RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study addressed a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing home, where the residents were vaccinated with two doses of Comirnaty® and thirty of them had previously had the infection. Outbreaks in closed communities are opportunities to study the entire clinical spectrum of the disease and, as in this case, the effect of hybrid immunity on transmission, infection progression and viral load. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective cohort study in the resident population was carried out. Attack rates were calculated for one of four stages of the disease: infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. Relative risks (RR) were then estimated using simple and multivariate Poisson regression for each of these stages. RESULTS: The attack rate was 59% (56/95). The clinical spectrum was the same in both sexes. There was a notable protective effect of hybrid immunity against transmission (67%). In terms of progression, those with hybrid immunity had a lower risk of symptomatic infection. Nasopharyngeal viral load was significantly lower in individuals with hybrid immunity and asymptomatic individuals, supporting the idea of lower transmissibility in this group. Age was identified as a risk factor for disease progression. Molecular analysis identified the Delta B.1.617.2 variant in the patients and an air sample, supporting aerosol transmission in closed, poorly ventilated environments. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive view of an outbreak in a vaccinated nursing home, highlighting the importance of hybrid immunity. The results support the individual consideration of previous infection history when assessing the risk of COVID-19, contributing to the understanding of the evolution of the pandemic in the future.
OBJECTIVE: Este estudio abordó un brote de la COVID-19 en una residencia de ancianos, donde los residentes estaban vacunados con dos dosis de Comirnaty® y treinta de ellos habían pasado anteriormente la infección. Los brotes en colectivos cerrados son oportunidades para estudiar todo el espectro clínico de la enfermedad y, como en este caso, el efecto de la inmunidad híbrida sobre la transmisión, la progresión de la infección y la carga viral. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de cohortes retrospectivo en la población de residentes. Se calcularon las tasas de ataque para uno de cuatro estadios de la enfermedad: infección, infección sintomática, hospitalización y defunción. Después se estimaron los riesgos relativos (RR) mediante regresión de Poisson simple y multivariante para cada uno de esos estadios. RESULTS: La tasa de ataque fue del 59% (56/95). El espectro clínico fue igual en ambos sexos. Hubo un notable efecto protector de la inmunidad híbrida contra la transmisión (67%). En términos de progresión, aquellos con inmunidad híbrida presentaron un riesgo menor de infección sintomática. La carga viral nasofaríngea fue significativamente menor en individuos con inmunidad híbrida y asintomáticos, respaldando la idea de una menor transmisibilidad en este grupo. La edad se identificó como un factor de riesgo para la progresión de la enfermedad. El análisis molecular identificó la variante Delta B.1.617.2 en los pacientes y una muestra de aire, lo que respaldó la transmisión por aerosol en entornos cerrados y mal ventilados. CONCLUSIONS: Este estudio proporciona una visión integral de un brote en una residencia de ancianos vacunados, destacando la importancia de la inmunidad híbrida. Los resultados respaldan la consideración individual de la historia de infección previa al evaluar el riesgo de la COVID-19, contribuyendo a la comprensión de la evolución de la pandemia en el futuro.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Casas de Salud , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , España/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacuna BNT162 , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Carga Viral , Estudios de Cohortes , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Brotes de Enfermedades , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on other infectious diseases. The aim of this paper was to analyze the epidemiological changes that occurred during the pandemic in eight infectious diseases with different epidemiological patterns: influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, pneumococcus, Campylobacter, non-typhoid Salmonella, gonorrhea and herpes zoster. METHODS: From the Microbiological Surveillance Network, the time series of cases was traced from January 2017 to March 2023. Three periods were distinguished: reference, pandemic and beginning of the post-pandemic. The distribution by age and sex in these periods was analyzed. Incidence rates and rate ratios (RR) were calculated. These RRs and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated overall and by year of age in children under five years of age. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the impact that the pandemic had on each of these diseases. Some, after a period of epidemic silence, have revealed an intense post-pandemic rebound. The post-pandemic global RT increased for influenza (2.4), RSV (1.9) and gonorrhea (3.1); rotavirus recovered its pre-pandemic level (1.07); and pneumococcus (0.84), Campylobacter (0.83) and Salmonella (0.60) decreased. In children under 5 years of age, the patterns were specific and heterogeneous for each disease. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of the pandemic is very different in these diseases. Pediatric and respiratory-transmitted seasonal viral infections are the ones that are most affected, but with different patterns of recovery to normality. Gastrointestinal bacterial infections suffer fewer variations, except for rotavirus. Gonorrhea do not interrupt its increasing trend seen in the pre-pandemic. Shingles show a slight post-pandemic increase. Several diseases with different epidemiological patterns have been studied for a sufficient period to observe how the acute phase of the pandemic emerges.
OBJECTIVE: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un fuerte impacto sobre otras enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los cambios epidemiológicos acaecidos durante la pandemia en ocho enfermedades infecciosas con patrones epidemiológicos distintos: la gripe; virus respiratorio sincitial; rotavirus; neumococo; Campylobacter; Salmonella no tifoidea; gonococia; herpes zóster. METHODS: A partir de la Red de Vigilancia Microbiológica, se trazó la serie temporal de casos desde enero de 2017 a marzo de 2023. Se distinguieron tres periodos: prepandemia (referencia), pandemia e inicio de la pospandemia. Se analizó la distribución por edad y sexo en esos periodos. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y las razones de tasas (RT). Se estimaron esas RT globales y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% por cada año de edad en menores de cinco años. RESULTS: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el impacto que la pandemia tuvo en cada una de esas enfermedades. Algunas, tras un periodo de silencio epidémico, revelaron un repunte intenso pospandémico. Incrementaron la RT global postpandémica la gripe (2,4), VRS (1,9) y gonococia (3,1); recuperó su nivel prepandémico el rotavirus (1,07); y disminuyeron el neumococo (0,84), Campylobacter (0,83) y Salmonella (0,60). En menores de cinco años, los patrones fueron específicos y heterogéneos para cada enfermedad. CONCLUSIONS: El impacto de la pandemia es muy diferente en estas enfermedades. Las infecciones víricas estacionales pediátricas y de transmisión respiratoria son las que más se ven afectadas, pero con patrones de recuperación de la normalidad distintos. Las infecciones bacterianas gastrointestinales sufren menos variaciones, salvo el rotavirus. La gonococia no interrumpe su tendencia al aumento avistada ya en la prepandemia. El herpes zóster muestra un ligero incremento pospandémico. Se han estudiado varias enfermedades con distinto patrón epidemiológico durante un periodo suficiente para observar cómo se produce la salida de la fase aguda de la pandemia.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles , Gonorrea , Herpes Zóster , Gripe Humana , Niño , Humanos , Preescolar , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Pandemias , Gonorrea/epidemiología , España/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Herpes Zóster/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant breakthrough infections in nursing home residents following vaccination with Comirnaty® COVID-19 vaccine were characterized. In total, 201 participants (median age, 87 years; range, 64-100; 133 female) from two nursing homes in the Valencian community (Spain) were included. SARS-CoV-2-Spike (S) antibody responses were determined by a lateral flow immunocromatography (LFIC) assay and by quantitative electrochemiluminescent assay in LFIC-negative participants. SARS-CoV-2-S-IFNγ T cells were enumerated by flow cytometry in 10 participants. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 due to the Delta variant occurred in 39 residents (median age, 87 years; range, 69-96; 31 female) at a median of 6.5 months after vaccination (nine requiring hospitalization). Breakthrough infections occurred at a higher rate (p < 0.0001) in residents who had not been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (naïve) (33/108; 18%) than in those with prior diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (experienced) (6/93; 6.4%), and were more likely (p < 0.0001) to develop in residents who tested negative by LFIC (20/49) at 3 months after vaccination as compared to their LFIC-positive counterparts (19/142). Among LFIC-negative residents, a trend towards lower plasma anti-RBD antibody levels was noticed in those developing breakthrough infection (p = 0.16). SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in nasopharyngeal specimens were lower in SARS-CoV-2-experienced residents (p < 0.001) and in those testing positive by LFIC (p = 0.13). The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-S-reactive T cells at 3 months was similar in LFIC-negative residents with (n = 7) or without (n = 3) breakthrough infection. Prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and detection of S-reactive antibodies by LFIC at 3 months is associated with a lower risk of Delta-variant breakthrough infection in nursing home residents at midterm after Comirnaty® COVID-19 vaccination.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anticuerpos Antivirales , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Femenino , Humanos , Casas de Salud , ARN Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2/genética , VacunaciónRESUMEN
An outbreak of S.Typhimurium occurred in several towns and cities in the province of Castellon (Spain) between 23 February and 27 May 2011. On April 5, the microbiology laboratory of a hospital in Castellon alerted the health authorities to the increase in S.Typhimurium isolated in fecal culture of children with gastroenteritis. The serotype and phage-type of 83 positive cases of S.Typhimurium isolated in these period included 49 monophasic/biphasic S.Typhimurium phage type 138, phage type 193, S.Derby, and 34 other S.Typhimurium phage-types. The median of age of patients was 4 years with a range of 0.6-80 years, and the 18% of patients were hospitalised. Two incident matched case-control studies were carried out; the first with S.Typhimurium phage type 138, 193, and S.Derby cases and the second with the other cases. The two studies found that the consumption of brand X dried pork sausage, purchased in a supermarket chain A, was associated with the disease (matched Odds Ratio [mOR]=13.74 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 4.84-39.06 and mOR=8.20 95% CI 2.32-28.89), respectively). S.Typhimurium phage type 193 and S.Derby were isolated in the food taken from the household of two patients and from the supermarket chain's A central warehouse. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis study confirmed the similarity of the strains from the patients and the food. On May 25 2011, a national food alert led to the withdrawal of the food from the chain A and the outbreak ended
Entre el 23 de febrero y el 27 de mayo del 2011, un brote de Salmonella Typhimurium ocurrió en varios pueblos y ciudades en la provincia de Castellón (España). El día 5 de abril del 2011 el laboratorio de Microbiología de un hospital de Castellón alertó a las autoridades sanitarias del incremento de aislamientos de S.Typhimurium en coprocultivos de niños con gastroenteritis. El serotipo y fagotipo de 83 casos positivos a S.Typhimurium aislados en este periodo incluyó 49 casos con monofásica/bifásica S.Typhimurium fagotipo 138, fagotipo 193, y Salmonella Derby y otros 34 casos con distintos S.Typhimurium fagotipos. La mediana de los pacientes era de 4 años, con un rango de 0,6 a 80años. Dos incidentes casos-control apareados fueron llevados a cabo, el primero con los casos S.Typhimurium fagotipos 138,193 y S.Derby, y el segundo con los demás casos. Los 2 estudios encontraron que el consumo de la marca X de longaniza seca de cerdo comprada en una cadena de supermercados A estaba asociado con la enfermedad (odds ratio apareada [ORa]=13,74; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 4,84-39,06, y ORa=8,20; IC95%: 2,32-28,89, respectivamente). S.Typhimurium fagotipo 193 y S.Derby fueron aislados en dicho alimento recogido en la casa de 2 pacientes y en el almacén central de la cadena A de supermercados. La electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado confirmó la similitud de las cepas de los pacientes y del alimento. El día de 25 de mayo de 2011 una alerta alimentaria nacional obligó a la retirada del alimento de la cadena A y el brote terminó
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Salmonella/patogenicidad , Carne/microbiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
Objetivos: Descripción de un brote de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) en el medio escolar. Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo y observacional de un brote de TB-MDR en 2 colegios de Onda y de Nules de educación secundaria, en la provincia de Castellón, desde su detección en noviembre de 2008 hasta noviembre de 2014, con seguimiento de los casos y estudio de los contactos. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 5 casos de TB-MDR, con una tasa global de ataque de la enfermedad del 0,9% y en el estudio de contactos se detectaron 66 con infección latente tuberculosa, con una tasa de infección del 14,4%. Los 5 aislamientos de M. tuberculosis se estudiaron mediante el análisis del polimorfismo de los fragmentos de restricción (RFLP) de la secuencia IS6110 para su caracterización molecular. En los 5 pacientes el cultivo se negativizó a los 4 meses, demostrando la eficacia del tratamiento pautado, sin recaídas hasta la actualidad. Conclusiones: Con la actual globalización y el aumento de la TB-MDR no es extraño la presentación de un brote como el que presentamos y sigue siendo fundamental el estudio de los contactos, el seguimiento estricto de los casos y la disponibilidad de las técnicas de diagnóstico para no demorar el inicio del tratamiento y la quimioprofilaxis, así como la caracterización molecular de las cepas
Objectives: To describe an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in two schools. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study of an outbreak of MDR-TB in 2 schools located in the towns of Onda and Nules, in the Spanish province of Castellon, from the moment of detection in November 2008 until November 2014, including patient follow-up and contact tracing. Results: Five cases of MDR-TB were diagnosed. Overall attack rate was 0.9%, and among the contacts traced, 66 had latent tuberculous infection, with an infection rate of 14.4%. Molecular characterization of the 5M. tuberculosis isolates was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the IS6110 sequence. In all 5 patients, cultures were negative at 4-month follow-up, showing the efficacy of the treatment given. No recurrence has been reported to date. Conclusions: In the context of globalization and the increased prevalence of MDR-TB, outbreaks such as the one presented here are only to be expected. Contact tracing, strict follow-up of confirmed cases, the availability of fast diagnostic techniques to avoid treatment delay, and chemoprophylaxis, together with the molecular characterization of strains, are still essential
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/inmunología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/organización & administración , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/normas , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción/fisiología , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Prospectivos , Radiografía Torácica/normas , Radiografía TorácicaRESUMEN
An outbreak of S.Typhimurium occurred in several towns and cities in the province of Castellon (Spain) between 23 February and 27 May 2011. On April 5, the microbiology laboratory of a hospital in Castellon alerted the health authorities to the increase in S.Typhimurium isolated in fecal culture of children with gastroenteritis. The serotype and phage-type of 83 positive cases of S.Typhimurium isolated in these period included 49 monophasic/biphasic S.Typhimurium phage type 138, phage type 193, S.Derby, and 34 other S.Typhimurium phage-types. The median of age of patients was 4 years with a range of 0.6-80 years, and the 18% of patients were hospitalised. Two incident matched case-control studies were carried out; the first with S.Typhimurium phage type 138, 193, and S.Derby cases and the second with the other cases. The two studies found that the consumption of brand X dried pork sausage, purchased in a supermarket chain A, was associated with the disease (matched Odds Ratio [mOR]=13.74 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 4.84-39.06 and mOR=8.20 95% CI 2.32-28.89), respectively). S.Typhimurium phage type 193 and S.Derby were isolated in the food taken from the household of two patients and from the supermarket chain's A central warehouse. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis study confirmed the similarity of the strains from the patients and the food. On May 25 2011, a national food alert led to the withdrawal of the food from the chain A and the outbreak ended.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Carne Roja/microbiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Salmonella enterica , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Salmonella typhimurium , España/epidemiología , PorcinosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To describe an outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in two schools METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study of an outbreak of MDR-TB in 2 schools located in the towns of Onda and Nules, in the Spanish province of Castellon, from the moment of detection in November 2008 until November 2014, including patient follow-up and contact tracing. RESULTS: Five cases of MDR-TB were diagnosed. Overall attack rate was 0.9%, and among the contacts traced, 66 had latent tuberculous infection, with an infection rate of 14.4%. Molecular characterization of the 5M. tuberculosis isolates was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the IS6110 sequence. In all 5 patients, cultures were negative at 4-month follow-up, showing the efficacy of the treatment given. No recurrence has been reported to date. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of globalization and the increased prevalence of MDR-TB, outbreaks such as the one presented here are only to be expected. Contact tracing, strict follow-up of confirmed cases, the availability of fast diagnostic techniques to avoid treatment delay, and chemoprophylaxis, together with the molecular characterization of strains, are still essential.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: La pandemia de gripe de 2009 tuvo una gran repercusión social. Se dedicaron muchos recursos sanitarios a la atención médica, la prevención y la vigilancia epidemiológica. La vigilancia epidemiológica se sustenta en la notificación de casos de síndrome gripal y de casos confirmados de gripe. El objetivo fue la estimación de la incidencia real de síndrome gripal durante la pandemia de gripe de 2009. Métodos: Sistema de captura-recaptura durante el mes de mayor incidencia en Castellón. Se utilizaron 2 sistemas de información: a) sistema electrónico de notificación de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria (EDO), y b) datos de laboratorio (LAB). Las estimaciones se han realizado estratificando por grupo de edad y semana. Se calculó el coeficiente de independencia en estos estratos. Resultados: En total se identificaron 7.181 casos EDO y 524 LAB, de los que 211 coincidían en ambos sistemas. La estimación total fue de 17.785 casos en un mes. Ello significa que en el periodo estudiado casi el 4% de las personas del área sufrieron un cuadro gripal (incidencia acumulada), y aproximadamente una de cada 100 personas estuvo diariamente afectada (prevalencia diaria). Acudieron a consulta de atención primaria (EDO) un 40% de los afectados (sensibilidad del sistema EDO). Conclusiones: Para obtener una estimación de la incidencia real en la población durante la pandemia habría que multiplicar la cifra de consultas médicas por un factor de 2,5. Este factor es inferior al estimado en periodos sin alerta pandémica
Introduction: The influenza pandemic of 2009 had a great social impact. Many health resources were devoted to the care, prevention and surveillance of this disease. Epidemiological surveillance is based on the reporting of cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and confirmed influenza cases. The objective was to estimate the true incidence of ILI during the influenza pandemic of 2009. Methods: The capture-recapture method was applied during the month of highest influenza incidence in Castellón. Two notification systems were used: (i) electronic reporting of Notifiable Diseases (ND), and (ii) laboratory-based (LAB) data collection. Estimates were made by stratifying by age group and week. Independence coefficients were calculated for those strata. Results: No dependence was found between stratification variables and the reporting system. A total of 7,181 ND cases and 524 LAB cases were identified, of which 211 were recorded in both systems. The estimated total of cases was 17,785 in a single month. In the study period, almost 4% of people in the area suffered flu symptoms (cumulative incidence), with 1% being affected each day (daily prevalence). The sensitivity of the ND system was 40%, i.e., the percentage of patients seeking primary care. Conclusions: To obtain an estimate of the actual incidence of influenza-like illness in the population during a pandemic period,the number of medical consultations should be multiplied by a factor of 2.5. This factor is lower than that estimated for periods without pandemic alert
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Pandemias/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/organización & administración , Registros de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios de Cohortes , IncidenciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The influenza pandemic of 2009 had a great social impact. Many health resources were devoted to the care, prevention and surveillance of this disease. Epidemiological surveillance is based on the reporting of cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and confirmed influenza cases. The objective was to estimate the true incidence of ILI during the influenza pandemic of 2009. METHODS: The capture-recapture method was applied during the month of highest influenza incidence in Castellón. Two notification systems were used: (i)electronic reporting of Notifiable Diseases (ND), and (ii)laboratory-based (LAB) data collection. Estimates were made by stratifying by age group and week. Independence coefficients were calculated for those strata. RESULTS: No dependence was found between stratification variables and the reporting system. A total of 7,181 ND cases and 524 LAB cases were identified, of which 211 were recorded in both systems. The estimated total of cases was 17,785 in a single month. In the study period, almost 4% of people in the area suffered flu symptoms (cumulative incidence), with 1% being affected each day (daily prevalence). The sensitivity of the ND system was 40%, i.e., the percentage of patients seeking primary care. CONCLUSIONS: To obtain an estimate of the actual incidence of influenza-like illness in the population during a pandemic period, the number of medical consultations should be multiplied by a factor of 2.5. This factor is lower than that estimated for periods without pandemic alert.
Asunto(s)
Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/estadística & datos numéricos , Recolección de Datos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Notificación de Enfermedades , Registros Electrónicos de Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Atención Primaria de Salud , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , España/epidemiología , Evaluación de Síntomas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In Spain, in 2006, two oral live-attenuated vaccines against rotavirus disease were licensed for infants up to 6 months. Recent data suggest that vaccine efficacy may vary by region. This makes the real-life postmarketing monitoring of rotavirus vaccination effectiveness an important aspect of rotavirus epidemiologic surveillance. We carried out a case-case study to assess the rotavirus vaccination effectiveness in children from 2 to 35 months of age during the year 2009 in Castellón. As a second- and counterfactual objective to evaluate the possible selection bias and the specificity of the association, we evaluated the "effectiveness" of pneumococcal vaccination against rotavirus diarrhea. Cases were 71 children with confirmed rotavirus gastroenteritis, and controls were 261 children with positive results to any other organism that was not rotavirus. The immunization status of each child, the number of doses and dates of vaccination were assessed by consulting the Regional Immunization Registry. The lowest proportion of vaccinated cases was observed among rotavirus diarrhea (2.8%). The proportion of vaccinated children among the control group was 21.8%. The effectiveness of vaccination with at least one dose of vaccine against rotavirus was 87.7% (45.5-99.7%). If we restrict the analysis to non-hospitalized children, this figure was slightly lower, 83.5% (25.4-96.3%). As expected, pneumococcal vaccination was not protective against rotavirus infection showing the specificity of the association found. The immunization information systems in combination with population-based studies of the incidence of infectious gastroenteritis, such as EDICS offer appropriate conditions for postmarketing monitoring of vaccine effectiveness.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis/prevención & control , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/inmunología , Vacunación/métodos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Diarrea/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , EspañaRESUMEN
Se describen las intervenciones llevadas a cabo en una unidadde epidemiología local, durante varios años, relacionadascon la epidemiología de la gastroenteritis por norovirus enresidencias de ancianos de Castellón. Desde varios brotesacaecidos en un mismo geriátrico, hasta el estudio de los casosesporádicos que determinan la situación endémica en variasresidencias. Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de esa situaciónendémica de síntomas digestivos en periodos de silencioepidémico y la propuesta de un método sencillo para detectarel inicio de brotes de GEA de transmisión progresiva (persona-persona) que hemos denominado Sistema de Detección porUmbral de Prevalencia (SiDUP). Se discute el espectro epidemiológicode la gastroenteritis por norovirus en estas institucionespara personas mayores(AU)
We describe the interventions carried out in a local epidemiologyunit related to the epidemiology of gastroenteritis dueto norovirus in geriatric homes in Castellón (Spain) duringseveral years. These range from various outbreaks in the samegeriatric home to the study of sporadic cases which determinethe endemic situation. This study focuses on the analysis ofthis endemic situation of digestive symptoms in silent epidemicperiods and proposes a simple method to detect the initiationof GEA of progressive transmission (person-person)which we call System of Detection by Prevalence Threshold(SiDUP). The epidemiological spectrum of gastroenteritis dueto norovirus in geriatric homes is discussed(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Hogares para Ancianos/estadística & datos numéricos , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Norovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosAsunto(s)
Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Comorbilidad , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Utilización de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Leishmaniasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis/veterinaria , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/epidemiología , Meglumina/uso terapéutico , Antimoniato de Meglumina , Compuestos Organometálicos/uso terapéutico , EspañaAsunto(s)
Dermatitis por Contacto , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infestaciones por Ácaros/parasitología , Ácaros/patogenicidad , Animales , Dermatitis por Contacto/epidemiología , Dermatitis por Contacto/parasitología , Dermatitis por Contacto/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Piel/patología , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We describe the interventions carried out in a local epidemiology unit related to the epidemiology of gastroenteritis due to norovirus in geriatric homes in Castellón (Spain) during several years. These range from various outbreaks in the same geriatric home to the study of sporadic cases which determine the endemic situation. This study focuses on the analysis of this endemic situation of digestive symptoms in silent epidemic periods and proposes a simple method to detect the initiation of GEA of progressive transmission (person-person) which we call System of Detection by Prevalence Threshold (SiDUP). The epidemiological spectrum of gastroenteritis due to norovirus in geriatric homes is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Caliciviridae/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Hogares para Ancianos , Norovirus , Enfermedad Aguda , Humanos , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8% (3,995 adolescents of the 5,981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5% and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4%. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95%CI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.
Asunto(s)
Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/epidemiología , Adolescente , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/diagnóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , España/epidemiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJETIVOS: Estimar factores de riesgo de síntomas de rinitis alérgica en adolescentes de Castellón, España. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional a partir de la fase III del ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) llevado a cabo en 2002 entre adolescentes de 13 a 14 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario ISAAC para definir los casos de rinitis alérgica. Se estimaron razones de posibilidades (RP) y sus intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) mediante modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La participación fue de 66,8 por ciento (3 995 adolescentes de un total de 5 981). La prevalencia de síntomas de rinoconjuntivitis en los últimos 12 meses fue de 16,5 por ciento, y la prevalencia de alergia nasal alguna vez, de 7,4 por ciento. Con la regresión logística, la rinoconjuntivitis se asoció a la mujer (RP=1,63; IC95 por ciento:1,33-2,00); fumar la madre en casa (RP=1,32; IC95 por ciento:1,08-1,63); historia de sinusitis (RP=2,02; IC95 por ciento:1,51-2,70), y circulación constante de camiones por la calle de residencia (RP=1,58; IC95 por ciento:1,02-2,44). De igual manera, la alergia nasal se asoció con la historia familiar de rinitis alérgica (RP=2,62; IC95 por ciento:1,90-3,63); historia de sinusitis (RP=2,65; IC95 por ciento:1,77-3,96), historia de bronquitis (RP=1,68; IC95 por ciento:1,19-2,36), y clase social, con descensos progresivos al comparar las clases superiores e inferiores. CONCLUSIONES: Diferentes factores de riesgo medioambientales se asociaron con el hecho de sufrir síntomas de alergia nasal; se sugiere la importancia de adecuar medidas preventivas específicas.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percentCI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8 percent (3 995 adolescents of the 5 981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5 percent and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4 percent. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95 percentCI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95 percentCI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95 percentCI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95 percentCI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95 percentCI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95 percent CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95 percentCI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/epidemiología , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Rinitis Alérgica Perenne/diagnóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cases of legionellosis sometimes arise in the form of aggregations which are difficult to interpret. This study provides an analysis of these groupings having arisen one summer in Castellon. METHODS: Microbiological, clinical and epidemiological field methods were employed. RESULTS: Within a few days, there were five (5) cases of legionella pneumonia in workers related to various ceramic industries within an area where a large number of these plants are located. Two constituted a minor outbreak. By means of molecular biology techniques performed on the strains, the common origins of three of the cases were ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: It is debated whether this episode of an outbreak having arisen within the context of a broader-ranging cluster of cases of a multi-focal origin was a chance event or whether it was the manifestation of a risk related to this industrial activity which might repeat itself.
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Cerámica , Industrias , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/epidemiología , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/etiología , Pulmón/microbiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Adulto , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Fundamento. Los casos de la legionelosis en ocasiones se presentan en forma de agregaciones que son difíciles de interpretar. Analizamos aquí una de estas agrupaciones ocurrida durante un verano en Castellón. Métodos. Se aplicaron métodos microbiologicos, clínicos y de epidemiología de campo. Resultados. En pocos días hubo 5 casos de neumonía por Legionella en trabajadores relacionados con varias industrias de la cerámica, en un área donde existe una alta concentración de estas fábricas. Dos de ellos, constituyeron un pequeño brote. Mediante técnicas de biología molecular de las cepas se descartó el origen común de tres de los casos. Conclusiones. Se discute si este episodio de un brote surgido en el contexto de un cluster más amplio de casos de origen multifocal fue un hecho casual o fue la expresión de un riesgo relacionado con esa actividad industrial que pudiera repetirse (AU)
Background. Cases of legionellosis sometimes arise in the form of aggregations which are difficult to interpret. This study provides an analysis of these groupings having arisen one summer in Castellon. Methods. Microbiological, clinical and epidemiological field methods were employed. Results. Within a few days, there were five (5) cases of legionella pneumonia in workers related to various ceramic industries within an area where a large number of these plants are located. Two constituted a minor outbreak. By means of molecular biology techniques performed on the strains, the common origins of three of the cases were ruled out. Conclusions. It is debated whether this episode of an outbreak having arisen within the context of a broader-ranging cluster of cases of a multi-focal origin was a chance event or whether it was the manifestation of a risk related to this industrial activity which might repeat itself (AU)