The Role of European Schools and University Departments of Public Health in the 2020 COVID-19 Response, European Region, 2020.

Objective: The main objective was to examine, how European Schools of Public Health (SPHs) responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through 2020, across the main activity domains of the SPHs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on an online questionnaire concerning the anti-COVID-19 activities from 1st March to 31st October 2020 of the 117 members of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER). The questionnaire asked about 33 sub-themes within the four main themes of teaching, health communication to the public, research, and consultancy/advice. Results: Fifty-nine SPHs (50%) completed the questionnaire. Seventy-nine per cent of participants were involved in COVID-19 related teaching; health communication to the public, 76%; research, 80%; consultancy/advice, 81%. Eight out of ten participants had been involved in all of the four main themes. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a substantial body of COVID-19 related work by SPHs in Europe, and an outstanding potential to deliver crucial knowledge and skills to support the governance and the public health systems necessary to combat COVID-19.

Descriptive spatial analysis of the cholera epidemic 2008-2009 in Harare, Zimbabwe: a secondary data analysis.

This ecological study describes the cholera epidemic in Harare during 2008-2009 and identifies patterns that may explain transmission. Rates ratios of cholera cases by suburb were calculated by a univariate regression Poisson model and then, through an Empirical Bayes modelling, smoothed rate ratios were estimated and represented geographically. Mbare and southwest suburbs of Harare presented higher rate ratios. Suburbs attack rates ranged from 1.2 (95% Cl = 0.7-1.6) cases per 1000 people in Tynwald to 90.3 (95% Cl = 82.8-98.2) in Hopley. The identification of this spatial pattern in the spread, characterised by low risk in low density residential housing, and a higher risk in high density south west suburbs and Mbare, could be used to advocate for improving water and sanitation conditions and specific preparedness measures in the most affected areas.

Unacceptable attrition among WHO stages 1 and 2 patients in a hospital-based setting in rural Malawi: can we retain such patients within the general health system?

A study conducted among HIV-positive adults in WHO clinical stages 1 and 2 was followed up at Thyolo District Hospital (rural Malawi) to report on: (1) retention and attrition before and while on antiretroviral treatment (ART); and (2) the criteria used for initiating ART. Between June 2008 and January 2009, 1633 adults in WHO stages 1 and 2 were followed up for a total of 282 person-years. Retention in care at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months for those not on ART (n=1078) was 25, 18, 11 and 4% vs. 99, 97, 95 and 90% for patients who started ART (n=555, P=0.001). Attrition rates were 31 times higher among patients not started on ART compared with those started on ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 31.0, 95% CI 22-44). Ninety-two patients in WHO stage 1 or 2 were started on ART without the guidance of a CD4 count, and 11 were incorrectly started on ART with CD4 count > or = 250 cells/mm(3). In a rural district hospital setting in Malawi, attrition of individuals in WHO stages 1 and 2 is unacceptably high, and specific operational strategies need to be considered to retain such patients in the health system.

Influence of temperature and rainfall on the evolution of cholera epidemics in Lusaka, Zambia, 2003-2006: analysis of a time series.

In this study, we aimed to describe the evolution of three cholera epidemics that occurred in Lusaka, Zambia, between 2003 and 2006 and to analyse the association between the increase in number of cases and climatic factors. A Poisson autoregressive model controlling for seasonality and trend was built to estimate the association between the increase in the weekly number of cases and weekly means of daily maximum temperature and rainfall. All epidemics showed a seasonal trend coinciding with the rainy season (November to March). A 1 degrees C rise in temperature 6 weeks before the onset of the outbreak explained 5.2% [relative risk (RR) 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06] of the increase in the number of cholera cases (2003-2006). In addition, a 50 mm increase in rainfall 3 weeks before explained an increase of 2.5% (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04). The attributable risks were 4.9% for temperature and 2.4% for rainfall. If 6 weeks prior to the beginning of the rainy season an increase in temperature is observed followed by an increase in rainfall 3 weeks later, both exceeding expected levels, an increase in the number of cases of cholera within the following 3 weeks could be expected. Our explicative model could contribute to developing a warning signal to reduce the impact of a presumed cholera epidemic.

[Frequency of sexually transmitted infections and related factors in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2004]. / Frecuencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual y factores relacionados en Pweto, República Democrática del Congo, 2004.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral discharge in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, and to analyze the association between the estimated prevalence and age, marital status, profession, and number of sexual partners. METHODS: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study through a survey conducted in May 2004 in a representative sample of 106 men in Pweto aged between 15 and 65 years old, with a precision of 9.5%. Questionnaire items about current or previous ulceration and urethral discharge where self-reported and referred to the previous year as of the date of the survey. To study the associations, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence was 39.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30-49) for urethral discharge and 33% (95%CI, 24-42) for genital ulcer. Soldiers were identified as a risk group independently of age, the number of sexual partners during the previous year, and marital status. The multivariate analysis showed an adjusted OR of 3.25 (95%CI, 1.10-9.95) (p < 0.05) for the frequency of urethral discharge in soldiers compared with other professions. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Pweto and the associated factors identified prompted the initiation of a controlled condom donation program for soldiers. In conflict situations with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and lack of health services, humanitarian aid organizations should implement prevention activities focused on risk groups.

Frecuencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual y factores relacionados en Pweto, República Democrática del Congo, 2004 / Frequency of sexually transmitted infections and related factors in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2004

Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de ulceración genital y exudado uretral en Pweto, República Democrática del Congo, así como analizar la asociación de las prevalencias estimadas, con la edad, el estado civil, la profesión y el número de parejas sexuales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante encuesta, realizada a una muestra representativa de 106 varones de Pweto, de entre 15 y 65 años de edad, en mayo de 2004, con una precisión del 9,5%. Las preguntas sobre la presencia actual o antecedentes de ulceración y exudado fueron autoinformadas y referidas al último año a partir del día de la encuesta. Para el estudio de las asociaciones, se calculó la odds ratio (OR) cruda y posteriormente la OR ajustada mediante una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados: La prevalencia fue del 39,6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 30-49) para el exudado uretral y del 33% (IC del 95%, 24-42) para la ulceración genital. Independientemente de la edad, el número de parejas sexuales durante el último año y el estado civil, los militares fueron identificados como un grupo de riesgo. El análisis multivariante nos muestra una OR ajustada de 3,25 (IC del 95%, 1,10-9,95; p < 0,05) para la frecuencia del exudado uretral de los militares frente a otras profesiones. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en Pweto y las asociaciones encontradas desencadenaron la instauración de un programa de donación supervisada de preservativos para los militares. En situaciones de conflicto, con alta prevalencia de ITS y los servicios sanitarios deficientes, las organizaciones de ayuda humanitaria deberían implementar actividades de prevención focalizadas en los grupos de riesgo

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of genital ulcer and urethral discharge in Pweto, Democratic Republic of Congo, and to analyze the association between the estimated prevalence and age, marital status, profession, and number of sexual partners. Methods: We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study through a survey conducted in May 2004 in a representative sample of 106 men in Pweto aged between 15 and 65 years old, with a precision of 9.5%. Questionnaire items about current or previous ulceration and urethral discharge where self-reported and referred to the previous year as of the date of the survey. To study the associations, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence was 39.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30-49) for urethral discharge and 33% (95%CI, 24-42) for genital ulcer. Soldiers were identified as a risk group independently of age, the number of sexual partners during the previous year, and marital status. The multivariate analysis showed an adjusted OR of 3.25 (95%CI, 1.10-9.95) (p < 0.05) for the frequency of urethral discharge in soldiers compared with other professions. Conclusions: The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Pweto and the associated factors identified prompted the initiation of a controlled condom donation program for soldiers. In conflict situations with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and lack of health services, humanitarian aid organizations should implement prevention activities focused on risk groups

Prevención de la mortalidad materna. Un ejemplo de intervención comunitaria en salud en el Congo / Prevencion of Maternal Mortality: an example on community intervention in Congo

Introducción: En el año 2005, la Organización Mundial de la Salud llamó la atención de la comunidad médica internacional sobre la crisis sanitaria invisible que provocan las muertes maternas en los países más pobres del mundo. Tras el lema “Cada madre y cada niño contarán” del informe mundial de la salud, se reconoce la mortalidad materna como un gran problema de salud pública internacional y de derechos humanos. Objetivo: Aumentar el número de partos institucionalizados mediante una investigación-acción con el objetivo de disminuir indirectamente la mortalidad materna. Métodos: Un ensayo comunitario, de metodología cualitativa-cuantitativa, realizada en Pweto (República Democrática del Congo) entre 2002 y 2004. Mediante un abordaje etnográfico se obtuvieron las claves determinantes de la baja proporción de partos instititucionalizados desde la perspectiva de las mujeres y se instauró un programa de intervención. La efectividad del programa se mensuró mediante el test de la T de student, comparando los partos atendidos en las estructuras sanitarias antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: La diferencias observadas tras la intervención, con un aumento de 1279 partos, son estadísticamente significativas (T:-12,062 con 28 g.l., p<0,01), demostrándose que existe una fuerte asociación lineal positiva entre el número de partos y la intervención (R2:0,81 p<0,01). Discusión: Los proyectos de cooperación internacional en salud deberían considerar la mortalidad materna como un problema transversal al que dar solución. Intervenciones sencillas centradas en dar respuesta a los problemas tal y como los perciben las mujeres, pueden aumentar el número de partos institucionalizado en regiones receptoras de ayuda humanitaria como en Pweto

Introduction: The WHO “World Health Report 2005” calls attention to the international medical community about the invisible health crisis causing the maternal deaths in the poorest countries of the world. Under the slogan “Make every mother and child count”, the maternal mortality was recognised as a huge international public health and human rights problem. Objective: Increase the number of institutional deliveries trough an action research, with the objective to reduce indirectly maternal mortality. Methods: A qualitative-quantitative community trial was conducted in Pweto (Democratic Republic of Congo) from 2002 to 2004. An intensive ethnographic research was done to obtain the key determinants of the low proportion of institutional deliveries from the mother’s perspective and an intervention was started. The program’s efficiency was measured through a T student test comparing the number of deliveries attended in the institution before and after the intervention. Results: The increase of 1279 deliveries observed after the intervention has statistically significance (T:-12,062 with 28 grade of liberty, p<0,01) demonstrating a strong positive lineal association between the number of institutional deliveries and the intervention carried out (R2:0,81 p<0,01). Discussion: International health cooperation projects have to consider maternal mortality as a crosscutting problem which needs to be addressed in all their interventions. Simple intervention, focusing on answering to the problems perceived by the women, could increase the number of institutional deliveries in regions of humanitarian aid such as Pweto (AU)