Orbital Infiltration in a Patient with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Need for Multidisciplinary Approach and Comparison with the Literature.

The use of specific inhibitory drugs of intracellular signalling pathways (such as Bruton-Kinase inhibitors) for the treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia (WM) is a recognised risk factor for Aspergillus spp. infections. The overlapping clinical manifestations of the two diseases may require the involvement of different medical specialities. We describe the clinical course of a patient with pulmonary and encephalic aspergillosis, with concomitant orbital infiltration, which represented a difficult diagnosis: the case required a multidisciplinary approach to define the ocular lesions and an in-depth study of the literature.

Characteristics of COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated patients admitted to Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.

More than 11.5 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered around the world. Although vaccine effectiveness for severe infections is reported to be 89.0%, breakthrough infections are common and may lead to severe outcome in fragile population. We conducted a real-world observational study on 420 COVID-19 admitted patients from July 2021 to January 2022 in a tertiary level Italian hospital. We collected patient's vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 serological status, SARS-CoV-2 treatments, oxygen supports, intensive (ICU) and subintensive (sub-ICU) care unit admissions, length of staying (LoS) and in-hospital mortality. One-hundred-seventy-two vaccinated and 248 unvaccinated patients were admitted during the study period. Vaccinated group (Vg) had a significantly more elevated Charlson Comorbidity Index than Unvaccinated group (UVg), and no statistical differences were found in terms of in-hospital mortality, LoS or ICU and sub-ICU admissions. Among Vg, anti-S antibodies were detected in 86.18% of patients (seropositives). Vaccinated seronegative patients' in-hospital mortality was significantly higher than vaccinated seropositive patients (33.33% vs 10.69%, p = 0.0055): in particular, mortality rate in 45-69 years old population was higher in vaccinated seronegative group, and comparable in patients ≥ 70 years old. No differences in terms of outcome were registered between Vg and UVg, taking into account that Vg was considerably older and with more comorbidities. In line with other recent observations, higher mortality rate was evidenced for seronegative vaccinated patients. Primary prophylaxis and early treatments result to be necessary, especially for older and immunosuppressed populations.

AIDS patient with severe T cell depletion achieved control but not clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A late presenter AIDS patient with severe T cell depletion presented non-severe COVID-19 symptoms, with prolonged viral shedding. Our case report supports the hypothesis that an effective T cell response may be dispensable for the control of COVID-19 progression to severe forms, while it may be necessary for SARS-CoV-2 clearance.

Ceftolozane/tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis adult patients: a case series.

Management of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is challenging due to its virulence and multi-drug resistance. Ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) is a promising new antipseudomonal agent, and clinical data on CF are limited. We describe our experience in the use of C/T for P. aeruginosa-related pulmonary exacerbations (PE) in CF adults admitted within 2016 and 2019 at Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy. PE was diagnosed as deterioration of respiratory function, worsening cough, and increasing of sputum. C/T was given at the dose of 3 g every 8 h. C/T was used in ten patients. Mean length of C/T treatment was 16.3 days, and tobramycin was the most frequently combined antipseudomonal agent. All patients were successfully treated although susceptibility testing on sputum sample showed C/T resistance in two cases. No adverse effects related to C/T were reported. To our knowledge this is the largest case series on CF patients treated with C/T. Clinical responses were encouraging even where C/T resistant P. aeruginosa was isolated, probably due to multiple phenotypes colonizing CF lungs. C/T could play a promising role in combination therapy against P. aeruginosa as a part of a colistin-sparing regime.

Early experience of an infectious and tropical diseases unit during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, Florence, Italy, February to March 2020.

We analysed the first 84 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients hospitalised in an infectious and tropical disease unit in Florence, Italy, over 30 days after the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. A 12% reduction in the rate of intensive care unit transfer was observed after the implementation of intensity care measures in the regular ward such as increasing the nurse/patient ratio, presence of critical care physicians and using high flow nasal cannulae oxygenation.

Embolic risk stratification and prognostic impact of early surgery in left-sided infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: In patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (IE) and heart failure associated with large vegetations, early surgery prevents embolic events. However, optimal timing of surgery for other indications is still unresolved particularly when the presence of large vegetations represents the sole indication. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 308 consecutive patients admitted to our department with definite left-sided IE. Of these patients, 243 (79%) underwent cardiac surgery (complicated IE), 34 patients with uncomplicated IE received medical treatment, 24 were not operated due to prohibitive general conditions and 7 refused surgery. Long-term follow-up was obtained by structured telephone interviews. RESULTS: During the 6-year follow-up (average 121.8 weeks ± 76), patients not operated because of general conditions or refusal had the worst prognosis, while outcome in operated patients for complicated IE was comparable to that of uncomplicated IE treated medically. Early (<2 weeks from diagnosis) surgery was associated with better survival compared to delayed surgery (HR 0.58, p = 0.23). Embolic events were detected at admission in 38% of cases; Staphylococcus Aureus etiology and vegetation size were independently associated with embolism (OR 2.4, p = 0.01; OR 1, p=0.008 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to uncomplicated medically-treated patients, complicated IE showed comparable survival when managed aggressively by surgical intervention, whereas a conservative approach was associated with an adverse prognosis. Staphylococcus Aureus infection and vegetation size were independent predictors of systemic embolism. Our data support aggressive surgical management of complicated IE patients and highlight the importance of etiological characterization in clinical decision-making.

Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the human population of the Bolivian Chaco: four serosurveys over a 26-year period (1987-2013).

INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease (CD) remains a public health concern in several Latin American countries. At global level, Bolivia has the highest CD burden and the Chaco region, in the southeast of the country, is the most affected area. We report the results of four serosurveys for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies, carried out approximately ten years apart from each other, during the lapse 1987-2013, in different localities of the Bolivian Chaco. METHODOLOGY: Four cross-sectional surveys were conducted in various localities, mostly rural, of the Bolivian Chaco, during the period 1987-2013. RESULTS: Although a reliable analysis of CD epidemiological trend is challenging, a partial reduction of anti-T. cruzi seroprevalence over the past four decades in the Bolivian Chaco may be assumed. In particular, in 1987 the exposure to T. cruzi in rural setting was universal since the first years of life, while it resulted gradually lower and age-dependent thereafter. Moreover, T. cruzi seroprevalence among women of reproductive age (15-45 years) has been persistently high in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: T. cruzi transmission is still active and CD remains a concern throughout the Bolivian Chaco. More efforts are needed in order to achieve a sustainable interruption of vector-borne CD transmission in this area.

LIOFeron®TB/LTBI: A novel and reliable test for LTBI and tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVES: High accuracy diagnostic screening tests for tuberculosis (TB) are required to improve the diagnosis of both active TB and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection (LTBI). The novel IGRA LIOFeron®TB/LTBI assay was tested and its accuracy was compared to the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus assay. METHODS: A total of 389 subjects were enrolled in two cohorts and classified as healthy, active TB or LTBI persons. The blood of all the patients was tested with LIOFeron®TB/LTBI assay, containing MTB alanine dehydrogenase, able to differentiate active TB from LTBI diagnosis. The results obtained with both IGRAs, performed on the same 250 samples, were finally compared. RESULTS: The two assays demonstrated an excellent concordance of their results with patients' diagnosis of MTB infection. ROC analysis for QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus showed sensitivity and specificity respectively of 98% and 97% in diagnosing active TB patients and 85% and 94% in diagnosing LTBI subjects. LIOFeron®TB/LTBI assay showed sensitivity and specificity respectively of 90% and 98% in diagnosing active TB patients and 94% and 97% in diagnosing LTBI subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The two IGRAs displayed the same high accuracy in diagnosing MTB infection/TB disease, and LIOFeron®TB/LTBI assay demonstrated higher sensitivity than QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus test in LTBI detection.

Italian recommendations for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based recommendations for vaccination against influenza virus and S. pneumoniae in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). METHODS: A Consensus Committee including physicians with expertise in rheumatic and infectious diseases was established by two Italian scientific societies, Società Italiana di Reumatologia (SIR) and Società Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT). The experts were invited to develop evidence-based recommendations concerning vaccinations in ARDs patients, based on their clinical status before and after undergoing immunosuppressive treatments. Key clinical questions were formulated for the systematic literature reviews, based on the clinical pathway. A search was made in Medline (via PubMed) according to the original MeSH strategy from October 2009 and a keyword strategy from January 2016 up to December 2017, updating existing EULAR recommendations. Specific recommendations were separately voted and scored from 0 (no agreement with) to 100 (maximal agreement) and supporting evidence graded. The mean and standard deviation of the scores were calculated to determine the level of agreement among the experts' panel for each recommendation. Total cumulative agreement ≥70 defined consensus for each statement. RESULTS: Nine recommendations, based on 6 key clinical questions addressed by the expert committee, were proposed. The aim of this work is to integrate the 2011 EULAR recommendations on vaccination against influenza and S. pneumoniae in ARDs patients. An implementation plan was proposed to improve the vaccination status of these patients and their safety during immunosuppressive treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza and pneumococcus vaccinations are effective and safe in patients with ARDs. More efforts should be made to translate the accumulated evidence into practice.

Early discharge criteria in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Florence, Italy.

The study is aimed at retrospectively estimating the percentage of inpatients with severe acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) who met the early discharged (ED) criteria adapted from Nathwani et al. (Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016 Aug;48(2):127-36) and to calculate the number of hospitalization days that could be potentially saved. A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Florence, Italy. We included all patients admitted for cellulitis and post-surgical infections from 2014 to 2017. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records. We a priori defined the following as a risk factor for non-adherence (RFNA): active or on methadone intravenous drug users, homeless, migrants without health care assistance, and patients who need a caregiver to take prescribed medications. One hundred sixty-two subjects were enrolled. Of them, 94 (58.0%) were male, and 113 (69.7%) had cellulitis/erysipelas. A microbiological isolate was obtained in 51 patients (31.4%); Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent (47%). Eighty-four (51.8%) were ED suitable, with 258 (49.0%) patient days potentially saved. Among the 78 not ED suitable patients, the most common reason for prolonged length of stay (LOS) was having at least one RFNA (34.6%). Fourteen (18.0%) had one RFNA. Half of the patients admitted in our hospital met the ED criteria with a sparing close to 50% in terms of hospitalization days. Unstable social and personal factors were the most frequent causes for prolonged LOS. In this selected subset of patients, more recent and easier to administer treatments, including long-acting agents, could be proposed.

How radiology can help pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis: analysis of 49 patients.

PURPOSE: To identify the most frequent radiological findings of pulmonary tuberculosis using CT of the chest, to determine those with the highest degree of correlation, and, if possible, to identify the most suggestive radiological findings for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The radiological and clinical data of 49 patients submitted to CT during diagnosis were retrospectively analysed. The association between findings was assessed using Fisher's exact test, while correlation at CT scan was evaluated with the Spearman analysis. RESULTS: Bronchiectasis/bronchioloectasis (89.8%), nodule(s) (81.6%), tree-in-bud (TIB), and consolidation (79.6% each) figured among the most common parenchymal findings. Lymphadenopathy (26.5%) was the most common nodal finding. TIB and cavity showed the highest correlation (r = 0.577), followed by TIB and bronchi(olo)ectasis (r = 0.498), TIB and consolidation (r = 0.497), nodule(s), and ground glass opacity (r = 0.488). High correlation was found in only the seven most frequent parenchymal findings. Consolidation, TIB, and cavity were useful to predict the AFB stain positivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our series confirms the extreme heterogeneity of pulmonary tuberculosis. It also proves there are couple of findings which can drive us to the right diagnosis. While a triad of findings predicts AFB positivity, we have not found any predictive sign of AFB negativity; consequently, all patients with suspected imaging and clinical findings for TB should be isolated.

Cystic Echinococcosis of the Bone: A European Multicenter Study.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. In humans, the infection induces the formation of parasitic cysts mostly in the liver and lungs, but virtually any organ can be affected. CE of the bone is one of the rarest forms of the disease, yet it is also extremely debilitating for patients and hard to manage for clinicians. Unlike abdominal CE, there is currently no expert consensus on the management of bone CE. In this study, we conducted a survey of the clinical records of seven European referral centers for the management of patients with CE and retrieved data on the clinical management of 32 patients with a diagnosis of bone CE. Our survey confirmed that the patients endured chronic debilitating disease with a high rate of complications (84%). We also found that diagnostic approaches were highly heterogeneous. Surgery was extensively used to treat these patients, as well as albendazole, occasionally combined with praziquantel or nitaxozanide. Treatment was curative only for two patients, with one requiring amputation of the involved bone. Our survey highlights the need to conduct systematic studies on bone CE, both retrospectively and prospectively.

Continuum of care among HIV-1 positive patients in a single center in Italy (2007-2017).

AIM: This study aimed to determine rates of retention in care, viral suppression, and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and identify risk factors for loss to follow-up (FU) in an adult cohort from a tertiary teaching hospital in Florence, Italy. METHODS: We included all newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients aged >18 years who were linked to our clinic from July 2007 to December 2015. On July 31, 2017, we evaluated the proportion of patients retained in care, on ART, and having HIV RNA <50 copies/mL. We assessed predictors of loss to FU through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: We included 423 patients. By July 2017, 23 (5.5%) patients died, 25 (5.9%) moved to a different center, and 64 (15.1%) were lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 311 patients (73.5%), 96.5% were on ART and 95% had HIV RNA <50 copies/mL. After adjustment for sex, age at diagnosis, origin, and risk of transmission, our results showed a lower retention rate in those not on ART at the end of the follow-up (adjusted HR [aHR]: 10.33, 95% CI 5.80-18.40, P<0.001), non-Italians (aHR: 1.69, 95% CI: 0.99-2.89, P=0.054) and <35 years old (aHR: 1.85; 95% CI 1.04-3.30, P=0.037). CONCLUSION: In our hospital in Florence, we found a gap in retention in care among foreigners, people <35 years old, and those who were not in treatment at the end of the follow-up. The results of this study may help to identify opportunities for appropriate future interventions.

Cryptic severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a Moroccan man living in Tuscany, Italy, August 2018.

In August 2018 a Moroccan man living in Tuscany developed Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient declared having not recently visited any endemic country, leading to diagnostic delay and severe malaria. As susceptibility to P. falciparum of Anopheles species in Tuscany is very low, and other risk factors for acquiring malaria could not be completely excluded, the case remains cryptic, similar to other P. falciparum malaria cases previously reported in African individuals living in Apulia in 2017.

Novel M. tuberculosis specific IL-2 ELISpot assay discriminates adult patients with active or latent tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) still is a major worldwide health problem, with 10.4 million new cases in 2016. Only 5-15% of people infected with M. tuberculosis develop TB disease while others remain latently infected (LTBI) during their lifetime. Thus, the absence of tests able to distinguish between latent infection and active tuberculosis is one of the major limits of currently available diagnostic tools. METHODS: A total of 215 patients were included in the study as active TB cases (n = 73), LTBI subjects (n = 88) and healthy persons (n = 54). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from each patient and the LIOSpot® TB anti-human IL-2 ELISpot assay was performed to test their proliferative response to M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Ala-DH. Statistical analysis was performed to define the sensitivity and the specificity of the LIOSpot® TB kit for each antigen used and to set the best cut off value that enables discrimination between subjects with active TB or latent TB infection. RESULTS: Comparing the LIOSpot® TB results for each tested antigen between uninfected and infected subjects and between people with latent infection and active TB disease, the differences were significant for each antigen (p< 0.0001) but the ROC analysis demonstrated a high accuracy for the Ala-DH test only, with a cut off value of 12.5 SFC per million PBMCs and the Ala-DH ROC curve conferred a 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity to the test. For the ESAT-6 antigen, with a best cut off value of 71.25 SFC per million PBMCs, a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 36% was obtained. Finally, the best cut off value for CFP-10 was 231.25 SFC per million PBMCs, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 54%. Thus, as for IGRA assays such as Quantiferon and T-Spot TB tests, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are unable to distinguish LTBI from active TB when IL-2 is measured. On the contrary, the IL-2 production induced by Ala-DH, measured by LIOSpot® TB kit, shows high sensitivity and specificity for active TB disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the LIOSpot® TB test is a highly useful diagnostic tool to discriminate between latent TB infection and active tuberculosis in adults patients.

Evaluation of candidemia and antifungal consumption in a large tertiary care Italian hospital over a 12-year period.

PURPOSE: An early adequate antifungal therapy based on the knowledge of local epidemiology can reduce the candidemia-attributable mortality and the length of hospitalization. We performed a retrospective study to analyze the epidemiology of candidemia and the antifungal consumption in our hospital. METHODS: We analyzed Candida spp. isolated from the blood, and their susceptibility profile from 2005 to 2016 in Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. We also performed a stratified analysis by clinical setting where Candida spp. were isolated (Medical Wards, Surgery, Intensive Care Unit-ICU). Then, we retrospectively reviewed the annual consumption of antifungal agents and calculated the defined daily dosing for 10,000 hospital days. RESULTS: The rate of candidemia was higher in ICU than other settings and Candida albicans was the first cause of candidemia (61.2%). After adjustment for hospital days, the rate of C. albicans showed a statistically significant parabolic trend (p < 0.001), with a peak of incidence in 2010. After 2010, we observed a reduction of candidemia due to both C. albicans and non-albicans species. Between 2005 and 2015, we reported an increasing increased use of echinocandins. As far as resistance profile is concerned, only one Candida glabrata isolate was resistant to caspofungin (1.9%) and 30% of C. glabrata were resistant to fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS: Our data describe C. albicans as the first cause of candidemia in all the studied settings and the low rate of echinocandin resistance, despite their increased use over the study period. ICU was confirmed as the setting with the highest incidence of candidemia.