[Structural analysis of acute chemical poisoning in persons over 60 years of age.]

The population of developed countries is aging. Along with an increase in the proportion of people over 60 years of age among the population, their number is also increasing among patients with acute poisoning of chemical etiology. Analysis of the structure of acute poisoning in elderly and senile people for the period 2020-2022. It has been established that the proportion of patients of gerontological age in the overall structure of acute poisonings averages 13,5%, of which the largest group is persons aged 60-74 years (60,2%), women - 64,5%, men - 35,5%. It was found that in 61.5% of cases the cause of poisoning was suicide, 38,5% of poisonings were random. In the structure of acute poisoning in geriatric patients, psychopharmacological drugs are in the lead - 34,1%, corrosive substances - 15,9%, drugs acting on the cardiovascular system - 12,7%. These same toxicants are the main etiological cause of death. Patients over 60 years of age have a high mortality rate from 13,2 to 22,3%. Acute chemical poisoning in patients over 60 years of age is an urgent medical problem at the present stage, due to a significant incidence and high mortality, and require detailed study in order to improve the effectiveness of their treatment.

[Chemical-toxicological diagnosis of hellebore (veratrum) poisoning]. / Khimiko-toksikologicheskaya diagnostika otravlenii chemeritsei.

The problem of laboratory diagnosis of acute and fatal poisoning by hellebore, which is possible when used in traditional medicine, the erroneous use of hellebore preparations orally or use of various types of this plant for food, remains relevant. Currently, in the practice of chemical-toxicological laboratories and the bureau of forensic medical examination there is no single approach to the laboratory diagnosis of such poisoning. The diagnosis is most often based on anamnesis. In this regard, the development and validation of a legally significant methodology for the determination of hellebore alkaloids in various biological objects seems relevant. The physicochemical and toxic properties of alkaloids of various types of hellebore are characterized. It was shown that for the identification of hellebore alkaloids, it is advisable to use HPLC-MS/MS as the most sensitive and specific instrumental method corresponding to the characteristics of hellebore alkaloids (high molecular weight, high thermal lability, high polarity).

[The application of the screening techniques for the purpose of chemical toxicological and forensic chemical analysis]. / Skriningovye metody v khimiko-toksikologicheskom i sudebno-khimicheskom analize.

The application of the screening techniques for the purpose of chemical toxicological and forensic chemical analysis has the objective to detect and identify the life-threatening substances within the shortest possible time period for distinguishing them from a large number of other chemical compounds amenable to the toxicological evaluation. Such methods acquire special importance for forensic chemical expertise in the cases of a negative result of the primary examination. The present article provides information about the history of development of the screening techniques.

[Cognitive impairments in persons exposed to radiation during the period of prenatal development].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the cognitive status in persons exposed to ionizing radiation in prenatal period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included in-utero exposed people (n = 77), and the comparison group (n = 73), which consisted of people who lived in the territories of the Chelyabinsk Oblast that were not radioactive. The following methods were used: clinical, clinical-psychological (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the WAIS test, the proverb interpretation task, neurophysiological (EEG) methods, laboratory-based methods (cholesterol, high and low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, cortisol, melatonin), and methods of statistical data processing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of people with non-psychotic mental disorders with the prevalence of organic mental disorders (cognitive and asthenic) was significantly higher among in-utero exposed subjects. A neurophysiological study revealed more severe changes in the bioelectric brain activity with the presence of pathological and theta-rhythms in exposed persons. The clinical-psychological study revealed a significant decrease in the analytic/synthetic ability in exposed people and significantly lower level of the general and verbal IQ. These changes were accompanied by higher levels of cortisol and melatonin which led to the activation and tension of the adaptation mechanisms in in-utero exposed subjects.

[Antidote therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning].

AIM: To evaluate the antidote properties of acizol in acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACMP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 70 patients with ACMP. Of them 35 patients received a package of medical measures, which involved 6% acizol solution injected in a dose of 1 ml on hospital admission and an hour later. The efficacy of acizol was evaluated using clinical and laboratory studies. RESULTS: Just an hour after acizol injection, there was an average 2-fold reduction in the blood concentration of carboxyhemoglobin as compared to the baseline levels. Consciousness recovered 1.5 times more quickly than in the control group. The clinical efficacy of acizol was supported by positive laboratory tests. CONCLUSION: The use of acizol in ACMP assists in increasing the rate of detoxification and positively affects some blood laboratory parameters.

[Ethyl alcohol-combined and concomitant poisonings by psychotropic agents].

The paper provides the results of examining 474 patients with acute poisonings by psychotropic agents due to their combined use or in combination with ethanol. It shows the frequency of different combinations of psuchotropic drugs and denotes the poorest of them to the outcome of disease. Concomitant poisonings are demonstrated to show a severe course and high death rates whereas poisonings combined with ethanol, if at low blood concentrations, take their better course.

[Effects of chemo-, physiohemotherapy, and medicines on the parameters of oxidative stress in the somatogenic stage of acute poisonings].

To determine the effects of chemo-, physiohemotherapy, and the medicines mexidol and acysole on the blood parameters of oxidative stress, 279 patients were examined in the somatogenic stage of acute poisoning by psychopharmacological agents and cauterants. The time course of changes in individual indices and resultant imbalance was analyzed during various therapeutic options versus traditional treatment. Drug therapy was shown to have a good impact on the parameters of oxidative stress in the somatogenic stage of acute intoxications.

[Efficiency of antioxidative therapy for acute poisoning by cautery substances].

Analysis of the clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with acute poisoning by cauterants has demonstrated that inclusion of the antioxidant mexidole into the package of therapeutic measures is effective in treating the above pathology. This is supported by the reductions in the proportion of fatal outcomes by more than twice and in the incidence of pneumonia complicating the course of the underlying disease, as well as by the increase in the rate of regeneration of ulceronecrotic defects in the gastrointestinal tract and by the decrease in the number of gastric cicatricial deformities when mexidole is locally used.

[Endogenous intoxication parameters in the assessment of a risk for pneumonias in acute azaleptin intoxications].

In cases of acute azaleptin poisoning (AAP), the parameters of endogenous intoxication (EI) were studied in patients both with complicated pneumonias and without them. The integral EI index endogenous intoxication coefficient (Cei) was developed, which simultaneously reflects the coupling capacity of albumin of hydrophilic toxins and lipid peroxidation products: Cei (MMWP x MDA/EAC) x 1000, where MMWP is medium molecular-weight peptides; MDA is malonic dialdehyde; EAC is the effective albumin concentration. The use of Cei significantly enhances the efficiency of diagnosis of early-stage EI and provides a more objective assessment of therapy in AAP patients. EI is more severe when poisoning is concurrent with complicated pneumonias. Cei is of informative value in the assessment of a risk for pneumonias in AAP, which may be used in various emergencies accompanied by EI.

[Laboratory changes in exo- and endotoxemia in toxicohypoxic encephalopathy occurring with acute poisoning by psychopharmacological agents].

Examinations of patients with acute oral poisoning by psychotropic agents have indicated that toxicohypoxic encephalopathy develops, when the high concentrations of toxicants and their active metabolites specifically affect brain structures, resulting in oxidative stress and impaired natural detoxification mechanisms.

[Effect of sodium hypochlorite on the biotransformation of toxicants in acute poisoning by psychotropic agents].

In acute poisoning by amitriptyline, carbazepine, barbiturates, and ethanol, the effect of sodium hypochlorite on the metabolism of toxicants is manifested as a considerable reduction in their high blood concentrations through oxidative transformation to inactive water-soluble derivatives and as the enhanced urinary elimination of the latter. The rate of the above process depends on the used dose of sodium hypochlorite.

[The comparative characteristics of methods for determining technological liquids in clinical toxicology]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika metodov opredeleniia tekhnicheskikh zhidkostei v klinichesckoi toksikologii.

Methods for preparing biological samples and of gas chromatographic analysis of toxic technological liquids are compared. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the results of measuring these substances in the vapor-gas phase and during direct introduction of biological samples in the column are assessed. The possibility of direct introduction of a sample for qualitative and quantitative assessment of several volatile solvents simultaneously present in the samples is demonstrated.