Spondias dulcis Parkinson have been used in traditional medicine in Asia, Oceania, and South America, for different diseases conditions and as a functional food. The scientific literature described as different potential pharmacology such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and enzymatic inhibitor. This study aimed to: (1) establish the pharmacological activity in intestinal motility in vivo and antioxidant activity in vitro; (2) perform the acute toxicology test in mouse; (3) characterize the phytochemical profile based on counter-current chromatography (CCC) and NMR analysis. The results revealed a laxative effect of S. dulcis extract and a high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 5.10 for DPPH assay and 14.14 for hydrogen peroxide scavenging test). No side effects were observed in the oral acute toxicity test for a dose up to 2000 mg/kg. The chemical profile was identified by CCC and NMR, and the comparison of the data obtained with previous literature revealed the presence of the flavonoid rutin (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) in the extract.
Anacardiaceae , Parkinson Disease , Mice , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Anacardiaceae/chemistry , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/analysis
Crataegus almaatensis, an endemic ornamental plant in Kazakhstan is used in popular medicine due to its cardiotonic properties. The most studied species of the same genus are commonly found in Europe, which shows the importance of having the Kazakh species validated via its chemical and pharmacological studies. High-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) operated under optimized conditions enabled an isolation of the three main compounds from the aqueous phase of the leaves ethanol extract, further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) (4.02% of the crude extract-CECa); quercetin 3-O-ß-galactoside (hyperoside) (1.82% of CECa); kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (afzelin) (0.94% of CECa). The CECa, the aqueous phase of the crude extract (APCa) together with the isolates were evaluated for their vascular (vascular reactivity in human internal mammary artery-HIMA), anti-nociceptive (formalin-induced liking response and hot plate) and anti-inflammatory (subcutaneous air-pouch model-SAP) activities. CECa at the concentrations of 0.014 and 0.14 mg/mL significantly increased the maximum contractility response of HIMA to noradrenaline. The APCa CR curve (0.007-0.7 mg/mL) showed an intrinsic relaxation effect of the HIMA. APCa at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. significantly decreased the total leukocyte count and the IL-1ß release in the SAP wash.
Abstract Herba Cistanche (Cistanche species) in Traditional Chinese Medicine is used for the treatment of several diseases and symptoms, to include pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the hydroethanol extract of Cistanche salsa (C.A.Mey.) Beck, Orobanchaceae, stolons in animal models of pain. Chemical composition of Herba Cistanche was analyzed by HPLC-UV. Mice Swiss Webster (25-30 g, n = 6) were orally pre-treated with Herba Cistanche (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg) and evaluated in the formalin test and in the capsaicin- or glutamate-induced licking response. Kazakh Herba Cistanche is composed mainly by phenylpropanoid glycosides, from which echinacoside, acteoside and tubuloside B are the main constituents. When Herba Cistanche was administered to mice it had an effect in both phases of the formalin test (77% activity at 30 mg/kg for phase 1 and 62% activity at 100 mg/kg for phase 2) suggesting analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Kazakh Herba Cistanche was able to reduce the animals licking time after injection of glutamate (81% reduction at 30 mg/kg) and capsaicin (81% reduction at 100 mg/kg). We conclude that phenolics present in the hydroethanol extract of C. salsa could be responsible for its pharmacological profile. In order to source a good quality raw material for Traditional Chinese Medicine we recommended this Kazakh species to be standardized using echinacoside and acteoside as markers.
