Inclusion of cocoa bran in the diet of lambs and its effect on reproductive parameters.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of cocoa bran in the diet of lambs and its effect on reproductive parameters. For this, 40 lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments, and including 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of cocoa bran in the concentrate. Blood was collected to measure cholesterol and testosterone and semen for physical and morphological evaluation; testicular biometry and morphometry were also evaluated. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in body weight and tubulosomatic index between the lambs in the control treatment and those in the 30% cocoa bran treatment. There was no difference in testicular biometry, physical and morphological parameters of fresh semen, testicular morphometry, and volumetric ratio between lambs in all the treatments (P < 0.05). In addition, there was no difference in plasma cholesterol or testosterone concentration (P > 0.05). Thus, it is possible to include up to 30% of cocoa bran in diet without affecting the reproductive parameters of lambs.

A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis on the Role of Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatories in Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation.

PURPOSE: Pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the mainstay of treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), reducing the risk of severe vision loss. Pain poses a potential obstacle to effective laser delivery and patient compliance. Therefore, implementing pain relief strategies can enhance both treatment efficacy and patient comfort. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that enrolled patients undergoing PRP due to DR and compared analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to placebo. Pain was evaluated with the visual analogue scale. The version 2 of the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials tool and its version for crossover trials were used to assess the risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool was used to measure the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were included, comprising 1404 eyes from RCTs, nine of which were crossover. Patients who were administered analgesia reported a significantly lower pain sensitivity compared to those who received placebo (Standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.58, -0.17; P < .01; I2 = 69%). Subgroup analysis of systemic administration of analgesics/NSAIDs (metamizole, Entonox, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, caffeine, mefenamic acid, intramuscular ketorolac tromethamine, and potassium diclofenac) also showed a statistically significant reduction in pain when compared to placebo (SMD -0.28; 95% CI -0.50, -0.07; P < .01; I2 = 43%). Exclusive eye drops administration (ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and sodium diclofenac 0.1%) also showed a significant difference in pain sensitivity (SMD -0.46; 95% CI -0.88, -0.05; I2 = 83%), however with a more significant heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis including over 1000 patients demonstrated that the use of analgesics significantly reduced pain sensitivity during PRP, and systemic analgesia is potentially better than topical administration when compared to placebo.

Geropalliative Caring Model analysis and assessment according to Fawcett's criteria.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze and assess Lee Geropaliative Caring Model according to Fawcett's criteria. METHOD: A theoretical-reflective study about the Geropaliative Caring Model. The analysis resulted in a detailed review of the scope, context and content of a situation-specific theory, in order to determine aspects related to nursing practice and research, and assessment addressed the concrete concepts developed in theory, their significance, internal consistency, parsimony, testability and empirical and pragmatic adequacy in nursing as a discipline. RESULTS: Based on the analysis, a situation-specific theory was used based on the science of care and aimed at caring for older adults undergoing palliation and their families, structured into four fields, namely: (1) aligning care; (2) keeping safe; (3) comforting body/mind/spirit; and (4) facilitating transitions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The analyzed and assessed theory leads to a structure that includes well-defined, delimited and interrelated concepts, based on the science of care as a grand theory that allowed Geropaliative Care Model derivation.

Intervenções de enfermagem para pessoas com dor crônica em paliação: protocolo de revisão de escopo / Intervenciones de enfermería para personas con dolor paliativo crónico: protocolo de revisión del alcance / Nursing interventions for people with chronic palliation pain: scoping review protocol

Objetivo: mapear intervenções de enfermagem no manuseio da dor crônica em adultos e idosos em cuidados paliativos. Método: trata-se de um protocolo de revisão de escopo, alicerçado nas diretrizes do Joanna Briggs Institute e nas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols. Serão utilizadas cinco bases de dados: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHAL e National Grey Literature Collection, utilizando os descritores em saúde, a fim de responder a pergunta de pesquisa: "Quais intervenções de enfermagem são realizáveis no cuidado da dor crônica em indivíduos adultos e idosos em cuidados paliativos no campo da Enfermagem?" O processo de busca, identificação e avaliação será realizado por dois avaliadores independentes. Serão incluídos artigos nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, que atendiam ao objetivo. Os dados serão incluídos em uma planilha previamente construída e apresentados em tabelas, figuras e diagramas.

Objetivo: mapear las intervenciones de enfermería en el manejo del dolor crónico en adultos y adultos mayores en cuidados paliativos. Método: se trata de un protocolo de revisión exploratoria, basado en las directrices del Joanna Briggs Institute y las recomendaciones de los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols. Se utilizarán cinco bases de datos: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL y National Grey Literature Collection, utilizando los descriptores de salud, con el fin de responder a la pregunta de investigación: "¿Qué intervenciones de enfermería son alcanzables en el cuidado del dolor crónico en adultos y ancianos en cuidados paliativos en el campo de la Enfermería?" El proceso de búsqueda, identificación y evaluación estará a cargo de dos evaluadores independientes. Se incluirán artículos en inglés, portugués y español, que cumplieron con el objetivo. Los datos se incluirán en una hoja de cálculo previamente construida y se presentarán en tablas, figuras y diagramas.

Objective: mapping nursing interventions in the management of chronic pain in adults and elderly in palliative care. Method: this is a scope review protocol, based on the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols. Five databases will be used: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and National Grey Literature Collection, using the descriptors in health, to answer the research question: "Which nursing interventions are feasible in the care of chronic pain in adults and elderly in palliative care in the field of Nursing?" The search, identification and evaluation process will be performed by two independent evaluators. Articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish will be included, which met the objective. The data will be included in a previously constructed spreadsheet and presented in tables, figures and diagrams.

Factors that Affect Performance of Clinical Breast Examination and Mammography Screening among Brazilian Women.

BACKGROUND: In the Brazilian health system, community health facilities consist of multidisciplinary teams that focus on family health, whereas health centers treat mainly illnesses of registered patients. In the present study we compared socio-economic factors and performance of mammography screening (MS) and clinical breast exam (CBE),  respectively, among women who used both types of public health service centers. METHODS: The present study included 180 women aged ≥40 years, who used different health service centers within the same municipal district. Of all 180 women, 110 (41.1%) and 70 (38.9%) used a health center and a community health facility. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of variables. RESULTS: Regression modeling indicated that women who used the community health facility, performed annual MS 9.52 (OR= 0.105; 95%CI: 0.03- 0.36) times more often (p <0.001). In this model retirement and gynecological service use ≤ each second year, increased annual MS performance 8.16 (95%CI: 1.55- 54.32) and 7.78 (95%CI: 2.54- 23.79) times (p <0.001; p <0.001). Among 113 (62.8%) women who reported strong fear of MS, the chance of its performance was 35.71 (OR= 0.028; 95%CI: 0.02- 0.32) times decreased (p= 0.05). In a second model use of gynecological service ≤ each second year, increased chance of annual CBE performance 7.92 (95%CI: 3.25- 19.29) times (p <0.001). Women who used the community health facility performed annual and bi-annual CBE 2.90 (OR= 0.345; 95%CI: 0.14- 0.86) and 2.97 (OR= 0.337; 95%CI: 0.12- 0.92) times more often, compared to women who used the health center (p =0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of MS and CBE varied both considerable among women who used different types of health service centers. Gynecological service use, fear and socioeconomic variables, additionally influenced regular performance of MS and CBE.

Domínios e facetas da qualidade de vida de pessoas idosas segundo a prática sexual / Domains and facets of the quality of life of olders adults according to sexual practice

A pesquisa objetivou comparar os domínios e facetas da qualidade de vida de idosos segundo a prática de relação sexual nos últimos seis meses. Estudo quantitativo, transversal e observacional realizado com 219 idosos de um município do Estado de Minas Gerais. Aplicaram-se os instrumentos WHOQoL-Bref e WHOQoL-Old para a coleta de dados referentes à qualidade de vida, e o teste Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05) para análise. Os domínios físico (p = 0,002), psicológico (p < 0,001) e relações sociais (p < 0,001), e as facetas atividades passadas, presentes e futuras (p = 0,013), participação social (p = 0,007) e intimidade (p = 0,018) estiveram associados à prática de relação sexual nos últimos seis meses, com maiores escores entre aqueles que referiram ser ativos sexualmente.

The objective of this study was to compare the domains and facets of quality of life of older adults, according to the practice of sexual intercourse in the last six months. Quantitative, cross-sectional and observational study, carried out with 219 elderly from a municipality in the State of Minas Gerais. The WHOQoL-Bref and WHOQoL-Old instruments were used to collect data regarding quality of life and the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05) for analysis. In the physical (p = 0.002), psychological (p < 0.001) and social relations (p < 0.001) domains, and in the facets past, present and future activities (p = 0.013), social participation (p = 0.007) and intimacy (p = 0.018) were associated with the practice of sexual intercourse in the last six months, with higher scores among those who reported being sexually active.

A Simple Assay to Assess Salmonella Typhimurium Impact on Performance and Immune Status of Growing Pigs after Different Inoculation Doses.

Salmonella Typhimurium is the most frequent serovar in pigs and causes infections in humans. However, the dosage used for experimentation is not well defined. The present study aimed to evaluate a dosage for oral inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium to assess immunological and growth performance alterations in pigs. Gilts were randomly allocated into one of three experimental treatments: no Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation (Basal), or oral inoculation of 1 × 108 or 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium. Growth rate, rectal temperature, and fecal Salmonella shedding were recorded. Blood samples were taken. Inoculated pigs shed the bacteria for up to 7 days, but no differences were observed between the groups. No differences were observed in rectal temperature, body weight, or average daily feed intake. However, reductions in average daily gain (-17 and -22%) and feed efficiency (-14 and -20%) were observed in pigs inoculated with 1 × 108 and 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units, respectively. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations increased in challenged pigs compared to Basal pigs. The oral dosage of 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium is suitable for activating the immune system of pigs and assessing the impact of Salmonella on pig performance.

Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre estudantes de Medicina / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of common mental disorders among medical students

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar se houve impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 na prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMCs) entre estudantes de Medicina, investigando os possíveis fatores de risco associados. Métodos: Estudo observacional, desenvolvido com 289 estudantes de Medicina de Salvador, Bahia, realizado antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado contendo dados sociodemográficos, acadêmicos e sobre hábitos de vida. O rastreamento de TMC foi realizado por meio do Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). A coleta de dados ocorreu em duas etapas: a primeira, presencial (período anterior à pandemia) e a segunda, virtual (período pandêmico). Resultados: Não houve diferença na prevalência de TMC entre os momentos antes e durante a pandemia (48,0% vs. 44,5%, p = 0,577). Durante a pandemia, verificou-se aumento do envolvimento religioso (80,6% vs. 92,7%, p = 0,002) e do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (45,9% vs. 69,1%, p < 0,001). Entre os estudantes, observou-se aumento de TMC entre homens (17,0% vs. 34,1%, p = 0,036); redução entre mulheres (83,0% vs. 65,9%, p = 0,036); aumento entre aqueles com envolvimento religioso (80,9% vs. 92,9%, p = 0,036); e aumento em todos os ciclos acadêmicos (p = 0,039). Conclusão: Apesar de a prevalência de TMC em estudantes de Medicina manter-se expressiva, não foi demonstrado impacto direto da pandemia de COVID-19 em suas taxas. Ademais, a prevalência de TMC foi maior entre os estudantes com engajamento religioso e consumidores de bebida alcoólica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze whether there was an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) among medical students, investigating the possible associated risk factors. Methods: It is an observational study, developed with 289 medical students from Salvador, Bahia, carried out before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic, academic and lifestyle data was used. CMD screening was performed using the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Data collection took place in two stages: the first in person (period before the pandemic) and the second virtual (pandemic period). Results: There was no difference in the prevalence of CMD between the moments before and during the pandemic (48.0% vs. 44.5%, p = 0.577). During the pandemic, there was an increase in religious involvement (80.6% vs. 92.7%, p = 0.002) and consumption of alcoholic beverages (45.9% vs. 69.1%, p < 0.001). Among students, there was an increase in CMD among men (17.0% vs. 34.1%, p = 0.036); reduction among women (83.0% vs. 65.9%, p = 0.036); increase among those with religious involvement (80.9% vs. 92.9%, p = 0.036); and increase in all academic cycles (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of CMD in medical students remains expressive, there was no direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its rates. In addition, the prevalence of CMD was higher among students with religious commitment and alcohol drinkers.

Geropalliative Caring Model analysis and assessment according to Fawcett's criteria / Análisis y evaluación del Modelo de Cuidado Geropaliativo según criterios de Fawcett / Análise e avaliação do Modelo de Cuidados Geropaliativos segundo critérios de Fawcett

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze and assess Lee Geropaliative Caring Model according to Fawcett's criteria. Method: A theoretical-reflective study about the Geropaliative Caring Model. The analysis resulted in a detailed review of the scope, context and content of a situation-specific theory, in order to determine aspects related to nursing practice and research, and assessment addressed the concrete concepts developed in theory, their significance, internal consistency, parsimony, testability and empirical and pragmatic adequacy in nursing as a discipline. Results: Based on the analysis, a situation-specific theory was used based on the science of care and aimed at caring for older adults undergoing palliation and their families, structured into four fields, namely: (1) aligning care; (2) keeping safe; (3) comforting body/mind/spirit; and (4) facilitating transitions. Final considerations: The analyzed and assessed theory leads to a structure that includes well-defined, delimited and interrelated concepts, based on the science of care as a grand theory that allowed Geropaliative Care Model derivation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar y evaluar el Modelo de Atención Geropaliativa de Lee según los criterios de Fawcett. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo sobre el Modelo de Atención Geropaliativa. El análisis resultó en una revisión detallada del alcance, contexto y contenido de una Teoría de Situaciones Específicas, con el fin de determinar aspectos relacionados con la práctica y la investigación de la enfermería, y la evaluación abordó los conceptos concretos desarrollados en la teoría, su significado, consistencia interna, parsimonia, contrastabilidad y adecuación empírica y pragmática en la enfermería como disciplina. Resultados: A partir del análisis, se utilizó una Teoría de Situaciones Específicas basada en la ciencia del cuidado y orientada al cuidado de las personas mayores en paliación y de sus familias, estructurada en cuatro dominios, a saber: (1) alineación del cuidado; (2) mantener la seguridad; (3) comodidad cuerpo/mente/espíritu; y (4) facilitación de los procesos de transición. Consideraciones finales: La teoría analizada y evaluada conduce a una estructura que incluye conceptos bien definidos, delimitados e interrelacionados, basándose en la ciencia del cuidado como una gran teoría que permitió derivar el Modelo de Cuidado Geropaliativo.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e avaliar o Modelo de Cuidados Geropaliativos de Lee segundo os critérios de Fawcett. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo acerca do Modelo de Cuidados Geropaliativos. A análise suscitou em uma revisão detalhada do escopo, contexto e conteúdo de uma Teoria de Situação Específica, a fim de determinar os aspectos relacionados à prática e pesquisa na enfermagem, e a avaliação abordou os conceitos concretos desenvolvidos na teoria, sua significância, consistência interna, parcimônia, testabilidade e adequação empírica e pragmática na enfermagem enquanto disciplina. Resultados: A partir da análise, utilizou-se uma Teoria de Situação Específica baseada na ciência do cuidar e direcionada aos cuidados à pessoa idosa em paliação e sua família, estruturada em quatro domínios, a saber: (1) alinhamento dos cuidados; (2) manutenção da segurança; (3) conforto corpo/mente/espírito; e (4) facilitação dos processos de transições. Considerações finais: A teoria analisada e avaliada direciona para uma estrutura que contempla conceitos bem definidos, delimitados e inter-relacionados, com base na ciência do cuidar enquanto grande teoria que permitiu a derivação do Modelo de Cuidados Geropaliativos.

Cuidado à pessoa idosa institucionalizada na perspectiva de um fim de vida pacífico / Atención a la persona mayor institucionalizada en la perspectiva de un fin de vida pacífico / Care for the institutionalized elderly in the perspective of a peaceful end of life

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender como são prestados os cuidados ao fim da vida às pessoas idosas na Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) sob a ótica da Teoria do Final de Vida Pacífico. Método: estudo descritivo, interpretativo de natureza clínico qualitativa, realizado com 12 colaboradoras de uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos numa cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de maio e junho de 2021. Foram organizados com auxílio do software IRaMuTeQ e analisados de acordo com a Teoria do Final de Vida Pacífico. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias: suporte à família, desconhecimento e medo da equipe e suas implicações no cuidado à pessoa idosa no fim da vida e cuidados para a promoção do conforto à pessoa idosa no fim da vida. Considerações finais: controle da dor e conforto físico foram mais presentes sobre os cuidados ao fim da vida na ILPI, destacando a necessidade de maior investimento na educação permanente da equipe de cuidadores para que possam prestar cuidados ao idoso e a sua família, especialmente no tocante à autonomia e à preparação do luto. O estudo permite compreender como são prestados os cuidados profissionais ao fim da vida de idosos em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender cómo se prestan los cuidados al final de la vida a las personas mayores en la Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos (ILPA) bajo la óptica de la Teoría del Final de Vida Pacífico. Método: estudio descriptivo, interpretativo de naturaleza clínico cualitativa, realizado con 12 colaboradoras de una Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos en una ciudad del nordeste de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados en mayo y junio de 2021. Fueron organizados con la ayuda del software IRaMuTeQ y analizados de acuerdo con la Teoría del Final de Vida Pacífico. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías: apoyo a la familia, desconocimiento y miedo del equipo y sus implicaciones en el cuidado de la persona anciana al final de la vida y cuidados para la promoción del confort a la persona anciana al final de la vida. Consideraciones finales: control del dolor y confort físico fueron más presentes sobre los cuidados al final de la vida en la ILPA, destacando la necesidad de mayor inversión en la educación permanente del equipo de cuidadores para que puedan prestar cuidados al anciano y a su familia, especialmente a lo que se refiere a la autonomía y preparación del luto. El estudio permite comprender cómo se prestan los cuidados profesionales al final de la vida de las personas mayores en Institución de Larga Permanencia para Ancianos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand how care at the end of life is provided to the elderly in the Long Stay Institution for the Elderly (LSIE) from the perspective of the Peaceful End of Life Theory. Method: descriptive, interpretative study of a qualitative clinical nature, conducted with 12 collaborators of a Long Stay Institution for the Elderly in a city in the Northeast of Brazil. Data were collected in May and June 2021. They were organized with the help of IRaMuTeQ software and analyzed according to the Peaceful End of Life Theory. Results: two categories emerged: family support, lack of knowledge and fear of the team and their implications for the care of the elderly at the end of life and care for the promotion of comfort to the elderly at the end of life. Final considerations: pain control and physical comfort were more present on the care at the end of life in the LSIE, highlighting the need for greater investment in the permanent education of the caregiver team so that they can provide care to the elderly and their families, especially regarding autonomy and the preparation of mourning. The study allows us to understand how professional care is provided at the end of life of the elderly in a Long Stay Institution for the Elderly.

Effect of different concentrations of Trolox® in association with docosahexaenoic acid on equine semen freezing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of different concentrations of Trolox® and the addition of a fixed concentration of DHA in the freezing of semen of Mangalarga Marchador stallions. To that end, 16 ejaculates were frozen in the following extenders: E1) BotuCrio® (BC; Control); E2) BC + 50 ngml-1 DHA + 30 µM Trolox® (BCDHA30T); E3) BC + 50 ngml-1 DHA + 40 µM Trolox® (BCDHA40T); E4) BC + 50 ngml-1 DHA + 50 µM Trolox® (BCDHA50T). All the tested extenders were similar in preserving different kinematic parameters, cell functional integrity, compacted DNA, and high and intermediate mitochondrial activity (P>0.05). However, sperm cryopreserved in BCDHA40T showed higher velocities than sperm frozen in the control extender (P<0.05). The 30 µM concentration of Trolox® was worse for sperm motility and the 50 µM concentration of Trolox® did not adequately preserve the structural integrity of the membranes in an extender containing DHA when compared to the BotuCrio® (P<0.05) extender. The use of Trolox® in freezing extenders containing DHA did not maximize the effect of BotuCrio®, except for in the case of sperm velocity parameters when at a concentration of 40 µM.

Testicular morphometry as a tool to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of immunocastration in lambs using testicular morphometry. Thirty lambs were randomly divided into two treatments (subcutaneous administration of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL of an anti-GnRH vaccine) and a control group (1.0 mL saline solution). The animals were vaccinated at four months of age, received a second dose 30 days later, and were slaughtered 90 days after the first vaccine dose. After slaughter, testicles were collected, and samples were removed for histological processing and evaluation of testicular morphometric parameters. Analysis of variance, Tukey's test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed, with a 5% level of significance. There was a reduction in testicular weight, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, leydigosomatic index, and total tubule length. The total length per testicular gram increased in the immunocastrated group. Intrinsic spermatogenesis yield, Sertoli cell indices, and estimates of sperm and Sertoli cell production were reduced in the immunized groups (P < 0.05). The anti-GnRH vaccine in lambs at doses of 1.0 mL and 0.5 mL is sufficient to promote immunocastration, verified through severe changes in testicular morphometry from animals.

Flaxseed added to the diet of Alpine goats affects the nutrients intake and blood parameters.

The flaxseed is a nutraceutical food used as a source of α-linolenic acid, which can bring benefits to the health of mammals. This study was carried out to examine the effect of flaxseed inclusion in the diets on the intake of nutrients, body weight, and blood parameters of Alpine goats. Twenty-one adult females with an initial average weight of 41.06 ± 1.84 kg were used in a completely randomized design, with four experimental treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15% of flaxseed in the total diet) and five replications per treatment. The intake of the dry matter presented a decreasing linear effect (P < 0.001), with a reduction of 53.5% between the control diet (0% of flaxseed) and 15% of flaxseed, but no effect was observed on weight gain (P > 0.05). Inclusion of flaxseed from 0 to 15% linearly decreased the intakes of organic matter, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and neutral detergent fiber, but increased the ether extract intake (P < 0.001). Regarding plasma concentration traits, increasing the flaxseed levels from 0 to 15% had linear positive effect on LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides (P < 0.05), but no effect on cholesterol, HDL, glucose, creatinine, and urea (P > 0.05). The inclusion of flaxseed in the diet for 80 days changes the nutrients intake and blood parameters but shows no impact on body weight. However, further studies are required to determine the impact of flaxseed on the goat's health in the long term since there has been an increase in the concentration of triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL.

Identifying Inconclusive Data in the SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostic Using Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein Gene as a Target.

CONTEXT.­: The gold standard test to identify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients is the real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), but inconclusive data and false-positive diagnosis remain the major problem of this approach. OBJECTIVE.­: To compare the fitness of 2 primer sets to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein gene (NP) in the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19, we verified the inconclusive data and confidence of high cycle threshold (Ct) values in SARS-CoV-2 detection. DESIGN.­: The 970 patient samples were tested by using United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol. We compared the fitness of 2 primer sets to 2 different regions of the NP gene. In addition, we checked the consistency of positive samples with high Ct values by retesting extracted SARS-CoV-2 RNA or by second testing of patients. RESULTS.­: N1 and N2 displayed similar fitness during testing, with no differences between Ct values. Then, we verified security range Ct values related to positive diagnostics, with Ct values above 34 failing in 21 of 32 cases (65.6%) after retesting of samples. The patient samples with Ct values above 34.89 that were doubly positive revealed a low sensitivity (52.4%) and specificity (63.6%) of the test in samples with Ct values above 34. CONCLUSIONS.­: It is safe to use 1 primer set for the NP gene to identify SARS-CoV-2 in samples. However, samples with high Ct values may be considered inconclusive and retested to avoid false-positive diagnosis.

Impacto do Tratamento Antineoplásico na Microbiota da Cavidade Oral e Orofaríngea de Pacientes Acometidos pelo Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço: Revisão Sistemática / Impact of Antineoplastic Treatment on Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Microbiota of Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Systematic Review / Impacto del Tratamiento Antineoplástico en la Microbiota Oral y Orofaríngea de Pacientes Afectados por el Cáncer de Cabeza y Cuello: Revisión Sistemática

Introdução: As cavidades oral e orofaríngea apresentam uma grande diversidade de micro-organismos que se encontram normalmente em homeostase com outros micro-organismos e o próprio hospedeiro, contudo, pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço submetidos ao tratamento oncológico podem desencadear modificações fisiológicas nos seus organismos, assim como impactos na sua microbiota residente. Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente os estudos sobre o impacto provocado pelo tratamento antineoplásico sobre a microbiota oral e orofaríngea em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Método: Revisão sistemática, realizada entre abril e junho de 2020. Busca nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Google Acadêmico, PubMed e ScienceDirect. Utilizaram-se os descritores "head and neck neoplasms", "mouth neoplasms" e "microbiota" em inglês; e "neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço", "neoplasias bucais" e "microbiota" em português. Foram selecionados artigos originais e disponíveis na íntegra, publicados na última década (2010 a 2020), nos idiomas português e inglês. Resultados: Foram incluídos oito artigos nesta revisão. Assim, a maioria dos estudos apresentou alterações na quantidade de micro-organismos residentes ou invasão de bactérias exógenas nos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento antineoplásico; o descontrole da homeostase da microbiota desencadeou processos cariogênicos e inflamatórios na mucosa. Conclusão: As alterações no microbioma da cavidade oral e orofaríngea advindas do tratamento antineoplásico podem ser fatores de predisposição a efeitos adversos no indivíduo, como desenvolvimento de cárie e mucosite oral

Introduction: A great diversity of microorganisms are found in the oral and oropharyngeal cavities, which are normally in homeostasis with other microorganisms and the host itself. Patients with head and neck cancer undergoing cancer treatment may trigger physiological changes in their bodies and impact in the resident microbiota. Objective: Systematically review studies on the impact of antineoplastic treatment on oral and oropharyngeal microbiota in patients with head and neck cancer. Method: Systematic review carried out between April and June 2020. Articles were searched in the Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases in English, utilizing the descriptors "head and neck neoplasms", "mouth neoplasms" and "microbiota" and "neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço", "neoplasias bucais" and "microbiota" in Portuguese. Original articles available in full, published in the last decade (2010 to 2020), in Portuguese and English were selected. Results: 8 articles were included in this review. Most of studies have shown quantitative changes in resident microorganisms or invasion of exogenous bacteria in patients in antineoplastic treatment; uncontrolled microbiota homeostasis triggered cariogenic and inflammatory processes in the mucosa. Conclusion: Changes in the microbiome of the oral cavity and oropharyngeal resulting from antineoplastic treatment may be predisposing factors for adverse effects as the development of caries and oral mucositis

Introducción: Las cavidades bucal y orofaríngea presentan una gran diversidad de microorganismos que normalmente se encuentran en homeostasis con otros microorganismos y su propio hospedador, sin embargo, los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello sometidos a tratamiento contra el cáncer pueden desencadenar cambios fisiológicos en tu cuerpo, así como también impactos en su microbiota residente. Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente los estudios sobre el impacto del tratamiento antineoplásico en la microbiota oral y orofaríngea en pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada entre abril y junio de 2020. Se buscaron artículos en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Google Scholar, PubMed y ScienceDirect. Se utilizaron los descriptores "head and neck neoplasms", "mouth neoplasms" and "microbiota" en inglés y "neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço", "neoplasias bucais" e "microbiota" en portugués. Incluyeron artículos originales y disponibles en su totalidad, publicados en la última década (2010 a 2020), en portugués e inglés. Resultados: En esta revisión se incluyeron ocho artículos. Así, la mayoría de los estudios han mostrado cambios en el número de microorganismos residentes o invasión de bacterias exógenas en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento antineoplásico, la homeostasis de la microbiota sin controle desencadena procesos cariogénicos e inflamatorios en la mucoso. Conclusión: Los cambios en el microbioma de la cavidad oral y orofaríngea por el tratamiento antineoplásico pueden ser factores predisponentes a los efectos adversos en el individuo, como el desarrollo de caries y mucositis oral

Prevalence of common mental disorders among medical students during the Covid-19 pandemic / Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre estudantes de Medicina durante a pandemia de Covid-19

Abstract: Introduction: Common mental disorders (CMD) have been frequently identified among university students in the health area, especially in Medicine. It is believed that characteristics inherent to the course have a potential influence on the student's mental health. When adding the pandemic context, with its inherent social restrictions, the psychological determinants related to the unknown pathology and the fear of the rapid spread of the new coronavirus, there is the possibility of increasing the risk factors for psychological distress in this population. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of CMD among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing its main determinants in the academic, social and economic spheres. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out with 388 medical students in Salvador/BA., Data on sociodemographic and academic aspects, life habits, comorbidities and symptoms of non-psychotic disorders were collected using the Google Forms platform, measured by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Results: The prevalence of CMD was 39.7% among medical students, with 47.4% in the basic cycle, 40.3% in the clinical cycle and 12.3% in the internship period. Among the factors associated with the emergence of CMD are sedentary lifestyle, smoking, use of substances that enhance academic performance, dissatisfaction with one's academic performance, poor sleep quality, lack of appetite, frequent headaches, poor digestion, suicidal ideation and sadness. There was a higher rate of non-psychotic mental disorders among women, with no difference regarding the academic cycle and the administrative type of the educational institution. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant prevalence of CMD was demonstrated among female, white, single medical students who live with family members and do not have their own income. Although studies suggest an increase in the prevalence among university students at the present time, the data from the present study remain in agreement with the literature data prior to the pandemic, showing that the medical course itself is the main risk factor for higher rates of CMD in this population. However, further studies on the long-term impact of the pandemic on the mental health of university students are still necessary.

Resumo: Introdução: Transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) têm sido frequentemente identificados entre universitários na área de saúde, especialmente em Medicina. Acredita-se que características inerentes ao curso exerçam potencial influência na saúde mental do estudante. Quando se adiciona o contexto de pandemia com as restrições sociais inerentes, os determinantes psicológicos relacionados à desconhecida patologia e o temor do rápido alastramento do novo coronavírus, existe a possibilidade de potencialização dos fatores de riscos para o sofrimento psíquico nessa população. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de TMC entre estudantes de Medicina durante a pandemia da Covid-19, analisando seus principais determinantes nos âmbitos acadêmico, social e econômico. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado com 388 estudantes de Medicina em Salvador, na Bahia. Por meio da plataforma Google Forms, coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos e acadêmicos, sobre hábitos de vida, comorbidades e sintomas de transtornos não psicóticos mensurados pelo Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Resultado: A prevalência de TMC foi de 39,7% entre os estudantes de Medicina, sendo de 47,4% no ciclo básico, 40,3% no ciclo clínico e 12,3% no internato. Entre os fatores associados ao surgimento de TMC, estão sedentarismo, tabagismo, uso de substâncias que favoreçam o desempenho acadêmico, insatisfação com o próprio rendimento acadêmico, má qualidade de sono, falta de apetite, cefaleia frequente, má digestão, ideação suicida e tristeza. Observou-se maior índice de transtornos mentais não psicóticos entre as mulheres, não havendo diferença quanto ao ciclo acadêmico e à natureza administrativa da instituição de ensino. Conclusão: Durante a pandemia de Covid-19, demonstrou-se uma expressiva prevalência de TMC entre estudantes de Medicina do sexo feminino, brancos, solteiros, que residem com familiares e não possuem renda própria. Apesar de estudos sugerirem aumento da prevalência nos universitários no momento atual, os dados deste estudo permaneceram concordantes com a literatura anterior à pandemia, configurando o próprio curso de Medicina como principal fator de risco para taxas superiores de TMC nessa população. Entretanto, novos estudos acerca do impacto em longo prazo da pandemia na saúde mental dos universitários ainda são necessários.

Docosahexaenoic acid in diluent for goat semen cryopreservation.

The effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diluent for cryopreservation of goat semen on seminal quality and the optimal levels to be used were evaluated. After collection, semen was pooled and physically evaluated, then divided into four aliquots with different DHA levels in the diluent: 0, 10, 20, and 30 ng mL-1. The semen was cryopreserved in a TK 3000® freezing machine and then thawed for assessment at 37 °C. Sperm motility and vigor, membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial activity, and sperm chromatin compaction were evaluated after thawing. A completely randomized design was used. For normally distributed variables, ANOVA and regression analysis were used to test for differences between treatments, and for non-parametric data, the Kruskal Wallis test was used at the 5% significance level. There were no differences among groups in terms of membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, or chromatin compaction. There was a decrease in class I mitochondrial activity with increasing DHA level (P<0.05), but no differences in classes II, III, and IV (P>0.05). The inclusion of 10 to 30 ng mL-1 of DHA in the diluent did not result in improvements in seminal quality parameters after thawing, with some impairment observed in the mitochondrial activity of the sperm cells.

Fatores sociodemográficos e nutricionais como determinantes da Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil: uma revisão de literatura / Sociodemographic and nutritional factors as determinants of Food and Nutricional Insegurity in children and adolescents in Brasil: a literature review

Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e nutricionais determinantes da insegurança alimentar e nutricional (IAN) em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão baseado em estudos epidemiológicos do tipo transversal, publicados nos últimos 06 anos, com população composta por crianças e adolescentes, em situação de vulnerabilidade social, nas línguas português, inglês e espanhol. Dentre os oitos estudos selecionados observou-se alta prevalência de IAN, com distribuição equivalente entre sexos. A IAN mostrou-se mais presente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, com maiores taxas nos estados do Maranhão e Piauí e menores taxas em Rondônia e Amazonas, destacando-se a correlação entre IAN e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano baixo. A prevalência de IAN foi maior entre crianças que frequentavam ensino público, que realizavam menos refeições por dia, com alto consumo de alimentos ricos em açúcar, frituras, embutidos e ultraprocessados e em famílias cuja mãe tinha idade inferior a 40 anos, era mãe-solo e única provedora. Em 80% dos domicílios em situação de IAN a renda per capita foi menor que um salário-mínimo e/ou recebiam auxílio financeiro do governo, como Bolsa Família. 78% das crianças menores de 5 anos com índice peso/estatura abaixo do ideal apresentavam algum nível de IAN. São diversas as variantes que influenciam no processo de fome e impactam na alta prevalência de IAN em grande parte da população, o que implica no não cumprimento do Direito Humano à Alimentação, sendo, portanto, necessária a criação de políticas públicas afim de amparar e acolher tal população

This study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and nutritional factors that determine food and nutritional insecurity (FNI) in children and adolescentes in Brazil. This is a review study based on cross-sectional epidemiological studies, published in the last 06 years, with a population composed of children and adolescentes in situation of social vulnerability, in the languagues Portugueses, English and Spanish. Among the eight selected studies, it was observed high prevalence of FNI and equivalent distribution between sexes. Besides verifying higher prevalence of FNI in the North and Northeast regions, with the highest rastes in the states of Maranhão and Piauí, and the lowest in Rondônia and Amazonas, establishing a correlation between FNI and low Human Development Index (HDI). Besides the prevalence of FNI was much bigger in children that attended public schools, that ate fewer meals a day and had high consumption of foods rich in sugar, fried, embedded and ultra-processed and in families whose mother had less than 40 years old, single mother and sole provider. In 80% of households in situation in FNI the per capita incomes was less than a minimum wage and/or received financial assistance from the government, as Bolsa Família. 78% of the children younger than 5 years old with index weight/height below ideal represented some degree of FNI. There are several variants that influence the hunger process and impact on the high incidence of FNI in a large part of the population, which implies the non-fulfillment of the Human Right to Food, therefore, it is necessary to create public policies in order to support and assist such population

Perfil do acompanhante durante o adoecimento de crianças e adolescentes com câncer / Caregiver profile during the process of illness in children and adolescents with cancer / Perfil del cuidador durante el proceso de enfermedad de niños y adolescentes con cáncer

INTRODUÇÃO: O cuidado parental de uma criança ou adolescente em tratamento antineoplásico expõe os pais ou responsáveis a maiores responsabilidades. Essas alterações afetam as relações familiares, da vida pessoal, do trabalho e até mesmo na própria relação de pais e filhos. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil e a participação do acompanhante de crianças e adolescentes com câncer em uma casa de apoio. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem quanti/qualitativa do tipo descritivo. Foram incluídos no estudo acompanhantes de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 (dezoito) anos e excluídos os acompanhantes que demonstraram apresentar algum déficit cognitivo, de linguagem e/ou dificuldade de compreensão. A coleta de dados foi realizada através do uso de um questionário com os acompanhantes no período de outubro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. RESULTADOS: A amostra do estudo foi constituída por 12 acompanhantes, sendo 11 do sexo feminino, idade média de 36,33 ±: 24,95 anos, dos quais 8 (67%) eram solteiros, relataram serem os pais das crianças/adolescentes, possuírem outros filhos e pelo menos um destes residirem com eles, a maioria deles, 25%, possui mais de 3 filhos, 17% possuem 2 filhos e 8% apenas 1 filho. CONCLUSÃO: Com a necessidade de deixar o emprego para cuidar da criança, a maioria dos acompanhantes não desempenha nenhum tipo de ocupação. Como residem distante da unidade de atendimento, a oportunidade de permanecer numa casa de apoio facilita o acesso ao tratamento.

INTRODUCTION: Parental care for a child or adolescent under antineoplastic treatment exposes parents or guardians to greater responsibilities required by this. These changes affect family relationships, personal life, work, and even the relationship of parents and children. OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile and participation of the family caregiver of children and adolescents with cancer in a support home. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative/qualitative approach of a descriptive type. Caregivers of both sexes, over the age of 18 (eighteen) years, were included in the study, and caregivers who demonstrated some cognitive, language, and/or difficulty in understanding were excluded. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire with the caregivers from October 2019 to January 2020. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 12 caregivers, 11 of whom were female, mean age 36.33 ±: 24.95 years, of whom 8 (67%) were single, reported being the parents of the children/adolescents, have other children and at least one of them lives with them, most of them 25% have more than 3 children, 17% have 2 children and 8% only 1 child. CONCLUSION: With the need to leave the job to take care of the child, most caregivers do not perform any occupation. As they live far from the care unit, the opportunity to stay in a support home facilitates access to treatment.

| INTRODUCCIÓN: El cuidado parental de un niño o adolescente en tratamiento contra el cáncer expone a los padres o tutores a mayores responsabilidades que este requiere. Estos cambios afectan las relaciones familiares, la vida personal, laboral e incluso la relación entre padres e hijos. OBJETIVOS: Describir el perfil y participación de acompañantes de niños y adolescentes con cáncer en un hogar de apoyo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal con un enfoque descriptivo cuantitativo / cualitativo. Se incluyó en el estudio a acompañantes de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 (dieciocho) años, y se excluyó a los acompañantes que demostraran algún déficit cognitivo, de lenguaje y / o dificultad de comprensión. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante el uso de un cuestionario con acompañantes desde octubre de 2019 a enero de 2020. RESULTADOS: La muestra de estudio estuvo conformada por 12 acompañantes, 11 mujeres, edad media 36,33 ±: 24,95 años, de los cuales 8 (67%) eran solteros, reportaron ser padres de niños / adolescentes, tener otros hijos y al menos uno de ellos viviendo con ellos, la mayoría de ellos 25% tiene más de 3 hijos, 17% tiene 2 hijos y 8% solo 1 hijo. CONCLUSIÓN: Ante la necesidad de dejar el trabajo para cuidar al niño, la mayoría de los cuidadores no tienen ningún tipo de ocupación. Como viven lejos de la unidad de servicio, la oportunidad de permanecer en un hogar de apoyo le facilita el acceso al tratamiento.

Reproductive parameters of lambs immunocastrated with anti-GnRH vaccine.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the testicular biometric, seminal, and plasma testosterone levels in lambs subjected to an anti-GnRH vaccine as a method of castration. Thirty entire, crossbred Santa Inês male lambs were randomly distributed into three treatment (T): T1 was the control group, with the administration of 1 mL of saline solution subcutaneously (SC); 1.0 and 0.5 mL of an anti-GnRH vaccine were administered SC in T2 and T3, respectively. Testicular biometric variables, physical and morphological variables of semen, and plasma testosterone concentrations were evaluated. At D60, there was a reduction in testicular length, width, thickness, and scrotal circumference of the immunocastrated animals regardless of the vaccine dose used (P < 0.05). A reduction in semen physical variables at both dosages (P < 0.05) was observed, with azoospermia, in 80% and 70% of animals in the T2 and T3 groups, respectively. At D60, the immunocastrated animals also showed an increase in spermatozoa defects (P < 0.05), whereas plasma testosterone concentration decreased (P < 0.05). Immunocastration of lambs using the Bopriva vaccine at doses of 1.0 and 0.5 mL is efficient in inducing azoospermia in up to 80% of animals, although two doses in a 30-day interval are necessary for it to be an effective and safe method. Efficacy was demonstrated through a reduction in serum testosterone levels, testicular biometry, and seminal fluid analysis. Considering the efficacy of both doses in this study, we recommend using the lower dose (0.5 mL), which will allow for a 50% reduction in vaccine costs.