Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis for Treatment of Ankle Fractures in High-Risk Patients.

Wound healing problems are the most common complication after open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) of unstable ankle fractures. The incidence is especially high among elderly patients with medical comorbidities and patients with compromised soft tissues. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) might provide a safer alternative to ORIF by preventing extensive soft tissue dissection and preserving the blood supply. We conducted a retrospective review of 44 consecutive patients who had undergone MIPO of unstable ankle fractures. All patients had a minimum 1-year follow-up (mean 82 weeks); 80% were aged ≥60 years, 52% had diabetes, and 45% had a compromised soft tissue envelope. Immediate postoperative radiographs were evaluated for the quality of reduction, and clinical records were analyzed for the complication rate. Good to excellent anatomic reduction was achieved in 89% of the patients. The overall complication rate was 27%, including 25% surgical wound dehiscence, 9% infection, and 11% loss of reduction. No patient experienced nerve injury. Those with a history of ankle fracture dislocation and a compromised soft tissue envelope preoperatively had a significantly greater incidence of surgical wound dehiscence and complications overall compared with those without (p = .016 and p = .035; p = .045 and p = .009, respectively). Peripheral vascular disease was a statistically significant predictor of surgical wound dehiscence (p = .010). The overall complication rate in our study was comparable to that seen in similar populations treated with conventional ORIF. In conclusion, our results suggest that MIPO in high-risk patients is a safe alternative, with predictable outcomes, comparable to those of traditional open techniques.

Early Protected Weightbearing After Ankle Fractures in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus.

The traditional protocol for treatment after ankle fracture in the diabetic patient involves a period of prolonged non-weightbearing to reduce the incidence of complications. The goal of the present study was to identify the risk factors and complications associated with early protected weightbearing after closed ankle fractures in patients with diabetes. The data from 73 diabetic patients with operatively and nonoperatively treated ankle fractures were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were allowed to begin protected weightbearing in a cast or removable boot at 2 weeks after the index injury or surgery. The mean follow-up period was 51 (range of 26 to 480) weeks. Complications occurred in 25% of the operative cases and 8% of the nonoperative cases. In both categories, the complication rate was less than that from existing reports using prolonged non-weightbearing. Wound dehiscence was the most common complication in the operatively treated patients (18.8%). A statistically significant difference was found in the complications rates for the patients aged >60 years (p = .0403). No statistically significant differences were identified according to hemoglobin A1c, the presence of peripheral neuropathy, smoking status, fracture type, or the presence of end-stage renal disease. The results of the present study suggest that early protected weightbearing after closed ankle fractures in diabetic patients is fairly safe, with an acceptable complication rate. However, the patients selected for early weightbearing had low comorbidity profiles, which might have accounted, in part, for the low complication rate.

Initial Report on the Use of In-Office Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Early Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patients.

Osteomyelitis is one of the most feared sequelae of diabetic foot ulceration, which often leads to lower-extremity amputation and disability. Early diagnosis of osteomyelitis increases the likelihood of successful treatment and may limit the amount of bone resected, preserving ambulatory function. Although a variety of techniques exist for imaging the diabetic foot, standard radiography is still the only in-office imaging modality used today. However, radiographs lack sensitivity and specificity, making it difficult to diagnose bone infection at its early stages. In this report, we describe our initial experience with a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based device, which may serve as an accurate and readily available tool for early diagnosis of osteomyelitis in a patient with diabetes. Two patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers were evaluated for osteomyelitis using radiography and CBCT. Positive imaging findings were confirmed by bone biopsy. In both patients, CBCT captured early osteolytic changes that were not apparent on radiographs, leading to early surgical intervention and successful treatment. The CBCT was helpful in facilitating detection and early clinical intervention for osteomyelitis in two diabetic patients with foot ulcers. These results are encouraging and warrant future evaluation.

Initial clinical assessment of a novel multifunctional topical ointment for difficult-to-heal wounds: a case series.

Chronic wounds are characterized by prolonged inflammation, bacterial bioburden, and ischemia. These factors represent the barriers to wound healing that need to be addressed in order to achieve wound closure. The authors performed the initial clinical testing of WinVivo Wound Ointment ("WinVivo"), a novel topical ointment containing several botanicals that have been previously shown to promote favorable wound environment and advance wound healing. In this series of 13 patients with difficult-to-heal lower-extremity wounds, WinVivo was well tolerated and demonstrated the ability to simultaneously support granulation tissue formation; decrease the amount of exudate, edema, and malodor; and reduce pain. The ulcers included in this study have been present for a minimum of 3 weeks and a maximum of 5 years prior to the start of treatment with WinVivo. Eight of 13 wounds have previously been treated with at least 1 type of advanced wound healing modality, such as dermal substitutes or negative-pressure wound therapy. Treatment with WinVivo lasted for 3 to 12 weeks and resulted in a mean 88% wound closure, with 4 wounds healing completely. In addition to significant reduction in wound size, all patients have exhibited other clinical benefits, suggesting overall improvement in wound conditions. Future studies in a larger population, as well as case-control studies comparing WinVivo with a standard of care, are therefore warranted to further evaluate the efficacy of this new treatment.

The specific role of pRb in p16 (INK4A) -mediated arrest of normal and malignant human breast cells.

RB family proteins pRb, p107 and p130 have similar structures and overlapping functions, enabling cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. pRb, but not p107 or p130, is frequently mutated in human malignancies. In human fibroblasts acutely exposed to oncogenic ras, pRb has a specific role in suppressing DNA replication, and p107 or p130 cannot compensate for the loss of this function; however, a second p53/p21-dependent checkpoint prevents escape from growth arrest. This model of oncogene-induced senescence requires the additional loss of p53/p21 to explain selection for preferential loss of pRb function in human malignancies. We asked whether similar rules apply to the role of pRb in growth arrest of human epithelial cells, the source of most cancers. In two malignant human breast cancer cell lines, we found that individual RB family proteins were sufficient for the establishment of p16-initiated senescence, and that growth arrest in G 1 was not dependent on the presence of functional pRb or p53. However, senescence induction by endogenous p16 was delayed in primary normal human mammary epithelial cells with reduced pRb but not with reduced p107 or p130. Thus, under these circumstances, despite the presence of functional p53, p107 and p130 were unable to completely compensate for pRb in mediating senescence induction. We propose that early inactivation of pRb in pre-malignant breast cells can, by itself, extend proliferative lifespan, allowing acquisition of additional changes necessary for malignant transformation.