Risk factors for Early Childhood Caries in Italian preschoolers: A cross-sectional analysis.

AIM: Early childhood caries (ECC) represent a relevant public health issue in paediatric population globally. The current study aimed to investigate the main risk factors of this condition. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at the Child Dentistry Clinics of the Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, Milan, Italy, including patients aged 12-71 months and their parents. Demographical data, anthropometric measurements, oral hygiene and health assessment, and children's eating habits were collected. CONCLUSION: Our findings, according to recommendations, suggest that the prevention of ECC needs to begin in infancy. Oral health providers, physicians, nurses, and other health care personnel play an important role in educating parents about their child's oral and dental care and food choices.

Integrative multidisciplinary approaches by the Integrative Medicine Research Group (IMRG): a new frontier in cancer setting.

This conference addresses the topic of integrative, multidisciplinary approaches to cancer settings according to evidence-based medicine. The multidisciplinary approach of the researchers involved characterizes this new and complex scenario. The Integrative Medicine Research Group (IMRG) has always been committed to the activities and dissemination of CAM in cancer patients, focusing on the safety and efficacy of these approaches. Thus, one of the main goals of IMRG is to demonstrate that CAM can support cancer patients during treatment and improve their quality of life and survival. In addition, IMRG's multidisciplinary network is ever vigilant in assessing the risks of interactions between cancer drugs and nutraceuticals. We hope that the integrative medicine approach can be transferred to the level of all chronic diseases, including oncology.

Influence of the type of breastfeeding as a risk or protective factor for the onset of malocclusions: a systematic review.

AIM: The correlation between malocclusions in deciduous dentition and type of breastfeeding has been described by many authors in numerous articles. The aim of this article is to investigate the literature about this important topic. MATERIALS: The research was conducted by querying the following databases: PubMed, EBMR, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Medline, Web of Sciences, Ovid and Embase. The key words were: "infant" OR "baby", AND "breastfeeding" AND "malocclusion". As with similar literature review papers, the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Protocols) was used. The examined articles were of the following types: randomised controlled trials (RCTs), case-control studies and cohort studies. For the qualitative analysis of the selected studies, it was employed the NOS scale (Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale). CONCLUSION: Two hundred and fifty articles were selected. After filtering out the articles deemed irrelevant or with obvious bias, only 16 articles were left. From our results, it can be concluded that breastfeeding seems to play a decisive role in preventing the onset of posterior cross-bites and Class II malocclusions, and that this protective effect appears to be time-dependent.

Combined pulses of light and sound in the retina with nutraceuticals may enhance the recovery of foveal holes.

The present manuscript stems from evidence, which indicates that specific wavelength produce an activation of the autophagy pathway in the retina. These effects were recently reported to synergize with the autophagy-inducing properties of specific phytochemicals. The combined administration of photo-modulation and phytochemicals was recently shown to have a strong potential in eliciting the recovery in the course of retinal degeneration and it was suggested as a non-invasive approach named "Lugano protocol" to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent translational findings indicate that the protective role of autophagy may extend also to acute neuronal injuries including traumatic neuronal damage. At the same time, very recent investigations indicate that autophagy activation and retinal anatomical recovery may benefit from sound exposure. Therefore, in the present study, the anatomical rescue of a traumatic neuronal loss at macular level was investigated in a patient with idiopathic macular hole by using a combined approach of physical and chemical non-invasive treatments. In detail, light exposure was administered in combination with sound pulses to the affected retina. This treatment was supplemented by phytochemicals known to act as autophagy inducers, which were administered orally for 6 months. This combined administration of light and sound with nutraceuticals reported here as Advanced Lugano's Protocol (ALP) produced a remarkable effect in the anatomical architecture of the retina affected by the macular hole. The anatomical recovery was almost complete at roughly one year after diagnosis and beginning of treatment. The structural healing of the macular hole was concomitant with a strong improvement of visual acuity and the disappearance of metamorphopsia. The present findings are discussed in the light of a synergism shown at neuronal level between light and sound in the presence of phytochemicals to stimulate autophagy and promote proliferation and neuronal differentiation of retinal stem cells.

Noradrenergic substrates sensing light within brainstem reticular formation as targets for light-induced behavioral and cardiovascular plasticity.

The occurrence of pure light exerts a variety of effects in the human body, which span from behavioral alterations, such as light-driven automatic motor activity, cognition and mood to more archaic vegetative functions, which encompass most organs of the body with remarkable effects on the cardiovascular system. Although empirical evidence clearly indicates occurrence of these widespread effects, the anatomical correlates and long-lasting changes within putatively specific neuronal circuitries remain largely unexplored. A specific role is supposed to take place for catecholamine containing neurons in the core of the brainstem reticular formation, which produces a widespread release of noradrenaline in the forebrain while controlling the vegetative nervous system. An indirect as well as a direct (mono-synaptic) retino-brainstem pathway is hypothesized to rise from a subtype of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (iPRGCs), subtype M1, which do stain for Brn3b, and project to the pre-tectal region (including the olivary pre-tectal nucleus). This pathway provides profuse axon collaterals, which spread to the periacqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nuclei. According to this evidence, a retino-reticular monosynaptic system occurs, which powerfully modulate the noradrenergic hub of reticular nuclei in the lateral column of the brainstem reticular formation. These nuclei, which are evidenced in the present study, provide the anatomical basis to induce behavioral and cardiovascular modulation. The occurrence of a highly interconnected network within these nuclei is responsible for light driven plastic effects, which may alter persistently behavior and vegetative functions as the consequence of long-lasting alterations in the environmental light stimulation of the retina. These changes, which occur within the core of an archaic circuitry such as the noradrenaline-containing neurons of the reticular formation, recapitulate, within the CNS, ancestral effects of light-driven changes, which can be detected already within the retina itself at the level of multipotent photic cells.

Pregnancy and Infants' Outcome: Nutritional and Metabolic Implications.

Pregnancy is a complex period of human growth, development, and imprinting. Nutrition and metabolism play a crucial role for the health and well-being of both mother and fetus, as well as for the long-term health of the offspring. Nevertheless, several biological and physiological mechanisms related to nutritive requirements together with their transfer and utilization across the placenta are still poorly understood. In February 2009, the Child Health Foundation invited leading experts of this field to a workshop to critically review and discuss current knowledge, with the aim to highlight priorities for future research. This paper summarizes our main conclusions with regards to maternal preconceptional body mass index, gestational weight gain, placental and fetal requirements in relation to adverse pregnancy and long-term outcomes of the fetus (nutritional programming). We conclude that there is an urgent need to develop further human investigations aimed at better understanding of the basis of biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological events related to maternal-fetal nutrition and offspring health. An improved knowledge would help to optimize nutritional recommendations for pregnancy.

[Outpatient vaginal hysterectomy, feasibility and morbidity: an observational study on thirty patients]. / Étude observationnelle de la faisabilité et de la morbidité de l'hystérectomie vaginale ambulatoire: à propos de 30 cas.

OBJECTIVE: Outpatient surgery is nowadays a major evolution axis of the surgery in France. Outpatient vaginal hysterectomy is possible with the use of electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing allowing the reduction of operative time and postoperative pain. Our aim was to study the feasibility and morbidity of outpatient vaginal hysterectomy by assessment of postoperative pain and satisfaction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients were enrolled in this observational study. All patients underwent an outpatient vaginal hysterectomy with a standardized operative technic. Pain was evaluated by administering a 10 cm visual analogic scale (VAS) at the first and second postoperative days. The total duration of analgesic treatment was noticed. Patient's satisfaction was recorded at the postoperative visit one month after the intervention and by a telephonic interview. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 59.3 (25-110) minutes and the mean uterine weight was 170.2 (60-710) grams. No intraoperative complications were reported. Among the thirty patients, 3 (10%) were not discharged the same day. At the first and second postoperative days, the VAS was 4.40 and 4.35 respectively. The mean total duration of analgesic's use was 5 days (3-8 days). Patients were very satisfied of medical care in 36.7% of cases (11/30), satisfied in 53.3% (16/30) and not much satisfied in 10% (3/30). In total, 83.3% (25/30) have agreed to repeat the procedure in the ambulatory sector. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Outpatient vaginal hysterectomy seems to be a possible and a safe technique with a high patient's satisfaction in France at the present time.

Placental fatty acid transport in maternal obesity.

Pregestational obesity is a significant risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Maternal obesity is associated with a specific proinflammatory, endocrine and metabolic phenotype that may lead to higher supply of nutrients to the feto-placental unit and to excessive fetal fat accumulation. In particular, obesity may influence placental fatty acid (FA) transport in several ways, leading to increased diffusion driving force across the placenta, and to altered placental development, size and exchange surface area. Animal models show that maternal obesity is associated with increased expression of specific FA carriers and inflammatory signaling molecules in placental cotyledonary tissue, resulting in enhanced lipid transfer across the placenta, dislipidemia, fat accumulation and possibly altered development in fetuses. Cell culture experiments confirmed that inflammatory molecules, adipokines and FA, all significantly altered in obesity, are important regulators of placental lipid exchange. Expression studies in placentas of obese-diabetic women found a significant increase in FA binding protein-4 expression and in cellular triglyceride content, resulting in increased triglyceride cord blood concentrations. The expression and activity of carriers involved in placental lipid transport are influenced by the endocrine, inflammatory and metabolic milieu of obesity, and further studies are needed to elucidate the strong association between maternal obesity and fetal overgrowth.

Micronutrients in pregnancy: current knowledge and unresolved questions.

Micronutrient status is increasingly recognized to play an important role in the health and well-being of pregnant women and in the development and long-term health of the offspring. On 26th - 28th February 2009, The Child Health Foundation invited leading experts in this area to a scientific workshop at Obergurgl, Austria to review and critically discuss current knowledge, to identify issues that may need to be addressed in future recommendations, and to highlight priorities and opportunities for future research. This report summarizes updated key conclusions of the workshop with regards to micronutrients' intake and physiological role related to mother, placenta and fetus, as well as relevance for adverse pregnancy and long-term outcomes.

Role of micronutrients in the periconceptional period.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with significantly high reproductive risks, ranging from infertility to fetal structural defects and long-term diseases. In this review we focus on the reproductive risks related to some micronutrients during the periconceptional period, a critical step in determining fetal development and health due to the potential onset of several disorders. METHODS: Embase Medline and PubMed databases, Google-indexed scientific literature and periodics from on-line University of Milan Bibliotecary Service were searched to identify relevant publications. In vivo human studies were mainly searched for, but when needed animal studies as well as in vitro and cell culture experiments were also considered. RESULTS: Fertility, conception, implantation, fetal organogenesis and placentation are the critical stages potentially affected by nutrition during the periconceptional period. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total homocysteine (tHcy) plasma levels are factors involved in the respective mechanisms. The preconceptional period is particularly important since it affects both fertility and the early stages of gestation. Micronutrients' dietary intake and maternal status affect the different phases of the onset and development of pregnancy as well as of the conceptus. CONCLUSION: Although human studies are scarce, and conclusive evidence is provided solely for periconceptional folate and prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs), the overall data indicate that micronutrients may affects fertility, embryogenesis and placentation, and the prophylactic use of some micronutrients may be useful in preventing several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Efforts to increase awareness of a healthy diet should be strengthened not only throughout pregnancy but also before. However, further researches in humans are necessary to optimise periconceptional micronutrient requirements.

A whole-brain analysis in de novo Parkinson disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Widespread cerebral changes are observed in advanced stages of Parkinson disease (PD), suggesting that PD is a multisystem disorder. We investigated with MR imaging whether global brain changes are present in early clinical stages of PD and correlated the findings with the type of clinical presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: T1-weighted images and mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps calculated from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were obtained in 27 patients with de novo drug-naïve PD, who were classified according to the clinical features in tremor-dominant type (n = 13), akinetic-rigid type (n = 11), and mixed type (n = 3). Sixteen healthy subjects provided control data. With SIENAX software, total brain, gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) volumes were computed from T1-weighted images, whereas brain histograms were obtained from mean diffusivity and FA maps. RESULTS: Total brain, GM and WM volumes were not significantly different in patients as a whole or subgroups and controls. As compared with controls, patients with PD as a whole and patients with the akinetic-rigid type showed an increase (P

Dopaminergic degeneration and perfusional impairment in Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

The clinical differentiation of Lewy body dementia (LBD) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be difficult. The aim of the present study was to assess the dopamine transporter function and the perfusional pattern in LBD and AD in vivo. Twenty patients with probable LBD and 24 with probable AD underwent on 2 separate days a brain perfusional SPECT with 99mTc-ECD and a SPECT with (123)I-FP-CIT, a ligand of dopamine transporter. In LBD a significantly ( p<0.0005) lower ratio of specific (bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen) to non-specific (occipital cortex) (123)I-FP-CIT binding than in AD was reported. Perfusional data (SPM analysis) showed a significant ( p<0.001) decrease of temporo-parietal blood flow in AD versus LBD, whereas in LBD a significant ( p<0.001) occipital hypoperfusion with respect to AD was reported. Our findings confirm that dopaminergic nigrostriatal function is impaired in LBD. The selective occipital hypoperfusion in LBD needs to be further investigated.

Bedtime cabergoline in Parkinson's disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness induced by dopamine agonists.

Excessive daytime somnolence is a common adverse effect of dopamine-agonist treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many factors, such as age and sleep disturbances, could be involved in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. However, pharmacokinetic factors have never been considered. In this open, prospective, pilot study, nine consecutive non-demented PD patients in early disease stages on monotherapy treatment with dopamine agonists and with no significant sleep problems, were enrolled. They were selected based on the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness induced by the dopaminergic treatment. A fast switch-over from the dopamine agonist currently used to a single equivalent dose of cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine agonist, administered at bedtime was performed. All patients were evaluated by means of UPDRS and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A significant 70% reduction of daytime sleepiness was observed during the 3-month study compared with baseline. Data from this study suggest that both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of dopamine agonist-induced sleepiness.

Cervical cancer screening in Porto Alegre, Brazil: alternative methods for detecting cancer precursors in a developing country.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to test the performance characteristics of cervical cancer screening by visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid and iodine solution. METHODS: A total of 100 women were screened for cervical cancer by Pap smear and naked eye inspection of the cervix after application of acetic acid and iodine solution. RESULTS: Comparing visual inspection to the Pap test, a sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 78.5%, and concordance of 79% (p < .0011) was established. Comparing the Pap test with colposcopy, the corresponding figures were 42.9%, 92.3%, and 66.6% (p < .077), respectively. Visual inspection compared to colposcopy showed corresponding figures of 100%, 7.7%, and 55.5% (p = .48), respectively. Colposcopy and biopsy had an agreement of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Visual inspection with acetic acid and iodine solution proved to be a reasonable method of screening for cervical cancer precursors.

Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract obtained from Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.

Ipomoea pes-caprae is a medicinal plant used in many countries for the treatment of several ailments, including inflammatory and algesic processes. The present study describes the antinociceptive effects of the methanolic extract and two fractions obtained from aerial parts of this plant. The results indicated that both methanolic extract and two fractions (ethyl acetate and aqueous) exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity against two classical models of pain in mice. Methanolic extract presented a calculated ID50 value of 33.8 mg/kg, i.p. against writhing test and also inhibited both phases of pain (neurogenic and inflammatory) of the formalin test with ID50 of 37.7 and 12.5 mg/kg, i.p. for the first and second phase, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. These findings support, at least in part, the popular use of I. pes-caprae to treat dolorous processes.

Isolation and identification of compounds with antinociceptive action from Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.

This study describes the isolation and identification of several constituents from Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., a medicinal plant frequently employed in folk medicine of many countries as a remedy against several diseases, including inflammation and pain. Our results demonstrate that some of these compounds, such as glochidone, betulinic acid, alpha- and beta-amyrin acetate, isoquercitrin, etc. showed pronounced antinociceptive properties in the writhing test and formalin test in mice. These data confirm our previous work concerning the antinociceptive action of the hydroalcoholic extract of I. pes-caprae and justify, at least in part, the popular use of this plant for the treatment of dolorous processes.

Pharmacy Distribution of Advice, Symptomatic Treatment and Antimicrobial Drugs to Patients with Cough.

It is an accepted fact that, in many countries, pharmacies are the predominant source of medical advice over-the-counter drugs, and supplies of "prescription-only" drugs for sale without a prescription. To assess the activities conducted by pharmacists or pharmacy counter assistants in response to a common health problem, a cross-sectional study was done at 114 pharmacies in Porto Alegre, Brazil. A fictitious case-history of cough was used by trained personnel entering the pharmacy and the subsequent activities by the pharmacist or pharmacy counter assistant were analyzed. Some kind of medication was provided in 101 (88.5%) of the pharmacies. Pharmacists gave medication in 80% of pharmacies, and pharmacy assistants in 95.5% (p<0.03). The class of medication most frequently dispensed was the expectorants (97 times, 92.4%), however, systemic antibiotics were provided in 11 pharmacies (10.5%). Of note, the pharmacists provided antibiotics more frequently than did pharmacy assistants (p=0.016). We conclude that pharmacy advice and symptomatic medical care (expectorants) are very common and that pharmacy assistants are more likely than pharmacists to provide medication. Of concern, when pharmacists were the drug dispensers of antibiotics which should be provided by prescription only, drugs were provided without proper diagnosis, and often in incorrect dosages. This reflects a potentially dangerous practice in need of careful evaluation, education and supervision.

Blunted serotonin-mediated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in chronic fatigue syndrome.

We examined 5HT1a-mediated ACTH release in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) using a between-subjects design. Patients attending a specialist outpatient clinic for CFS, who fulfilled CDC criteria, together with age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects, were recruited. Subjects had a cannula inserted in a forearm vein at 0830 h and were allowed to relax until 0900 h, when baseline bloods for ACTH and cortisol were drawn. They were then given ipsapirone 20 mg PO and further blood for hormone estimation was taken at +30, +60, +90, +120 and +180 min. Baseline ACTH and cortisol levels did not differ between the two groups. Release of ACTH (but not cortisol) in response to ipsapirone challenge was significantly blunted in patients with CFS. We conclude that serotonergic activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is defective in CFS. This defect may be of pathophysiological significance.

Dexamethasone augmentation in treatment-resistant depression.

A total of 10 patients who fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for major depression were recruited to the study, each of whom had failed to respond to a 6-week course of treatment with either sertraline or fluoxetine. Each subject had baseline serum cortisol measurements together with a Hamilton depression (HAMD) score. All patients were started on dexamethasone (3 mg daily) for 4 days, while remaining on their antidepressant treatment. Further Hamilton ratings were made on days 5 and 21. Six patients showed a significant improvement, whilst two showed a minimal response. A good clinical response was associated with a high baseline cortisol level.

Synthesis and biological effects of N-alkylamine-labeled low-molecular-mass dermatan sulfate.

Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a component of connective tissue and catalyzes the heparin cofactor II-mediated inhibition of thrombin. Low-molecular-mass dermatan sulfates (LMMDS) are produced to prolong the antithrombotic activity of this substance. Cleavage of DS by nitrous acid leads to an LMMDS with a terminal 2,5-anhydrotalose (At) group at the reducing end which can react with primary amines. Tyramine (Tyr) was bound to the terminal At of LMMDS using reductive amination. LMMDS-tyr is produced using DS. LMMDS desacetglated were produced using totally deaminated DS. These compounds were employed as a model for the characterization of DS using NMR spectroscopy. The purity of the compounds was checked using capillary electrophoresis. The structure of the products was proven by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. LMMDS-Tyr was radiolabeled with 125I for use in a radioimmunoassay. The anti-Xa activity and antithrombin activity of the tyramine-labeled DS are very low. The clotting assays Heptest, aPTT, thrombin time, and ecarin time indicate a highly anticoagulant-active substance. The heparin cofactor II-mediated inhibition of thrombin is similar to the parent compound. LMMDS were labeled "endpoint-attached." They are a new tool to understand the actions of DS in biologic systems.