Inclusion of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) and pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata) in dairy sheep diets.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed (CS) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed (PS) are used in ruminant diets as energy sources. The current experiment studied the impact of dietary inclusion of CS and PS on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy sheep. Twelve primiparous Texel × Suffolk ewes [70 ± 5 days in milk (DIM); 0.320 ± 0.029 kg milk yield] were distributed in a 4 × 3 Latin square design and fed either a butter-based control diet [CON; 13 g/kg dry matter] or two diets with 61 g/kg DM of either CS or PS. Dietary inclusion of CS and PS did not alter live weight (p >0.1) and DM intake (p >0.1). However, compared to the CON, dietary inclusion of both CS and PS increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (p <0.001) and acid detergent lignin (p < 0.001). Milk production (p = 0.001), fat-corrected milk (p < 0.001), and feed efficiency (p < 0.001) were enhanced with PS, while the highest milk protein yield (p < 0.05) and lactose yield (p < 0.001) were for CS-fed ewes. Compared to the CON diet, the ingestion of either CS and/or PS decreased (p < 0.001) the C16:0 in milk. Moreover, both CS and PS tended to enhance the content of C18:3n6 (p > 0.05) and C18:3n3 (p > 0.05). Overall short-term feeding of CS and/or PS (up to 6.1% DM of diet) not only maintains the production performance and digestibility of nutrients but also positively modifies the milk FA composition.

Sex-specific effects of Fat-1 transgene on bone material properties, size, and shape in mice.

Western diets are becoming increasingly common around the world. Western diets have high omega 6 (ω-6) and omega 3 (ω-3) fatty acids and are linked to bone loss in humans and animals. Dietary fats are not created equal; therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of specific dietary fats on bone. We aimed to determine how altering the endogenous ratios of ω-6:ω-3 fatty acids impacts bone accrual, strength, and fracture toughness. To accomplish this, we used the Fat-1 transgenic mice, which carry a gene responsible for encoding a ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids. Male and female Fat-1 positive mice (Fat-1) and Fat-1 negative littermates (WT) were given either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) at 4 wk of age for 16 wk. The Fat-1 transgene reduced fracture toughness in males. Additionally, male BMD, measured from DXA, decreased over the diet duration for HFD mice. In males, neither HFD feeding nor the presence of the Fat-1 transgene impacted cortical geometry, trabecular architecture, or whole-bone flexural properties, as detected by main group effects. In females, Fat-1-LFD mice experienced increases in BMD compared to WT-LFD mice; however, cortical area, distal femur trabecular thickness, and cortical stiffness were reduced in Fat-1 mice compared to pooled WT controls. However, reductions in stiffness were caused by a decrease in bone size and were not driven by changes in material properties. Together, these results demonstrate that the endogenous ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratio influences bone material properties in a sex-dependent manner. In addition, Fat-1 mediated fatty acid conversion was not able to mitigate the adverse effects of HFD on bone strength and accrual.

Epidemiological Overview of Overweight and Obesity Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity and the Concurrent Presence of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents from High Schools in Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Overweight and obesity in adolescents has become a serious public health problem worldwide and Mexico City is no exception. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological panorama of overweight and obesity related to eating habits, physical activity and the concurrent presence of depression and anxiety in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 2710 adolescents from 33 participating high schools. Likewise, a previously validated eating habit and physical activity questionnaire was administered, which consisted of four different sections, where each of the sections focused on key aspects of the participants' lifestyle: (1) eating habits, (2) intake of non-recommended foods, (3) food and company environment, and (4) physical activity. Moreover, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression was applied. In this study, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity (26.5% overweight and 20.0% obese) was found in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City. Only 13.14% of participants had adequate eating habits and 18.19% physical activity habits. An association was found between having inadequate eating habits and obesity in adolescent women (OR = 1.95; CI 1.009-3.76). Additionally, associations were observed between depression symptoms and obesity (OR = 5.68, CI 1.36-32.81; p = 0.01), while anxiety was associated with underweight and obesity adjusted by other dietary habits and psychological factors. Therefore, it is important to identify adolescents with overweight or obesity and establish prevention strategies for weight control in this age group, promoting healthy eating, physical activity and education in mental health.

A zebrafish model of Ifih1-driven Aicardi-Goutières syndrome reproduces the interferon signature and the exacerbated inflammation of patients.

Type I interferonopathies are a heterogenic group of rare diseases associated with an increase in type I interferon (IFN). The main challenge for the study of Type I interferonopathies is the lack of a well-founded animal model to better characterize the phenotype as well as to perform fast and large drug screenings to offer the best treatment options. In this study, we report the development of a transgenic zebrafish model of Type I interferonopathy overexpressing ifih1 carrying the mutation p.Arg742His (Tg(ifih1_mut)), corresponding to the human mutation p.Arg779His. RNA sequence analysis from Tg(ifih1_mut) larvae revealed a systemic inflammation and IFN signature upon a suboptimal poly I:C induction compared with wild-type larvae, confirming the phenotype observed in patients suffering from Type I interferonopathies. More interestingly, the phenotype was manifested in the zebrafish inflammation and Type I IFN reporters nfkb:eGFP and isg15:eGFP, respectively, making this zebrafish model suitable for future high-throughput chemical screening (HTS). Using the unique advantages of the zebrafish model for gene editing, we have generated Tg(ifih1_mut) knocked down for mavs and ikbke, which completely abrogated the Poly I:C induction and activation of the GFP of the reporters. Finally, we used an FDA-approved drug, Baricitinib (Jak1/Jak2 inhibitor), which was able to reduce the inflammation and the ISG expression. Our results demonstrate the potential of this model to further understand AGS pathological mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic drugs by HTS.

Quality of life in Down syndrome in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome is the most commonly genetic cause of developmental delay and intellectual disability, affecting 1:700 live births. It is associated with heart disease and recurrent infections, among other complications that greatly impair the patient's quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the major factors associated with quality of life in a cohort of patients with Down syndrome. METHODS: We assessed 1,187 patients with Down syndrome, older than 4 years old, with an adaptation of the Personal Outcomes Scale validated for Portuguese language, interviewing patients, parents, and caregivers. RESULTS: A bad quality of life was reported in 56.4% of the sample. The main factors associated with better quality of life were female sex, first medical visit before 4 months old, higher parental education, a professionally active mother, and prenatal care. The main factors associated with worse quality of life were family history of alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorders and comorbidity with autism and epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Clinical comorbidities such as autism and epilepsy carry a heavy burden among patients with Down syndrome, while factors related to family support, such as employment status and educational background of the parents, enhance quality of life. The factors associated with quality of life among patients with Down syndrome should be adequately evaluated in medical consultation and targeted in public health policies.

ANTECEDENTES: A síndrome de Down é a mais comum causa identificável de atraso de desenvolvimento e deficiência intelectual, afetando 1 a cada 700 nascidos vivos. Está associada a cardiopatias, infecções recorrentes e outras complicações que impactam significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os principais fatores associados a qualidade de vida em uma coorte de pacientes com Síndrome de Down. MéTODOS: Avaliamos 1.187 pacientes com síndrome de Down com mais de 4 anos de idade utilizando uma adaptação da versão validada para o português da Escala Pessoal de Resultados, entrevistando pacientes, pais e cuidadores. RESULTADOS: Uma má qualidade de vida foi encontrada em 56.4% da amostra. Os principais fatores associados à melhor qualidade de vida foram sexo feminino, primeira consulta médica antes dos 4 meses de idade, maior nível educacional dos pais, mãe profissionalmente ativa e atenção pré-natal. Os principais fatores associados à pior qualidade de vida foram o histórico familiar de abuso de álcool e distúrbios psiquiátricos, além de comorbidade com autismo e epilepsia. CONCLUSãO: As comorbidades clínicas como autismo e epilepsia levam a um maior impacto entre os pacientes com síndrome de Down, enquanto fatores relacionados ao apoio familiar, como situação profissional e formação educacional dos pais, estão associados à melhor qualidade de vida. Os fatores associados à qualidade de vida de pacientes com síndrome de Down devem ser adequadamente avaliados em consulta médica e alvo de políticas públicas de saúde.

Quality of life in Down syndrome in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Qualidade de vida na síndrome de Down no Brasil: um estudo transversal

Abstract Background Down syndrome is the most commonly genetic cause of developmental delay and intellectual disability, affecting 1:700 live births. It is associated with heart disease and recurrent infections, among other complications that greatly impair the patient's quality of life. Objective To evaluate the major factors associated with quality of life in a cohort of patients with Down syndrome. Methods We assessed 1,187 patients with Down syndrome, older than 4 years old, with an adaptation of the Personal Outcomes Scale validated for Portuguese language, interviewing patients, parents, and caregivers. Results A bad quality of life was reported in 56.4% of the sample. The main factors associated with better quality of life were female sex, first medical visit before 4 months old, higher parental education, a professionally active mother, and prenatal care. The main factors associated with worse quality of life were family history of alcohol abuse and psychiatric disorders and comorbidity with autism and epilepsy. Conclusion Clinical comorbidities such as autism and epilepsy carry a heavy burden among patients with Down syndrome, while factors related to family support, such as employment status and educational background of the parents, enhance quality of life. The factors associated with quality of life among patients with Down syndrome should be adequately evaluated in medical consultation and targeted in public health policies.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome de Down é a mais comum causa identificável de atraso de desenvolvimento e deficiência intelectual, afetando 1 a cada 700 nascidos vivos. Está associada a cardiopatias, infecções recorrentes e outras complicações que impactam significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Objetivo Avaliar os principais fatores associados a qualidade de vida em uma coorte de pacientes com Síndrome de Down. Métodos Avaliamos 1.187 pacientes com síndrome de Down com mais de 4 anos de idade utilizando uma adaptação da versão validada para o português da Escala Pessoal de Resultados, entrevistando pacientes, pais e cuidadores. Resultados Uma má qualidade de vida foi encontrada em 56.4% da amostra. Os principais fatores associados à melhor qualidade de vida foram sexo feminino, primeira consulta médica antes dos 4 meses de idade, maior nível educacional dos pais, mãe profissionalmente ativa e atenção pré-natal. Os principais fatores associados à pior qualidade de vida foram o histórico familiar de abuso de álcool e distúrbios psiquiátricos, além de comorbidade com autismo e epilepsia. Conclusão As comorbidades clínicas como autismo e epilepsia levam a um maior impacto entre os pacientes com síndrome de Down, enquanto fatores relacionados ao apoio familiar, como situação profissional e formação educacional dos pais, estão associados à melhor qualidade de vida. Os fatores associados à qualidade de vida de pacientes com síndrome de Down devem ser adequadamente avaliados em consulta médica e alvo de políticas públicas de saúde.

Immediate-release niacin and a monounsaturated fatty acid-rich meal on postprandial inflammation and monocyte characteristics in men with metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIM: When considered separately, long-term immediate-release niacin and fatty meals enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) decrease postprandial triglycerides, but their effects on postprandial inflammation, which is common in individuals with metabolic syndrome, are less known. Moreover, successful combination is lacking and its impact on acute disorders of the innate immune cells in the metabolic syndrome remains unclear. Here, we aimed to establish the effects from combination with niacin of different fats [butter, enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA), olive oil, enriched in MUFA, and olive oil supplemented with eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids] on plasma inflammatory markers and circulating monocyte subsets, activation and priming at the postprandial period in individuals with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A random-order within-subject crossover experiment was performed, in which 16 individuals with metabolic syndrome and 16 age-matched healthy volunteers took 2 g immediate-release niacin together with the corresponding fatty meal or a meal with no fat as control. In total, 128 postprandial curves were analysed. We sampled hourly over 6 h for plasma concentrations of soluble inflammatory markers and triglycerides. Circulating monocyte subsets (CD14/CD16 balance), activation (CCL2/CCR2 axis) and priming (M1/M2-like phenotype) at the time of postprandial hypertriglyceridemic peak were also addressed. RESULTS: Dietary SFA (combined with niacin) promote postprandial excursions of circulating IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α and CD14/CCR2-rich monocytes with a pro-inflammatory M1-like phenotype, particularly in individuals with metabolic syndrome. In contrast, dietary MUFA (combined with niacin) postprandially increased circulating CD16-rich monocytes with an anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype. Omega-3 PUFA did not add to the effects of MUFA. CONCLUSION: The co-administration of a single-dose of immediate-release niacin with a fatty meal rich in MUFA, in contrast to SFA, suppresses postprandial inflammation at the levels of both secretory profile and monocyte response in individuals with metabolic syndrome. These findings highlight a potential role of combining niacin and dietary MUFA for the homeostatic control of inflammation and the innate immune system, identifying a new search direction for the management of disorders associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Energy Balance and Bone Health: a Nutrient Availability Perspective.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Obesity is highly prevalent and is associated with bone fragility and fracture. The changing nutrient availability to bone in obesity is an important facet of bone health. The goal of this article is to summarize current knowledge on the effects of carbohydrate and dietary fat availability on bone, particularly in the context of other tissues. RECENT FINDINGS: The skeleton is a primary site for fatty acid and glucose uptake. The trafficking of carbohydrates and fats into tissues changes with weight loss and periods of weight gain. Exercise acutely influences nutrient uptake into bone and may affect nutrient partitioning to bone. Bone cells secrete hormones that signal to the brain and other tissues information about its energetic state, which may alter whole-body nutrient trafficking. There is a critical need for studies to address the changes that metabolic perturbations have on nutrient availability in bone.

Proteomic analysis of postprandial high-density lipoproteins in healthy subjects.

The relationship between the functionality and composition of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is yet not fully studied, and little is known about the influence of the diet in HDL proteome. Therefore, the aim of this research was to elucidate the HDL proteome associated to postprandial hyperlipidemia. Male volunteers were recruited for an interventional study with high fatty acid-based meals. Blood samples were collected before the intake (baseline), and 2-3 (postprandial peak) and 5-6 (postprandial post peak) hours later. HDL were purified and the protein composition was quantified by LC-MS/MS. Statistical analysis was performed by lineal models (amica) and by ANOVA and multi-t-test of the different conditions (MetaboAnalyst). Additionally, a clustering of the expression profiles of each protein was done with coseq R package (RStudio). Initially, 320 proteins were identified but only 119 remained after the filtering. APOM, APOE, APOB, and APOA2, proteins previously identified in the HDL proteome, were the only proteins with a statistically significant altered expression in postprandial hyperlipidemia when compared to baseline (p values <0.05 and logFC >1). In conclusion, we have been able to describe several behaviors of the whole HDL proteome during the postprandial hyperlipidemic metabolism.

A Retrospective Cohort Study of Combined Therapy in West Syndrome associated with Trisomy 21.

Background: West syndrome (WS) is a frequent epileptic encephalopathy associated with Down syndrome (DS). This study evaluated an outpatient protocol for WS in patients with DS who received vigabatrin (VGB) or VGB plus adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Methods: We analyzed infants treated in two neuropediatric centers from 2001-2021. We reviewed perinatal and familial history of epilepsy, spasm onset, treatment lag, electroencephalogram, neuroimaging, progression to epilepsy, and other neurological conditions. The outcomes were electroclinical resolution (ECR), relapses, and epilepsy progression. Results: Nineteen infants were included; 57.8% were male. The average spasm onset, follow-up, and treatment lag were 6.4 months, 8.15 years, and 2.33 months, respectively. Almost 74% had ECR after protocol intervention and minor epilepsy progression. Relapses occurred during combined therapy. Conclusions: The treatment protocol, especially combined therapy, was effective for WS in DS, impacting epilepsy progression and indicating the effectiveness of combined therapy to treat WS in patients with trisomy 21.

Índice de massa corporal, nutrição e atividade física em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down / Body-mass index, nutrition and physical activity in children and adolescents with Down syndrome

Objetivo: Descrever e comparar hábito nutricional, prática de atividade física e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down acompanhados em ambulatório especializado de um hospital terciário no sul do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal realizado a partir da análise de prontuário de pacientes com síndrome de Down em idade escolar e adolescentes acompanhados em ambulatório especializado do Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. A alimentação foi considerada adequada se consistisse em alimentos de todos os grupos nas três refeições principais e um ou dois lanches e água nos intervalos. Sedentarismo foi definido como tempo de atividade física inferior a 300 minutos por semana. O estado nutricional foi avaliado usando as curvas de IMC da Organização Mundial da Saúde, 2007.Resultados: O estudo incluiu 755 pacientes, sendo 236 (31,3%) crianças e 519 (68,7%) adolescentes. Sobrepeso e obesidade foram observados em 10,7% e 14,8% da população, respectivamente, sem diferença significativa entre os gêneros. Alimentação inadequada foi observada em 34,6% e sedentarismo em 23,7% dos pacientes. IMC elevado foi observado em 20,3% das crianças e 27,9% dos adolescentes (p=0,026). Observou-se sedentarismo em 29,5% dos adolescentes e 11% das crianças (p<0,001). Alimentação inadequada também foi mais prevalente em adolescentes, porém sem diferença estatística. Pacientes com IMC elevado, em comparação com eutróficos, tiveram maior prevalência de alimentação inadequada e sedentarismo, com significância estatística. Nesse subgrupo, o sedentarismo foi observado em 25% das crianças e 57,2% dos adolescentes (p<0,001). Conclusão: Adolescentes com síndrome de Down apresentam maiores taxas de IMC elevado e sedentarismo comparados com crianças. Estudos específicos em educação em saúde para essa população são necessários com o objetivo de promover hábitos de vida saudáveis e prevenir a obesidade com efetividade. [au]

Objective: To describe and compare the nutritional habits, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents with Down syndrome followed up in the specialized outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted from the analysis of medical records of patients with Down syndrome at school age and adolescents followed up at the Complexo Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. The diet was considered adequate if it consisted of foods from all groups in the three main meals and one or two snacks and water in the intervals. A sedentary lifestyle was defined as physical activity time of fewer than 300 minutes per week. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI curves from the World Health Organization, 2007. Results: The study included 755 patients, of whom 236 (31.3%) were children and 519 (68.7%) were adolescents. Overweight and obesity were observed in 10.7% and 14.8% of the population, respectively, without significant gender differences. Inadequate diet was observed in 34.6% and sedentarism in 23.7% of the patients. High BMI was observed in 20.3% of children and 27.9% of adolescents (p=0.026). Sedentarism was observed in 29.5% of adolescents and 11% of children (p<0.001). Inadequate diet was also more prevalent in adolescents but without statistical difference. Patients with high BMI, compared to eutrophic patients, had a higher prevalence of inadequate diet and sedentarism, with statistical significance. In this subgroup, sedentarism was observed in 25% of children and 57.2% of adolescents (p<0.001). Conclusion: Adolescents with Down syndrome have higher rates of high BMI and sedentarism compared to children. Specific studies in health education for this population are necessary to promote healthy lifestyle habits and effectively prevent obesity. [au]

Triacylglycerides and Cholesterol in Organic Milk from Chiapas, Mexico.

The study of milk fat composition is a priority topic at the international level; however, there are few studies on the composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) and sterols in cow's milk produced in organic production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of TAG, cholesterol, and other sterols in the fat of raw cow's milk produced under organic conditions in the municipality of Tecpatán, Chiapas. Every month for one year, milk samples were obtained from three production units (PU 1, 2 and 3) and from the collecting tank (CT) of the municipality (12 months × 4 = 48 samples), in accordance with Mexican regulations. Milk fat was extracted by detergent solution and TAG and sterol analyses were performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and capillary columns. Chromatographic analyses identified and quantified 15 TAG in all milk fats, from C26 to C54, with a bimodal behavior; the maximum value (% w/w) for the first mode was located at C38 (14.48) and, for the second mode, C50 and C52 were considered with values of 11.55 and 11.60, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test only yielded significance (p < 0.05) for C26; most TAG values over time showed homogeneous variability. Cholesterol, brassicasterol, and campesterol were also determined; ANOVA did not show statistical significance (p ≥ 0.05) between them in the production units and collecting tank. Cholesterol had the highest percentage of the sterols with a mean value of 96.41%. The TAG and cholesterol profiles found in this study were similar to those reported in other countries.

Identificación de factores protectores y de riesgo para trastornos de conductas alimentarias en una intervención educativa con adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Identification of protective and risk factors for eating disorders in an educational intervention with adolescents from Mexico City

Fundamentos: Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) constituyen un grupo de trastornos mentalescaracterizados por una conducta alterada de la ingesta alimentaria y/o la aparición de comportamientosinadecuados encaminados a controlar el peso. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los factoresprotectores y de riesgo para TCA en una muestra de adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado, se estimó el estado ponderal conlos percentiles de índice de masa corporal (IMC) propuestos por la OMS. Para la evaluación delcomportamiento alimentario se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y para la identificación de trastornos deconductas alimentarias, ansiedad y depresión se aplicaron los cuestionarios para medir conductasalimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y el cuestionario HAD ansiedad y depresión de Hamilton.Resultados: Se encontró que la presencia de ansiedad incrementa 2,956 la probabilidad de aparición de unTCA (IC 95% = 1,919-4,513) y que el incremento en el IMC es un factor que aumenta la probabilidad depresentar un TCA 1,278 veces (IC 95% 1,220-1,339).Conclusiones: Factores como la ansiedad e IMC son determinantes para el desarrollo de TCA los cuales semanifiestan cada vez más en hombres que en mujeres. (AU)

Background: Eating disorders constitute a group of mental disorders characterized by altered eating behaviorand the appearance of inappropriate behaviors aimed at controlling weight. The aim of the present study wasto identify the protective and risk factors for eating disorders in a sample of adolescents from Mexico City.Methods: A randomized controlled trial intervention was performed, weight status was estimated with thepercentiles of body mass index (BMI) proposed by the WHO. For the evaluation of eating behavior, dietaryquestionnaires were applied and for the identification of eating behavior disorders, anxiety and depression,the questionnaires to measure risk eating behaviors and the Hamilton anxiety and depression questionnairewere applied.Results: It was found that the presence of anxiety increases 2.956 the probability of an eating disorders (95%CI = 1.919-4.513) and the increase in BMI is a factor that increases the probability of presenting an eatingdisorders 1.278 (95% CI 1.220-1.339).Conclusions: Factors such as anxiety and BMI are determinants for the development of eating disorders,which are increasingly manifested in men than in women. (AU)

Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disturbances Reverse the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of High-Density Lipoproteins in Microglial Cells.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport and present antioxidant properties, among others. In the central nervous system (CNS), there are HDLs, where these lipoproteins could influence brain health. Owing to the new evidence of HDL functionality remodeling in obese patients, and the fact that obesity-associated metabolic disturbances is pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant, the aim of this study was to investigate if HDL functions are depleted in obese patients and obesity-associated microenvironment. HDLs were isolated from normal-weight healthy (nwHDL) and obese men (obHDL). The oxHDL level was measured by malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynoneal peroxided products. BV2 microglial cells were exposed to different concentrations of nwHDL and obHDL in different obesity-associated pro-inflammatory microenvironments. Our results showed that hyperleptinemia increased oxHDL levels. In addition, nwHDLs reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines' release and M1 marker gene expression in BV2 microglial cells. Nevertheless, both nwHDL co-administered with LPS+leptin and obHDL promoted BV2 microglial activation and a higher pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thus confirming that obesity-associated metabolic disturbances reverse the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HDLs in microglial cells.

Intervención educativa para disminuir la prevalencia de obesidad en adolescentes de la ciudad de México, México / Educational intervention to decrease the prevalence of obesity in adolescents of mexico city, mexico

Fundamentos: La prevalencia de obesidad se ha elevado considerablemente entre los niños y adolescentes, representando uno de los principales problemas para la salud pública. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de una intervención focalizada en los estilos de vida y los factores asociados a la alimentación, la actividad física, así como aspectos psicológicos y conductuales en adolescentes de escuelas secundariasde Ciudad de México. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención tipo ensayo controlado aleatorizado diseñada con base a la metodología EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l’Obésité Des Enfants). Se estimó el estado ponderal con los percentiles de IMC propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y para la evaluación del comportamiento alimentario y la determinación de factoresrelacionados con la obesidad se aplicaron cuestionarios dietéticos y cuestionarios para detectar el riesgo de trastornos de conducta alimentaria, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados: Los factores del modelo en este estudio quepresentan probabilidades de ser protectores para la aparición de la obesidad en adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México son el número de pasos a la semana (OR =0,872 IC 95%: 1,212-1,761), el aumento de la actividad física vigorosa (OR = 0,903 IC 95%: 0,843-0,967) y el consumo de fruta (OR = 0,927 IC 95%: 0,861-0,999). Conclusiones: De acuerdo a las condiciones de los adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México la realización de actividad física fue un factor importante, tanto por ser un factor protector para la aparición de la obesidad, como por su relación con la disminución del IMC. (AU)

Background: The prevalence of obesity has risen considerably among children and adolescents, representing one of the mai public health problems. The objective was to evaluate theimpact of a focused intervention on lifestyle and factors associated with diet, physical activity as well as psychological and behavioral aspects in adolescents from high schools inMexico City. Methods: A randomized controlled trial interventiondesigned based on EPODE (Ensemble Prévenons l'Obésité Des Enfants) methodology was conducted. Weight status was estimated using the BMI percentiles proposed by the WorldHealth Organization, and dietary questionnaires and questionnaires to detect the risk of eating disorders, anxiety and depression were used for the assessment of eating behaviour and the determination of factors related to obesity. Results: The model factors in this study that presents probabilities of being protective for the appearance of obesity in adolescents from high schools in Mexico City are the number of steps per week (OR = 0.872 95% CI: 1.212-1.761), the increase in vigorous physical activity (OR = 0.903 95% CI:0.843-0.967) and fruit consumption (OR = 0.927 95% CI: 0.861-0.999).Conclusions: According to the conditions of adolescents from high schools in Mexico City, physical activity was an important factor, because it was a protective factor for the appearance of obesity, and because of its relationship with the decrease of the BMI. (AU)

Dual Role of Phenyl Amides from Hempseed on BACE 1, PPARγ, and PGC-1α in N2a-APP Cells.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the accumulation of amyloid ß (Aß) plaques in the brain leads to neuroinflammation, neuronal cell dysfunction, and progressive memory loss. Therefore, blocking the formation of Aß plaques has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to develop AD treatments. Hempseed is widely used as a food, and recently its compounds have shown beneficial effects on neuroinflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a fraction rich in phenyl amide compounds, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (CAFT) and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (CUMT), can affect gene expression: ß-site amyloid-precursor-protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE 1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ), and PPARγ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in N2a-APP cells. The mRNA levels were measured using RT-qPCR. The ethyl acetate fraction and CAFT were found to reduce BACE1 gene expression and are promissory PPARγ and PGC-1α natural agonists. The results show that hempseed compounds can inhibit the expression of BACE 1, which is involved in the accumulation of Aß plaques and positively affect transcription factors involved in complex and diverse biological functions.

The Role of DNA Damage Response in Dysbiosis-Induced Colorectal Cancer.

The high incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in developed countries indicates a predominant role of the environment as a causative factor. Natural gut microbiota provides multiple benefits to humans. Dysbiosis is characterized by an unbalanced microbiota and causes intestinal damage and inflammation. The latter is a common denominator in many cancers including CRC. Indeed, in an inflammation scenario, cellular growth is promoted and immune cells release Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), which cause DNA damage. Apart from that, many metabolites from the diet are converted into DNA damaging agents by microbiota and some bacteria deliver DNA damaging toxins in dysbiosis conditions as well. The interactions between diet, microbiota, inflammation, and CRC are not the result of a straightforward relationship, but rather a network of multifactorial interactions that deserve deep consideration, as their consequences are not yet fully elucidated. In this paper, we will review the influence of dysbiosis in the induction of DNA damage and CRC.

Respiratory and otolaryngological disorders in Down syndrome from one center in Brazil.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal condition. Anatomical and functional variations in the upper and lower airways are component manifestations of the syndrome and increase the risk of various medical problems. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of otorhinolaryngological and respiratory diseases in a DS outpatient clinic over a 3-year period. Medical records data from 1207 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Newborn Hearing Screening was positive in 7.1% of patients. Brainstem auditory evoked potential was performed in 1101 children and showed a hearing loss of 19.8% in the first year. It was positive in 21% of 1021 exams. Audiometry was altered in 64 of 994 exams (6.4%), showing a conductive loss in 90%. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in 308 (25.5%) patients, and 169 (14.0%) required serous otitis ventilation tubes. Asthma was observed in 140 (11.6%) patients, and allergic rhinitis in 544 (56.6%). There were hospitalizations for invasive infection in 480 (39.8%) children, and two (0.2%) patients had severe septicemia from pulmonary focus. Five (0.4%) infants had laryngotracheomalacia, and one patient had anomalous right tracheal bronchus. Recognizing the prevalence of respiratory and otorhinolaryngological disorders in patients with DS allows the promotion of optimal follow-up and early treatment, preventing the development of sequelae.

High-Density Lipoproteins and Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality and the study of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) particle composition and functionality has become a matter of high interest, particularly in light to the disappointing clinical data for HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) raising therapies in CVD secondary prevention and the lack of association between HDL-C and the risk of CVD. Recent evidences suggest that HDL composition and functionality could be modulated by diet. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of Mediterranean diet (MD) on changes in HDL structure and functionality in humans. A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Web of Science) and 13 records were chosen. MD showed favorable effects on HDL functionality, particularly by improving HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and decreasing HDL oxidation. In addition, HDL composition and size were influenced by MD. Thus, MD is a protective factor against CVD associated with the improvement of HDL quality and the prevention of HDL dysfunctionality.

Worldwide Traceability of Antibiotic Residues from Livestock in Wastewater and Soil: A Systematic Review.

The use of antibiotics in animal production are widely used for disease treatment, health protection, and as growth promoters. Common antibiotics used in veterinary medicine are excreted and eliminated through the sewage system, contaminating water and soil with negative effects on agricultural activities. This systematic review focuses on the trend of research works on antibiotic residues, evaluating antibiotics used in livestock production and their excretion in animal products and in environmental matrices such as water and soil. Our database was composed of 165 articles, reporting the concentration of antibiotic residues found in the environment, livestock (cow, sheep, pig, horse, chicken, rabbit, goat), aquatic and terrestrial animal tissues, animal products (milk and eggs), wastewater, and soil. The documents were obtained from Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania. A descriptive analysis of antibiotic residues found worldwide was analyzed according to each of the variables used such as antibiotic family, name, concentration (% and mg/kg or ppm), and country and continent where the residue was found. The descriptive analysis was carried out using the "describe" function of psych package and pirate plots were drawn. According to our study, the main antibiotics used worldwide in animal production are sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, penicillin, and cephalosporins. At present, despite the trends of increased regulations on the use of antibiotics worldwide, antibiotics are still utilized in food animal production, and are present in water and soil, then, there is still the misuse of antibiotics in many countries. We need to become aware that antibiotic contamination is a global problem, and we are challenged to reduce and improve their use.