Rp3: Ribosome profiling-assisted proteogenomics improves coverage and confidence during microprotein discovery.

There has been a dramatic increase in the identification of non-canonical translation and a significant expansion of the protein-coding genome. Among the strategies used to identify unannotated small Open Reading Frames (smORFs) that encode microproteins, Ribosome profiling (Ribo-Seq) is the gold standard for the annotation of novel coding sequences by reporting on smORF translation. In Ribo-Seq, ribosome-protected footprints (RPFs) that map to multiple genomic sites are removed since they cannot be unambiguously assigned to a specific genomic location. Furthermore, RPFs necessarily result in short (25-34 nucleotides) reads, increasing the chance of multi-mapping alignments, such that smORFs residing in these regions cannot be identified by Ribo-Seq. Moreover, it has been challenging to identify protein evidence for Ribo-Seq. To solve this, we developed Rp3, a pipeline that integrates proteogenomics and Ribosome profiling to provide unambiguous evidence for a subset of microproteins missed by current Ribo-Seq pipelines. Here, we show that Rp3 maximizes proteomics detection and confidence of microprotein-encoding smORFs.

Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights

Introduction: whilst recent years have witnessed considerable research into infant categorisation, its development during the pre-school period has garnered far less interest and innovation. Objective: this paper documents the development of a valid and reliable new toolkit for measuring categorisation in children, designed to allow fine-grained differentiation through four short tasks. Methods: the paper outlines how a pilot study with 55 children reduced confounding variables, ruled out several explanations for performance variations and enabled procedural refinements. It then documents a study conducted with 190 children aged 30-60 months. Results: this more sophisticated testing mechanism challenges previously accepted developmental norms and suggests both sex and socio-economic status (and their interaction) influence categorisational abilities in pre-schoolers. Conclusion: the results indicate that preschool children's ability to categorise varies markedly, with implications for their capacity to access formal education.

Introdução: embora nos últimos anos tenha havido pesquisas consideráveis sobre a categorização infantil, seu desenvolvimento durante o período pré-escolar atraiu muito menos interesse e inovação. Objetivo: este artigo documenta o desenvolvimento de um novo kit de ferramentas válido e confiável para medir a categorização em crianças, projetado para permitir diferenciação refinada por meio de quatro tarefas curtas. Método: o artigo descreve como um estudo piloto com 55 crianças reduziu variáveis de confusão, descartou várias explicações para variações de desempenho e permitiu refinamentos de procedimentos. Em seguida, documenta um estudo realizado com 190 crianças de 30 a 60 meses. Resultados: este mecanismo de teste mais sofisticado desafia as normas de desenvolvimento previamente aceitas e sugere que o sexo e o status socioeconômico (e sua interação) influenciam as habilidades de categorização em pré-escolares. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que a capacidade de categorização dos pré-escolares varia acentuadamente, com implicações na sua capacidade de acesso à educação forma

Prophylactic Administration of Vasopressors Prior to Emergency Intubation in Critically Ill Patients: A Secondary Analysis of Two Multicenter Clinical Trials.

Hypotension affects approximately 40% of critically ill patients undergoing emergency intubation and is associated with an increased risk of death. The objective of this study was to examine the association between prophylactic vasopressor administration and the incidence of peri-intubation hypotension and other clinical outcomes. DESIGN: A secondary analysis of two multicenter randomized clinical trials. The clinical effect of prophylactic vasopressor administration was estimated using a one-to-one propensity-matched cohort of patients with and without prophylactic vasopressors. SETTING: Seven emergency departments and 17 ICUs across the United States. PATIENTS: One thousand seven hundred ninety-eight critically ill patients who underwent emergency intubation at the study sites between February 1, 2019, and May 24, 2021. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was peri-intubation hypotension defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg occurring between induction and 2 minutes after tracheal intubation. A total of 187 patients (10%) received prophylactic vasopressors prior to intubation. Compared with patients who did not receive prophylactic vasopressors, those who did were older, had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, were more likely to have a diagnosis of sepsis, had lower pre-induction systolic blood pressures, and were more likely to be on continuous vasopressor infusions prior to intubation. In our propensity-matched cohort, prophylactic vasopressor administration was not associated with reduced risk of peri-intubation hypotension (41% vs 32%; p = 0.08) or change in systolic blood pressure from baseline (-12 vs -11 mm Hg; p = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: The administration of prophylactic vasopressors was not associated with a lower incidence of peri-intubation hypotension in our propensity-matched analysis. To address potential residual confounding, randomized clinical trials should examine the effect of prophylactic vasopressor administration on peri-intubation outcomes.

Understanding the impact of newborn touch upon mothers of hospitalized preterm neonates

Introduction: Many interventions have been designed to support the development of the preterm baby and minimise the complications of prematurity. However, there is limited evidence of the possible psychological benefits of touch to the mother when she is the one performing the support programme during the hospitalisation of her newborn. Objective: This study explored whether the type of touch provided to preterm neonates had an impact on maternal self-efficacy, self-esteem and maternal-to-infant attachment, as-well-as newborn weight gain. Methods: Using a randomised cluster trial, forty babies and their mothers were allocated to one of two groups receiving either a touch-based intervention (TAC-TIC; Touching And Caressing; Tender In Caring) or spontaneous touch. Results: Mothers who provided the touch-based intervention demonstrated greater increases in self-efficacy, self-esteem and attachment, and babies gained more weight than those using spontaneous touch. Conclusion: The results indicate that systematic touch interventions may be used to facilitate the mother-baby relationship as well as to promote newborn weight gain.

Introdução: muitas intervenções têm sido desenhadas para apoiar o desenvolvimento do bebê prematuro e minimizar as complicações da prematuridade. No entanto, são limitadas as evidências dos possíveis benefícios psicológicos do toque para a mãe quando é ela quem realiza o programa de apoio durante a hospitalização de seu recém-nascido.Objetivo: este estudo explorou se o tipo de toque fornecido aos recém-nascidos prematuros teve impacto na autoeficácia materna, autoestima e apego materno-infantil, bem como no ganho de peso do recém-nascido.Método: usando um estudo randomizado de cluster, quarenta bebês e suas mães foram alocados em um dos dois grupos que receberam uma intervenção baseada em toque (TAC-TIC; Tocando e acariciando; Tender In Caring) ou toque espontâneo.Resultados: as mães que forneceram a intervenção baseada no toque demonstraram maiores aumentos na autoeficácia, autoestima e apego, e os bebês ganharam mais peso do que aqueles que usaram o toque espontâneo.Conclusão: os resultados indicam que intervenções sistemáticas de toque podem ser utilizadas para facilitar a relação mãe-bebê, bem como para promover o ganho de peso do recém-nascido.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy (PMP S-E) Tool for Primiparous Women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the validity and the reliability of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy tool translated into Spanish and adapted to be used among primiparous women of term babies. METHODS: Validation study. A total of 210 women participated in the survey to establish construct validity and reliability. The questionnaire has 20 items and four subscales. The higher the score, the higher the self-efficacy. A process of translation/back-translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with international standards and an expert review were conducted to test face and content validity. The Validity Content Index and an exploratory factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptation, validation and reliability were performed. Face validity for women was as follows: high comprehension (99%); and for experts: medium comprehension (84.1%), medium clarity (83.9%) and medium precision (80%). Concerning pertinence, the content validity index was 0.93 (i.e., highly pertinent). Concerning relevance, the content validity index was 0.96 (i.e., highly relevant). Factor validation identified four factors that accounted for 91% of the variance. Overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.98 (IC 95 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Given the robust properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy, it may be used to identify women with low self-efficacy and to assess the effectiveness of health-based interventions.

Phylogeny Predicts the Quantity of Antimalarial Alkaloids within the Iconic Yellow Cinchona Bark (Rubiaceae: Cinchona calisaya).

Considerable inter- and intraspecific variation with respect to the quantity and composition of plant natural products exists. The processes that drive this variation remain largely unknown. Understanding which factors determine chemical diversity has the potential to shed light on plant defenses against herbivores and diseases and accelerate drug discovery. For centuries, Cinchona alkaloids were the primary treatment of malaria. Using Cinchona calisaya as a model, we generated genetic profiles of leaf samples from four plastid (trnL-F, matK, rps16, and ndhF) and one nuclear (ITS) DNA regions from twenty-two C. calisaya stands sampled in the Yungas region of Bolivia. Climatic and soil parameters were characterized and bark samples were analyzed for content of the four major alkaloids using HPLC-UV to explore the utility of evolutionary history (phylogeny) in determining variation within species of these compounds under natural conditions. A significant phylogenetic signal was found for the content of two out of four major Cinchona alkaloids (quinine and cinchonidine) and their total content. Climatic parameters, primarily driven by changing altitude, predicted 20.2% of the overall alkaloid variation, and geographical separation accounted for a further 9.7%. A clade of high alkaloid producing trees was identified that spanned a narrow range of altitudes, from 1,100 to 1,350 m. However, climate expressed by altitude was not a significant driver when accounting for phylogeny, suggesting that the chemical diversity is primarily driven by phylogeny. Comparisons of the relative effects of both environmental and genetic variability in determining plant chemical diversity have scarcely been performed at the genotypic level. In this study we demonstrate there is an essential need to do so if the extensive genotypic variation in plant biochemistry is to be fully understood.

Unexpectedly High Beta-Diversity of Root-Associated Fungal Communities in the Bolivian Andes.

Bolivia is one of the most biologically diverse countries on the planet. Between the Andes and the Amazon drainage basin spans the Yungas, a vast forested region shown to be extremely species rich in macro-organisms. However, it remains unclear whether this high diversity is also reflected in microbial diversity. Here we assess the genetic, taxonomic and functional diversity of root-associated fungi surrounding Cinchona calisaya trees, a typical element of the intermediate altitudes of the Bolivian Yungas. We determine the relative effects of edaphic properties, climate, and geography in regulating fungal community assembly. We show that α-diversity for these fungal communities was similar to temperate and arid ecosystems, averaging 90.1 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) per sample, with reads predominantly assigned to the Ascomycota phylum and with a saprotrophic lifestyle. ß-diversity was calculated as the distance-decay rate, and in contrast to α-diversity, was exceptionally high with a rate of -0.407. Soil properties (pH and P) principally regulated fungal community assembly in an analogous manner to temperate environments, with pH and phosphorus explaining 7.8 and 7.2% of community variation respectively. Surprisingly, altitude does not influence community formation, and there is limited evidence that climate (precipitation and temperature) play a role. Our results suggest that sampling should be performed over a wide geographical and environmental range in order to capture the full root-associated fungal diversity in subtropical regions. This study sheds further light on the diversity and distribution of the world's "hidden biodiversity."

Validação da escala percepção de autoeficácia da parentalidade materna em amostra brasileira / Validation of the scale of perceived self-efficacy of maternal parenting in brazilian sample

Self-efficacy matches the belief that a person has that she is able to produce the results she wants to achieve. The beliefs of self-efficacy that parents have about the baby emerge as a powerful predictor of positive parenting OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the maternal self-efficacy behavior in hospitalized mothers and validate an instrument for measuring this concept developed and validated in England by Barnes and Adamson-Macedo, in 2007 METHOD: this cross-sectional exploratory study convenience cohort comprised 87 mothers of newborn babies, 26 premature and 61 full-term infants. The scale Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E), which consists of 20 items that represent four subscales was tested for reliability and validity RESULTS: the internal consistency of the scale PAEPM reached a value of .86, the internal consistency and reliability estimates for each of the subscales also reached acceptable values. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) confirmed the validity of the construct and the scores of self-efficacy were normally distributed for both subgroups and total sample CONCLUSIONS: PMP S-E scale proved to be an easy application tool and psychometrically robust, reliable and valid for use with mothers of hospitalized new-borns both premature as the term clinically stable. It is a reliable method of identifying mothers of babies who need more support from the hospital staff...

Esta pesquisa se propôs a avaliar o comportamento de autoeficácia materna em mães e gestantes hospitalizadas e validar um instrumento de medida deste para este conceito elaborado e validado na Inglaterra por Barnes e Adamson-Macedo, em 2007. A autoeficácia corresponde a crenças que uma pessoa possui de que ela é capaz de produzir os resultados que deseja alcançar. As crenças de autoeficácia que os pais têm sobre o bebê surgem como um poderoso preditor para práticas parentais positivas MÉTODO: estudo exploratório observacional de corte de conveniência composta por mães de 87 bebês recém-nascidos, sendo 26 bebês nascidos prematuros e 61 bebês nascidos a termo.A escala de Percepção de Autoeficácia de Parentalidade Materna (PAEPM), que é composta por 20 itens que representam quatro sub-escalas, foi testada para a confiabilidade e validade RESULTADOS: a consistência interna da escala PAEPM alcançou o valor de .86, As estimativas de consistência interna e confiabilidade para cada uma das sub-escalas também atingiu valores aceitáveis. Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) confirmou a validade do constructo e os escores de autoeficácia foram normalmente distribuídos para ambos os subgrupos e amostra total CONCLUSÕES: a escala PAEPM mostrou ser uma ferramenta de fácil aplicação e psicometricamente robusta, confiável e válida para uso com mães de recém-nascidos tanto prematuros quanto a termo hospitalizados com quadro clinico estável. É um método confiável de identificação de mães de bebês hospitalizados que precisam de mais apoio das equipes hospitalares...

Validation of the scale of perceived self-efficacy of maternal parenting in brazilian sample / Validação da escala percepção de autoeficácia da parentalidade materna em amostra brasileira

INTRODUCTION: self-efficacy matches the belief that a person has that she is able to produce the results she wants to achieve. The beliefs of self-efficacy that parents have about the baby emerge as a powerful predictor of positive parenting OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the maternal self-efficacy behavior in hospitalized mothers and validate an instrument for measuring this concept developed and validated in England by Barnes and Adamson-Macedo, in 2007 METHOD: this cross-sectional exploratory study convenience cohort comprised 87 mothers of newborn babies, 26 premature and 61 full-term infants. The scale Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E), which consists of 20 items that represent four subscales was tested for reliability and validity RESULTS: the internal consistency of the scale PAEPM reached a value of .86, the internal consistency and reliability estimates for each of the subscales also reached acceptable values. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) confirmed the validity of the construct and the scores of self-efficacy were normally distributed for both subgroups and total sample CONCLUSIONS: PMP S-E scale proved to be an easy application tool and psychometrically robust, reliable and valid for use with mothers of hospitalized new-borns both premature as the term clinically stable. It is a reliable method of identifying mothers of babies who need more support from the hospital staff.(AU)

OBJETIVO: esta pesquisa se propôs a avaliar o comportamento de autoeficácia materna em mães e gestantes hospitalizadas e validar um instrumento de medida deste para este conceito elaborado e validado na Inglaterra por Barnes e Adamson-Macedo, em 2007. A autoeficáciacorresponde a crenças que uma pessoa possui de que ela é capaz de produzir os resultados que deseja alcançar. As crenças de autoeficáciaque os pais têm sobre o bebê surgem como um poderoso preditor para práticas parentais positivas MÉTODO: estudo exploratório observacional de corte de conveniência composta por mães de 87 bebês recém-nascidos, sendo 26 bebês nascidos prematuros e 61 bebês nascidos a termo.A escala de Percepção de Autoeficáciade Parentalidade Materna (PAEPM), que é composta por 20 itens que representam quatro sub-escalas, foi testada para a confiabilidade e validade RESULTADOS: a consistência interna da escala PAEPM alcançou o valor de .86, As estimativas de consistência interna e confiabilidade para cada uma das sub-escalas também atingiu valores aceitáveis. Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) confirmou a validade do constructo e osescores de autoeficáciaforam normalmente distribuídos para ambos os subgrupos e amostra total CONCLUSÕES: a escala PAEPM mostrou ser uma ferramenta de fácil aplicação e psicometricamente robusta, confiável e válida para uso com mães de recém-nascidos tanto prematuros quanto a termo hospitalizados com quadro clinico estável. É um método confiável de identificação de mães de bebês hospitalizados que precisam de mais apoio das equipes hospitalares.(AU)