indicates visceral fat deposition in DM1 (1.16 ± 0.32 for DM1 vs. 0.87 ± 0.23 for DM2, p < 0.05). Right ribs bone mineral density was lower in DM2 group (0.68 ± 0.07 g/cm2 vs. 0.61 ± 0.09 g/cm2, p < 0.05). Higher percentage of FM in legs showed correlation with lower strength of the upper leg muscles in DM1 (ρ = - 0.47, p < 0.05). Higher muscle strength in DM2 patients was in correlation with higher bone mineral density (ρ = + 0.62, p < 0.05 for upper arm muscles, ρ = + 0.87, p < 0.01 for lower arm muscles, ρ = + 0.72, p < 0.05 for lower leg muscles). CONCLUSION: DM1 patients had visceral obesity, and percentage of FM correlated with a degree of muscle weakness in upper legs. In DM2 patients, degree of muscle weakness was in correlation with higher FM index and lower bone mineral density.

Fatigue in myotonic dystrophy type 1: a seven-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Cross-sectional studies reported fatigue in 50-90% of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). The aim of this research was to assess frequency of fatigue in DM1 patients during a seven-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study included 64 DM1 patients at baseline (50% males, age 42 ± 12 years), and 38 after seven years. Following scales were used: Muscular Impairment Rating Scale (MIRS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS, score equal to or greater than 36 indicates significant fatigue), and Daytime Sleepiness Scale (DSS, score of more than six is considered significant). RESULTS: At baseline, 54% of DM1 patients had fatigue and 46% had excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Ten (32%) patients with fatigue had no EDS. At the baseline, patients with fatigue were older, were more likely to had adult-onset DM1, worse MIRS and DSS compared to the patients without fatigue. After seven years, FSS score increased (34 ± 15 vs 48 14, p < 0.01), fatigue was found in 82% of patients, and EDS in 60%. Still eight (26%) patients with fatigue had no EDS. Fatigue progression did not parallel MIRS increase. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is a common symptom of DM1 and its progression during time did not correlate with the progression of muscle weakness.

Possible predictive role of cancer/testis antigens in breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are a large family of tumor-associated antigens expressed in human tumors of different histological origin, but not in normal tissues, with the exception of the testes and placenta. Numerous immunohistochemical studies have reported associations between CTA expression and a negative estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast tumors, and demonstrated that CTAs are frequently expressed in tumors with higher nuclear grade. The expression of CTAs has not been studied as extensively in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as it has been in invasive breast cancer. The present retrospective study included archived paraffin-embedded specimens from 83 patients diagnosed with DCIS in the period between January 2007 and December 2014. The follow-up time for local recurrence ranged between 1 and 8 years (mean, 5.02 years). Antigens from the melanoma-associated antigen gene (MAGE) family, namely multi-MAGE-A, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A10 and New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) antigen, were evaluated by immunostaining and their subcellular location was investigated. Presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was evaluated on all sections, together with the histopathological variables of DCIS. Specific tested antigens exhibited associations with histopathological parameters for DCIS and all demonstrated statistically significant associations with nuclear staining, simultaneous cytoplasmic and nuclear staining, and local recurrence. Antigen MAGE-A10 demonstrated a significant association with higher expression of ER (P=0.005) and higher tumor nuclear grade (P=0.001), cytoplasmic staining (P=0.029) and antigen NY-ESO-1 with higher tumor size (P=0.001), expression of TILs (P=0.001) and R1 resection (P=0.001). A χ2 test revealed significant associations between simultaneous cytoplasmic and nuclear staining and local recurrence (P=0.005), central necrosis (P=0.016), and the expression of ER (P=0.003) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P=0.010). Additional analysis revealed an association between antigen MAGE-A10 and TILs (P=0.05). Additional analysis of TILs indicated that they were significantly associated with tumor grade (P=0.023), central necrosis (P<0.001), ER (P=0.003) and PR (P=0.029). Overall, CTAs from the MAGE family (MAGE-A1, multi-MAGE-A and MAGE-A10) and NY-ESO-1 associate with histopathological predictive variables of DCIS. The expression of antigens NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A10 could serve an important role in the treatment of patients with negative histopathological predictive variables, but further analysis is required. Simultaneous cytoplasmic and nuclear protein expression of MAGE-A family and NY-ESO-1 CTAs may represent an independent marker for local recurrence. Taken together, the present data suggest that CTAs are not perfect indicators of invasiveness for DCIS, but could inform treatment strategies for patients when taken in combination with other histopathological predictive variables. However, this was a small study and further larger studies will be necessary to confirm the current findings.

Foods with increased protein content: A qualitative study on European consumer preferences and perceptions.

Foods with increased protein content have rapidly become one of the fastest-growing product categories targeting image- and health-focused consumers. However, it is not clear whether consumers really understand the difference between 'inherently rich in protein' and 'artificially increased protein'. This study used a qualitative focus group approach to investigate the consumer preferences and perceptions of foods with increased protein content among mixed-age and older population in four European countries. In total fifty-two participants were involved in the study. Understanding of the concept of foods with 'increased protein' content was limited. Both older and mixed-age participants could not differentiate between natural sources of protein and foods with increased protein content, no matter whether foods with animal or plant proteins were mentioned. Older participants expressed more scepticism towards foods with increased protein content than mixed-age participants. The combination of protein type and food carrier closer to conventional foods received more acceptance among both older and mixed-age participants. Future use and acceptance of foods with increased protein content will depend on the extent to which consumer concerns about incorporating additional protein into a diet can be responded.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER.

Based on immunohistochemical staining for the basal markers cytokeratin 5/6 (CK 5/6), cytokeratin 14 (CK 14) and P-cadherin, triple negative tumors (TNT) are divided into two groups: 1) basal-like (BL) positive for one or all three markers; and 2) non basal-like (NBL) negative for all three markers. Even though the different origin of the cells of these two types of tumors implies different biological properties, they had been treated as one entity until recently. This paper analyzes TNT collected from 150 patients and distributed into two groups according to the results of immunohistochemical analysis, i.e. BL 116 (77.3%) and NBL 34 (22.67%). In this study, CK 5/6, CK 14 and P-cadherin were used as markers for identifying BL tumors. The immunohistochemical reaction was positive for CK 5/6 in 37%, for CK 14 in 50.86% and for P-cadherin in 68.34% of cases. The subclassification of triple negative breast cancer using the basal markers CK 5/6, CK 14 and P-cadherin has enabled identification of BL and NBL breast cancers in a proportion that is in line with the only accurate analysis of TNT gene expression. Using the mentioned combination of markers in daily practice is easy to perform and economically affordable.

Consumers as co-creators of new product ideas: An application of projective and creative research techniques.

Involving consumers in the process of modification and creation of new food products has been recently identified as a vital factor for new product development. However, little attention has been devoted to consumer-generated product solutions, and instead, researchers continue to view new product development process as a firm-centred activity. This study uses projective and creative research techniques to involve consumers in the process of modification and creation of new aquaculture product ideas. We provide guidelines for the use of these techniques in the new product development process, as well as managerial and practical implications for the future development of new aquaculture products.

Consumers' quality perception of national branded, national store branded, and imported store branded beef.

This study investigated the differences in the consumers' quality perception of national branded, national store branded, and imported store branded beef. Partial Least Squares analysis is used for modelling the quality perception process. Results show that consumers perceived national branded Carnalentejana beef, as better on all quality cues and quality aspects than the other two store branded beefs. Preference for Carnalentejana beef stayed highly consistent even after the blind test, where consumers differentiated this beef from the other two beef brands on all sensory dimensions: taste, tenderness, and juiciness, and chose it as the preferred one. Consumers utilized more perceived intrinsic cues to infer expected eating quality of store branded beefs.