ITS2 as a molecular marker for the identification of Diatraea saccharalis and D. flavipennella and possible infection with Cotesia spp.

In Brazil, the species Diatraea flavipennella and D. saccharalis play an important role in the sugar and alcohol agribusiness by causing many damages in sugarcane fields. The egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages are very morphologically similar between these species, and the identification can be confused. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) from ribosomal DNA has important features as evolutionary divergence. It is a good marker for species identification, participates in the rDNA processing, and has been applied in phylogenetic and population studies. This study aimed to make available a molecular marker to assist on the identification method of pests' species of Diatraea and to identify possible traces of Cotesia in the resistant host. The DNA was extracted from the egg, larva, and adult samples. PCR amplicons were purified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed in MEGA 5.01. The ITS 2 length was 410 bp in D. flavipennella and 448 bp in D. saccharalis. The GC content was similar between the species. Three microsatellite loci were present in D. saccharalis and absent in D. flavipennella, contributing to differences in ITS 2 length in the species. An additional 367-bp band was attributed to Cotesia spp. The differences among ITS 2 from D. flavipennella, D. saccharalis, and Cotesia sp were sufficient to identify them on electrophoresis gel and sequencing. The presence of Cotesia sp traits in adult D. flavipennella showed possible host refractoriness, but further studies are necessary.

Involvement of estrogen receptor ß in maintenance of serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe.

The serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus in the CNS are involved in fear, anxiety and depression. Depression and anxiety occur quite frequently in postmenopausal women, but estrogen replacement to correct these CNS disorders is at present not favored because estrogen carries with it an increased risk for breast cancer. Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in the DR are targets of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of depression. In the present study we have examined by immunohistochemistry, the expression of two nuclear receptors, that is, the estrogen receptors ERα and ERß. We found that ERß but not ERα is strongly expressed in the DR and there is no sex difference and no change with ageing in the number of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-positive neurons in the DR of wild-type (WT) mice. However, in ovariectomized (OVX) WT and in ERß(-/-) mice, there was a marked reduction in the number of TPH-positive normal-looking neurons and a marked increase in TPH-positive spindle-shaped cells. These neuronal changes were prevented in mice 1-3 weeks (but not 10 weeks) after OVX by the selective ERß agonist, LY3201, given as continuous release pellets for 3 days. The ERß agonist had no effects on glucose homeostasis. Thus, the onset of action of the ERß agonist is rapid but there is a limited window in time after estrogen loss when the drug is useful. We conclude that, rather than estradiol, ERß agonists could be useful pharmaceuticals in maintaining functional DR neurons to treat postmenopausal depression.

Abnormal subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in obese and insulin-treated diabetic female dogs.

The GLUT4 transporter plays a key role in insulin-induced glucose uptake, which is impaired in insulin resistance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the tissue content and the subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in 4- to 12-year-old control, obese and insulin-treated diabetic mongrel female dogs (4 animals per group). The parametrial white adipose tissue was sampled and processed to obtain both plasma membrane and microsome subcellular fractions for GLUT4 analysis by Western blotting. There was no significant difference in glycemia and insulinemia between control and obese animals. Diabetic dogs showed hyperglycemia (369.9 +/- 89.9 mg/dl). Compared to control, the plasma membrane GLUT4, reported per g tissue, was reduced by 55% (P < 0.01) in obese dogs, and increased by 30% (P < 0.05) in diabetic dogs, and the microsomal GLUT4 was increased by approximately 45% (P < 0.001) in both obese and diabetic animals. Considering the sum of GLUT4 measured in plasma membrane and microsome as total cellular GLUT4, percent GLUT4 present in plasma membrane was reduced by approximately 65% (P < 0.001) in obese compared to control and diabetic animals. Since insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, percent GLUT4 in plasma membrane was divided by the insulinemia at the time of tissue removal and was found to be reduced by 75% (P < 0.01) in obese compared to control dogs. We conclude that the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in obese female dogs. This probably contributes to insulin resistance, which plays an important role in glucose homeostasis in dogs.

Abnormal subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in obese and insulin-treated diabetic female dogs

The GLUT4 transporter plays a key role in insulin-induced glucose uptake, which is impaired in insulin resistance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the tissue content and the subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in 4-to 12-year-old control, obese and insulin-treated diabetic mongrel female dogs (4 animals per group). The parametrial white adipose tissue was sampled and processed to obtain both plasma membrane and microsome subcellular fractions for GLUT4 analysis by Western blotting. There was no significant difference in glycemia and insulinemia between control and obese animals. Diabetic dogs showed hyperglycemia (369.9 ± 89.9 mg/dl). Compared to control, the plasma membrane GLUT4, reported per g tissue, was reduced by 55 percent (P < 0.01) in obese dogs, and increased by 30 percent (P < 0.05) in diabetic dogs, and the microsomal GLUT4 was increased by approximately 45 percent (P < 0.001) in both obese and diabetic animals. Considering the sum of GLUT4 measured in plasma membrane and microsome as total cellular GLUT4, percent GLUT4 present in plasma membrane was reduced by approximately 65 percent (P < 0.001) in obese compared to control and diabetic animals. Since insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, percent GLUT4 in plasma membrane was divided by the insulinemia at the time of tissue removal and was found to be reduced by 75 percent (P < 0.01) in obese compared to control dogs. We conclude that the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in obese female dogs. This probably contributes to insulin resistance, which plays an important role in glucose homeostasis in dogs.

Response of Brazilian crossbred cows to varying doses of bovine somatotropin.

The effect of n-methionyl bovine somatotropin (bST) on milk yield was evaluated in crossbred cows (40 1/2 Bos indicus x 1/2 Bos taurus and 18 1/4 B. indicus x 3/4 B. taurus) in Brazil. Cows were randomly assigned to treatments within stage of lactation [stage 1 = 56 to 100 d in milk (DIM); stage 2 = 101 to 199 DIM] and breed groups (1/2 vs. 1/4 B. indicus blood). Treatments were 250 or 500 mg of bST administered every 14 d. Cows in the control group did not receive bST or a placebo. Treated cows received bST injected subcutaneously in the postscapular region, alternating between the left and right sides. The 26-wk experiment consisted of 2 wk of pretreatment and 24 wk of treatment. Cows were housed in an open lot with regulated access to pasture. Cows were milked twice daily and scored for body condition at 2-wk intervals. Compared with controls, milk yield increased equally (22%) for cows receiving 250 or 500 mg of bST. Milk yield response to bST was higher and persisted longer during stage 1 of lactation than during stage 2 of lactation. No difference in response to bST was noted between cows with 1/2 or 1/4 B. indicus blood. Cows treated with 500 mg of bST tended to have more mastitis, but no other adverse health effects were observed. The potential use of 250-mg doses of bST at 14-d intervals in crossbred cattle in Brazil and other subtropical regions throughout the world is suggested, particularly before about 220 DIM.