COVID-19 associated psychological symptoms in Turkish population: A path model.

We investigated the mediator roles of risk factors (intolerance of uncertainty, negative metacognition, and negative prospections) and protective factors (positive prospections and psychological resilience) together on the link between COVID-19-related feelings and behaviors, thoughts, and precautions taken and psychological symptoms with an integrative approach in Turkey. The online sample consisted of Turkish adults. The results of path analyses indicated that feelings and behaviors related to COVID-19, thoughts about COVID-19, and precautions taken related to COVID-19 are significantly associated with intolerance of uncertainty. Intolerance of uncertainty is significantly associated with negative metacognition, negative and positive prospections, psychological symptoms, and psychological resilience. Negative metacognition, negative and positive prospections, and psychological resilience are significantly associated with psychological symptoms. Mediation analysis demonstrated that intolerance of uncertainty significantly mediated the relationship between feelings and behaviors related to COVID-19, thoughts about COVID-19, and precautions taken related to COVID-19 and negative metacognition, psychological resilience, positive and negative prospections, and psychological symptoms. Lastly, negative metacognition, psychological resilience, positive and negative prospections significantly mediated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological symptoms. Implications for mental health providers are discussed.

Prolonged grief, emotion regulation and loss-related factors: An investigation based on cognitive and behavioral conceptualization.

The study aimed to examine the variables that play a role in the process of prolonged grief within the framework of the cognitive-behavioral model. Participants (N = 475) from Turkey took part in a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. The study used structural equation modeling to test a hypothesized model via AMOS v23. After testing two options, the final model was found to be good fit for the data. Results suggested the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to prolonged grief interventions which includes the loss- and relationship-related factors as well as emotion regulation difficulties, autobiographic memory characteristics, and the grief cognitions.

Mediation role of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity and emotional-mental processes between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: a self-report study.

BACKGROUND: There is overwhelming evidence for a strong association between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. This study aimed to investigate the mediation roles of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity, and emotional-mental processes in the relationship between childhood traumas and adult psychopathology. METHODS: The sample consisted of 337 people (78.9% female, 21.1% male) aged between 20 and 64 years. Participants filled the scales online via a Google form. Reading Mind in the Eyes (EYES), Sensory Processing Sensitivity Scale (SPS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used. PROCESS (Model 4) macro was used to examine the mediating role of sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, and the EYES test results in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychopathology. RESULTS: The results of mediation analysis demonstrated that sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology. However, the EYES test (mentalization) did not mediate in this relationship. CONCLUSION: This study shows that childhood traumas may relate to more psychological symptoms in individuals with high sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia. Our study may contribute to the understanding of what may lead to a person's vulnerability to experiencing psychological symptoms after childhood trauma. It may be crucial that future treatment and intervention programs should include sensory sensitivity and alexithymia. Sensory processing sensitivity and alexithymia can be examined in the treatment of psychological problems of individuals who have experienced childhood trauma.

[Development of Internet Addiction Scale Based on DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria: An Evaluation in Terms of Internet Gaming Disorder]. / DSM-5 Tani Ölçütleri Temelinde Internet Bagimliligi Ölçegi'nin Gelistirilmesi: Internet Oyun Oynama Bozuklugu Açisindan Bir Degerlendirme.

OBJECTIVE: Internet addiction (IA) turn out to be a serious health problem in our country as in the whole world, especially for young adults. To our knowledge, there are very few studies investigating IA and associated psychological variables in a Turkish sample. The purpose of this study is to develop the internet addiction scale (IAS) on the basis of the diagnostic criteria for internet gaming disorder, in the third section of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). METHOD: The study included 331 university students consisting of 189 (57.1%) females and 142 (42.9%) males with a mean age of 21.6 (SD=2.61) years. Data were acquired with a Demographic Information Form, the Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), the Impulsive Behaviour Scale (IBS) based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the SelfCompassion Scale (SCS) and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the IAS has a 7-factor structure with an internal consistency coefficient of 0.97 in accordance with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: Results of the statistical analyses showed the psychometric properties of IAS to be valid on a Turkish student sample and it significantly correlated with loneliness, self-compassion, impulsivity and basic psychological needs.

The pathways from distress tolerance to Cyberchondria: A multiple-group path model of young and middle adulthood samples.

The use of the Internet for medical information elicited a recent term called "cyberchondria". This study aimed to scrutinize the mediating effects of health anxiety (HA), anxiety symptoms (AS), and Internet addiction (IA) in the pathway from distress tolerance (DT) to cyberchondria by using a bootstrapping method. In order to examine the role of age in the proposed model, multiple-group path analysis was used to evaluate differences between young and middle adulthood groups. The final sample consisted of both young adult (n = 209) and middle adult (n = 221) Internet users located in Ankara, Turkey. The results of path analyses for both age groups showed that DT is negatively associated with AS and HA; AS and HA are positively associated with IA; IA and HA are positively associated with cyberchondria. Mediation analysis for both age groups demonstrated that AS and HA significantly mediated the relationship between DT and IA; IA significantly mediated the relationships of AS and HA with cyberchondria; HA significantly mediated the relationship between DT and cyberchondria. The results of the multiple-group path analysis showed that the relationship between IA and cyberchondria is significantly stronger in middle adulthood than young adulthood. The results of the current study are consistent with the relevant literature and provide crucial contribution especially by focusing on the role of age.

Negative symptoms and recollections of parental rejection: The moderating roles of psychological maladjustment and gender.

The aim of the study was to investigate the moderating roles of the current self-reported psychological maladjustment and gender in the relationship between perceived parental rejection in childhood and negative symptoms of schizophrenia patients. The study sample consisted of 52 outpatients (20 females and 32 males between the ages of 19 and 61), diagnosed with schizophrenia at Ankara University and Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Psychiatry in Turkey. Participants' negative symptoms, recollections of parental rejection, and psychological maladjustment were assessed by Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, and Personality Assessment Questionnaire, respectively. The findings revealed that negative symptoms were not directly linked to maternal and paternal rejection. However, negative symptoms significantly associated with psychological maladjustment. Three-way interaction (moderated moderation) analyses showed that the effects of perceived maternal and paternal rejection in childhood on negative symptoms were significantly moderated by the current self-reported psychological maladjustment for female patients with schizophrenia, but not for males. The study highlighted the importance of applying trauma or attachment-focused interventions and a gender-specific psychiatric treatment in schizophrenia.

[Positive Symptoms and Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection in Childhood: The Moderating Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Gender]. / Pozitif Belirtiler ve Çocuklukta Algilanan Ebeveyn Kabul-Reddi: Sosyoekonomik Düzey ve Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to investigate the moderating roles of socioeconomic status (SES) and gender in the relationship between the positive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia and their recollections of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood. METHOD: This study included 53 outpatients (20 females and 33 males) who were diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Ankara University and Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. Of the participants, 22.6% were from low SES families, 55.7% were from middle SES families, and 22.6% were from high SES families. The relationship between the participants' positive symptoms and recollections of parental acceptance-rejection in childhood were assessed by the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control. RESULTS: Compared to schizophrenia patients from middle and high SES families, those from low SES families perceived their mothers and fathers as more cold, neglectful, rejecting, and less controlling in their childhood. Among the parental acceptance-rejection subscales, only maternal indifferences/neglect was related to the participants' positive symptoms. A three-way interaction (moderated moderation) analysis indicated that SES significantly moderated the effect of perceived maternal neglect on positive symptoms for female, but not male, patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: The severity of positive symptoms of female patients with schizophrenia, especially those from low and middle SES families, may be reduced by examining recollections of maternal neglect in childhood and, if necessary, applying trauma or attachment-focused interventions.

Perceived Parental Styles and Adult Separation Anxiety.

The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions OBJECTIVE: This study primarily aimed to determine whether perceived parental styles and interpersonal cognitive distortions are predictors of adult separation anxiety. Further, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of interpersonal cognitive distortions in the relationship between perceived over-permissive/boundless parental styles and adult separation anxiety in university students. METHOD: This study included 444 university students (281 female (63,3%) and 163 male (36,7%) with a mean age of sample 21,02 years (SS = 1,70). The Demographic Information Form, Young Parenting Inventory, Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire were used. RESULTS: The regression analyses revealed that the age of the participants and their percieved controlling/shaping father parenting style negatively predicted adult separation anxiety, while percieved over-permissive/boundless mother parenting style, exploitative/abusive and overprotective/anxious father parenting styles and the subscales of the interpersonal cognitive distortions scale positively predicted adult separation anxiety. As hypothesized, data from this study reveal that subscales of the interpersonal cognitive distortions scale play a full mediating role in the relationship between over-permissive/boundless parenting styles and adult separation anxiety. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the perceived over-permissive/boundless parenting style positively predicts adult separation anxiety symptoms by distorting interpersonal cognitions. Furthermore, the over-permissive parenting style and lack of boundaries and/or discipline lead to similar adverse effects as do authoritarian and normative parenting. To our knowledge, there are very few studies investigating adult separation anxiety symptoms in Turkey. Therefore, our current study provides practical information to mental health professionals regarding adult separation anxiety symptoms, which are likely to be accompanied by other psychological symptoms.

[The role of interpersonal style, self perception and anger in sexual dysfunction]. / Cinsel Islevlerdeki Sorunlarda Kisilerarasi Tarz, Kendilik Algisi ve Öfkenin Rolü.

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between interpersonal style, self concept, and anger in the context of sexual dysfunction. METHOD: The sample consisted of males and females diagnosed as having sexual dysfunction (N=95) and males and females without a diagnosis of any kind of psychological disorder (N=95). The age range was between 18-53. The participants were given a detailed Demographic Information Questionnaire and the Interpersonal Styles Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, Multidimensional Anger Scale, Social Comparison Scale and the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS). RESULTS: The results showed that the two groups had significantly different scores on all of the measures, including their sub-scales. The regression analyses of the two groups revealed that for all of the participants, males and females, patients and non-patients, the GRISS scores could be significantly predicted by self-perception, satisfaction with life and relationships. These three variables were the common variables that predicted the GRISS scores regardless of sex. However, the specific predictive variable for the GRISS scores of the female patients, in addition to the three common variables, was vindictive anger reactions. For the non-patient females, these additional variables were belittling and insensitive interpersonal styles. On the other hand, for the male patients, the scores on the GRISS could be significantly predicted by the belittling interpersonal style and aggressive anger reactions, along with the three common variables listed above. For the non-patient males, the additional variable was avoidant interpersonal style. CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that sexual dysfunctions can be explained in part by the interpersonal style and anger management deficits of the patients. It is suggested that the addition of anger-management, and interpersonal communication skills training courses into the treatment protocol of sexual dysfunction disorders would be beneficial.

Stress, self-perception and interpersonal style in patients with physical illnesses.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of self-perception, interpersonal style, and anger in the context of stress in patients with physical illnesses, including coronary artery disease, gastrointestinal disorders, dermatological disorders, and diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample included patients with physical illnesses (n = 124) and healthy controls (n = 209). Symptoms of stress, self-perception, interpersonal style, and anger were evaluated using the Stress Symptoms Scale, Social Comparison Scale, Interpersonal Style Scale, and Multidimensional Anger Questionnaire, respectively. The role of self-perception, interpersonal style, and anger in stress experienced in the patients and controls was compared. RESULTS: The patients had higher stress symptoms, perceived themselves more negatively, had more problematic interpersonal styles, and more intense anger than the controls. The higher stress symptoms in the patients and the lower symptoms in the controls was predicted by 4 common variables¾dissatisfaction with life, dissatisfaction with interpersonal relationships, negative self-perception, and aggressive expression of anger. Another predictive variable in the psychosomatic group was age, whereas in the control group gender and internalized anger were predictive variables. CONCLUSION: As the physical illnesses had by those in the patient group are stress-related, inclusion of psychosocial interventions in treatment protocols, such as communication skills, and stress and anger management training, and interventions aimed at increasing a positive self-perception might improve their QoL.

[The relationship between depression, and interpersonal style, self-perception, and anger]. / Kisilerarasi Tarz, Kendilik Algisi, Öfke ve Depresyon.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms, and self-concept, interpersonal style, and anger in a group of patients diagnosed with depression and a control group that included volunteers without clinical symptoms. METHOD: The study included 64 patients (patient group) diagnosed with depression according to DSM IV and 71 volunteers (comparison group) without a psychiatric diagnosis. The participants were given a questionnaire to collect data on their demographic characteristics and life circumstances, along with the Interpersonal Style Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, Multidimensional Anger Scale, Social Comparison Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: T-test comparisons showed that the patient group had significantly higher negative interpersonal style scores, higher anger, and more negative self-perception. The results of regression analysis showed that the severity of depression in the patient group could be predicted by aggressive and internalized anger, dissatisfaction with interpersonal relationships, and negative self-perception. The less severe depressive symptoms in the comparison group was predicted by lower level of education, dissatisfaction with life in general, and a positive self-perception. CONCLUSION: Among both the patient and comparison groups, the depressive symptoms they experienced were closely related to how they perceived themselves, their life in general, and their interpersonal relationships. We therefore hypothesize that anger plays a significant role in the transformation of depressive symptoms into full-blown depression.

pH- and electro-responsive characteristics of silk fibroin-hyaluronic acid polyelectrolyte complex membranes.

pH-responsiveness of recently developed silk fibroin (SF) and hyaluronic acid (HA) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) membranes and their potential use in electro-responsive drug release systems were investigated. PEC membranes were prepared within a narrow pH window (3.0-3.5) for a SF-HA weight ratio of 20 and they were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy in addition to characterization studies previously reported by our group. Swelling kinetics of the membranes was studied for a pH window of 2.5-7.4 and cyclic swelling test was performed to determine the pH-responsiveness of the membranes. It was shown that membranes swelled more in alkaline conditions and responded to variations in pH of the medium. Electric-stimuli assisted drug permeation and release studies were performed with a custom-made diffusion cell under both passive condition and electric field applied in pulsatile fashion. The instantaneous flux raised as the current was applied and then declined when the current application was terminated, and this process was repeated on subsequent applications. SF-HA complex membranes were found promising for the electric-stimuli-sensitive release of a high molecular weight and charged model drug for a membrane-permeation controlled formulation.

Debriefing with teachers after the Marmara earthquake: an evaluation study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the debriefing meetings conducted after the 1999 earthquakes in Marmara, Turkey. The sample consisted of 265 teachers, 223 of whom attended the debriefing meetings. The personal satisfaction ratings of the teachers who attended the meetings revealed that they found the sessions satisfactory. The results of the comparison between those who reported that they benefited from the meetings and those who felt they did not indicated that the first group had lower scores on all of the psychopathology measures. A comparison between 42 teachers who did not attend the meetings and a randomly chosen group of 45 teachers who did attend revealed that the two groups differed significantly in terms of their post-traumatic stress symptom scores. The findings of the study suggest that, in general, the teachers' debriefing sessions were satisfactory.

[Testing the probability of a model to predict suicide risk in high school and university students]. / Lise ve Universite Ogrencilerinde Intihar Riskini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Modelin Sinanmasi.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of a model proposed by Batigün and Sahin regarding suicide probability. METHOD: The sample was composed of 2343 students aged 15-25 years that were attending various high schools and universities. According to the proposed model, 2 risk groups were formed from this sample, according to their scores on the investigation variables (those that simultaneously received high scores 1 standard deviation above the mean on the Problem Solving Inventory, Multidimensional Anger Scale, and Impulsivity Scale). Two other risk groups were formed according to the criteria variable scores (suicide probability scores 1 standard deviation above and below the mean). A series of analyses were conducted to investigate the similarity between the model risk groups and criteria risk groups. RESULTS: The results reveal that the model had a 43.3% success rate for predicting those with high suicide probability, while the false negative rate was 0%. Discriminant analysis showed that the model correctly discriminated 90.2% of those with low suicide probability and 87.3% of those with high suicide probability. CONCLUSION: The results support the validity of the proposed model for selecting individuals with high suicide probability. In addition, the model can be used to offer these individuals certain preventive measures, such as problem solving, communication skills, and anger management training.

Psychological symptoms of Turkish children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake: exposure, gender, location, and time duration.

The authors describe their study of posttraumatic stress symptoms of children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey. The rate of possible PTSD cases is also presented. The findings are reported as the results of two different studies. Location had a main effect on almost all of the dependent variables for both samples. The posttraumatic stress symptom scores for both groups significantly decreased 3 months after the initial assessment. The best predictors of the perceived posttraumatic stress symptoms for both children and adolescents were found to be perceived negative school performance and exposure.

Complex coacervation of silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid.

This study aimed to investigate the pH-induced complexation of silk fibroin (SF) and hyaluronic acid (HA). SF-HA complex coacervation was investigated by monitoring turbidity of the SF-HA system under slow acidification. Gravimetric analysis was performed to determine the yield of complex coacervation and viscosity of the system was measured to study the formation of the complexes at different pH values. The influences of total biopolymer concentration and biopolymer weight ratio on complex coacervation were examined during the analyses. Formation of the complexes was evidenced by the minimum viscosity and the maximum turbidity observed in the system. SF-HA complexes were formed within the pH-window of 2.5-3.5 regardless of the total biopolymer concentration or biopolymer ratio. Complex coacervation of SF-HA showed a reversible behavior and coacervation could be handled even in excess amounts of the biopolymers, which pointed out a non-stoichiometric complexation.

[Two scales for job stress and psychological health investigation: type-A personality and job satisfaction]. / Is Stresi ve Saglik Psikolojisi Arastirmalari Için Iki Olçek: A-Tipi Kisilik ve Is Doyumu.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the psychometric properties of two instruments developed to measure Type-A behaviors and job satisfaction, two important variables mentioned in the stress literature. METHOD: The data were collected from two different samples, one composed of 426 bank personnel, the other composed of 94 adults working in a private company. The findings are presented separately under the titles Study I and Study II. In both of the studies the assessment instruments used were: Stress Audit (Symptoms), Stress Audit (Vulnerability), Stress Coping Behaviors, Job Satisfaction Scale, and Type-A Behaviors Inventory. RESULTS: For both of the instruments, the studies were based on factor analyses. For Type-A Behaviors Inventory the analyses revealed 4 factors, while for Job Satisfaction Scale they revealed 6 factors. The factor subscales developed from these factors were found to have satisfactory Cronbach's alphas. For Type-A Behaviors Inventory they ranged between .40 and .90; whereas for Job Satisfaction Inventory these values were between .53 and .94. Both studies also included correlational analyses to specify the criterion validity values of the two instruments. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that both of the instruments had satisfactory psychometric values, indicating that they can be reliably used in health psychology and job stress studies.

Silk fibroin as a novel coating material for controlled release of theophylline.

The aim of this study was to explore potential use of the silk fibroin (SF) as an aqueous coating material for theophylline tablets. We have examined the film forming and coating properties of heat-treated fibroin, SF solution having different amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) cross-linked SF. Heat-treated SF material possessed a brittle structure, which resulted in poor film forming and coating properties. The optimum PEG amount in SF solution was determined as 17% (by weight) for an acceptable film forming and zero order release profile. EDC cross-linked SF has shown a very good film forming and coating property with a potential for sustaining the drug release from coated theophylline tablets. Dissolution data for coated theophylline tablets were analyzed using Ritger and Peppas equation to describe the mechanism of drug release. Drug release from the EDC coated tablets followed zero-order kinetics. Release rate constants were found to be 0.26, 0.19, 0.16%min(-1) for single-coated, double coated, and triple coated tablets, respectively. These results clearly demonstrated that silk fibroin has high utility as a novel aqueous coating material for controlled release products.

[Suicide probability: an assessment terms of reasons for living, hopelessness and loneliness]. / Intihar Olasiligi: Yasami Sürdürme Nedenleri, Umutsuzluk ve Yalnizlik Açisindan Bir Inceleme.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study is to specify the reasons that hold people clinging to life; to investigate their suicide probability, and to describe the relationship of these variables with other variables such as hopelessness and loneliness, taking age, education and other socioeconomic variables into consideration. METHOD: The subjects were 683, randomly chosen adolescents and adults between the ages of 15-65, residing in Ankara and Izmir. The assessment instruments were Reasons for Living Inventory, Suicide Probability Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. The data were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows 10.00. RESULTS: The analyses revealed that the group aged between 15-25 years reported fewer reasons for living, higher suicide probability, more hopelessness and loneliness, compared to older ages. Moreover, women reported more reasons for living, along with less loneliness and hopelessness. The regression analyses pointed out that age, education level, hopelessness, loneliness and reasons for living are predictive variables for suicide probability. CONCLUSION: As it was previously reported the current study also revealed that age is an important variable to be taken into consideration when suicide probability is being determined. In addition, was also found to be an important variable, at least for this Country. In parallel with the results of the studies in the relevant literature, reasons for living, hopelessness, and loneliness were found to be significant predictors of suicide probability.

[The validity, reliability and factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)]. / Kisa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): ergenler için kullaniminin geçerlik, güvenilirlik ve faktör yapisi.

PURPOSE: The Brief Symptom Inventory is an instrument used in psychopathological evaluations. The standardization study of the instrument was carried out previously in a sample of university students (mean age=21.02) by the authors (Sahin & Durak, 1994). The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the psychometric characteristics obtained for that sample were also valid for adolescents. METHOD: The sample consisted of a total of 559 adolescents (287 female and 272 male), randomly chosen from different socio-economic backgrounds, living in different neighbourhoods in Ankara. The other instruments used for validation were the Social Comparison Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. RESULT: The factor analyses revealed five factors whose item distribution matched very closely that of the previous study on university students. The alpha coefficients of the factor subscale ranged between .70 (for depression) and .88 (for somatization). The correlation coefficients of the factor subscale with the other instruments ranged between -.45 (p<.001) and .71 (p<.001). The current study also contains the results of the analyses in terms of the demographic variables and the three index scores that can be obtained from the inventory. DISCUSSION: The findings concerning the factorial structure and concurrent validity of the BSI with the criterion measures show that the instrument can be used with adolescents as well. The factorial structure obtained with the current adolescent sample is very similar to the one obtained with the university sample (Sahin & Durak, 1994). The researchers think that the same factor subscale can be used with adolescent samples as well.