Two progressed malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast harbor alterations in genes frequently involved in other advanced cancers.

BACKGROUND: The genomic landscape of phyllodes tumors (PTs) of the breast is not well defined, especially in patients with advanced disease. To shed light on this topic, paired primary and progressed tumor samples from two patients with malignant PTs were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) followed by functional analysis of genetic alterations using two prediction tools. METHODS: The DNA of both the primary tumor and distant metastases of Patient 1 and the primary and recurrent tumor of Patient 2 were subjected to molecular profiling. NGS with the FoundationOne® assay was performed in a commercial molecular pathology laboratory. Two in silico prediction tools were used to estimate the pathogenicity of indicated genetic alterations. RESULTS: In total, 38 genomic alterations were detected, of which 11 were predicted to be probably benign. In Patient 1, 14 aberrations were identified in the primary tumor and 17 in pulmonary metastases, 12 of which were identical. In the primary and recurrent tumor of Patient 2, 17 and 15 sequence variants, respectively, were found, with 13 overlapping findings. Affected genes included seven (TP53, TERT, APC, ARID1A, EGFR, KMT2D, and RB1) of the top 10 most frequently altered genes in other advanced cancer entities, as well as four actionable therapeutic targets (EGFR, KIT, PDGFRA, and BRIP1). Of note, seven genes coding for receptor tyrosine kinases were affected: three in Patient 1 and four in Patient 2. Several genes (e.g. EPHA3, EPHA7, and EPHB1) were shown to be altered for the first time in PTs. CONCLUSIONS: The two progressed malignant PTs investigated here share some of the major genetic events occurring in other advanced cancers.

Correlation of the quantitative level of MGMT promoter methylation and overall survival in primary diagnosed glioblastomas using the quantitative MethyQESD method.

AIMS: O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation is a high predictive factor for therapy results of temozolomide in patients with glioma. The objective of this work was to analyse the impact of MGMT promoter methylation in patients with primary diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) relating to survival using a quantitative method (methylation quantification of endonuclease-resistant DNA, MethyQESD) by verifying a cut-off point for MGMT methylation provided by the literature (

Correction to: MicroRNA expression profiling for the prediction of resistance to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that for one of the authors, Stephanie E. Combs, the middle name was accidentally omitted. They also reported that for two of the authors, Daniel Habermehl and Stephanie E. Combs, two affiliations were accidentally omitted. In this Correction the incorrect and correct author name are shown and the two omitted affiliations are listed.

MicroRNA expression profiling for the prediction of resistance to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in cancer biology. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy followed by surgery is a standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, a subset of patients do not respond. We evaluated whether miRNA profiles can predict resistance to radiochemotherapy. METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pretherapeutic biopsies of patients treated by radiochemotherapy followed by esophagectomy were analyzed. The response was determined by histopathological tumor regression grading. miRNA profiling was performed by microarray analysis (Agilent platform) in 16 non-responders and 15 responders. Differentially expressed miRNAs were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) in an expanded cohort of 53 cases. RESULTS: The miRNA profiles within and between non-responders and responders were highly similar (r = 0.96, 0.94 and 0.95). However, 12 miRNAs were differentially expressed (> twofold; p ≤ 0.025): non-responders showed upregulation of hsa-miR-1323, hsa-miR-3678-3p, hsv2-miR-H7-3p, hsa-miR-194*, hsa-miR-3152, kshv-miR-K12-4-3p, hsa-miR-665 and hsa-miR-3659 and downregulation of hsa-miR-126*, hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-330-3p and hsa-miR-3653. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the microarray findings for hsa-miR-194* and hsa-miR-665 (p < 0.001 each) with AUC values of 0.811 (95% CI 0.694-0.927) and 0.817 (95% CI 0.704-0.930), respectively, in ROC analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that miRNAs are involved in the therapeutic response in ESCC and suggest that miRNA profiles could facilitate pretherapeutic patient selection.

Increased intraepithelial CD3+ T-lymphocytes and high PD-L1 expression on tumor cells are associated with a favorable prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and allow prognostic immunogenic subgrouping.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common esophageal cancer associated with poor prognosis and additional therapeutic strategies must be implemented to optimize ESCC treatment. Meanwhile, the important biologic role and potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of a tumors immunologic microenvironment (IM) have been recognized in various cancers.In order to investigate the contexture and the prognostic relevance of the IM in ESCC, we immunohistochemically evaluated the extent of overall/intraepithelial TILs (CD3+/CD8+) and of PD-1 / PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 125 therapy-naive ESCCs, additionally assessing PD-L1 copy number status via fluorescence in-situ hybridization.High intraepithelial CD3+ TILs (CD3ihigh) and high PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (PD-L1high) were each significantly associated with improved overall- (OS) (CD3+: p = 0.019; PD-L1: p = 0.028), disease specific- (DSS) (CD3+: p = 0.05; PD-L1: p = 0.006) and disease free survival (DFS) (CD3+: p = 0.009; PD-L1: p < 0.001). CD3ihigh- and PD-L1high cases were significantly associated with one another (p < 0.001). Subgrouping of ESCC revealed decreased OS (p = 0.031), DSS (p = 0.012) and DFS (p < 0.001) for CD3ilow/PD-L1low cancers.Our data not only associate CD3ihigh- and PD-L1high ESCC with a beneficial outcome, but also demonstrate PD-L1high- and CD3ihigh status to be closely intertwined. Furthermore, our study demarcates a prognostically unfavorable, "non-immunoreactive" CD3ilow / PD-L1low ESCC-subgroup, potentially forming the basis for an immune-based stratification of ESCC.

Shift in prevalence of HPV types in cervical cytology specimens in the era of HPV vaccination.

The aim of the present population-based cohort study was to analyze the association between the prevalence of 32 types of human papilloma virus (HPV) in 615 female patients with abnormal cervical cytopathology findings. In total, 32 HPV types were screened by DNA array technology. HPV infection was detected in 470 women (76.42%), 419 of whom (89.15%) were infected with ≥1 high-risk (HR)-HPV type. HPV16, which is recognized as the main HR-HPV type responsible for the development of cervical cancer, was observed in 32.98% of HPV+ participants, followed by HPV42 (18.09%), HPV31 (17.66%), HPV51 (13.83%), HPV56 (10.00%), HPV53 (8.72%) and HPV66 (8.72%). The prevalence of HR-HPV types, which may be suppressed directly (in the case of HPV16 and 18), or possibly via cross-protection (in the case of HPV31) following vaccination, was considerably lower in participants ≤22 years of age (HPV16, 28.57%; HPV18, 2.04%; HPV31, 6.12%), compared with participants 23-29 years of age (HPV16, 45.71%; HPV18, 7.86%; HPV31, 22.86%), who were less likely to be vaccinated. Consequently, the present study hypothesizes that there may be a continuous shift in the prevalence of HPV types as a result of vaccination. Furthermore, the percentage of non-vaccine HR-HPV types was higher than expected, considering that eight HPV types formerly classified as 'low-risk' or 'probably high-risk' are in fact HR-HPV types. Therefore, it may be important to monitor non-vaccine HPV types in future studies, and an investigation concerning several HR-HPV types as risk factors for the development of cervical cancer is required.

Epstein-Barr virus infection is strictly associated with the metastatic spread of sinonasal squamous-cell carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal squamous-cell carcinomas (SNSCC) are relatively rare. Thus, data regarding the rate of lymph node metastases are inconsistent in contrast with well-known high metastasis rates in squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) (oral cavity, pharynx and larynx). Hence, the indication for elective neck dissection is difficult in SNSCC. The aim of this study was to assess common genetic alterations and EBV and HPV status as a function of metastasis in SNSCC and HNSCC. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 44 SNSCC and 65 HNSCC for TP53, EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA and BRAF mutations using a high-resolution melting analysis followed by Sanger sequencing. EBV and HPV detection was performed using in situ hybridization for virus encoded RNA. Tumor-associated p16(INK4a) expression was visualized by immunohistochemistry and correlated with HPV infection. The mutation data, EBV and HPV status were statistically compared with the clinical data in SNSCC and HNSCC. RESULTS: TP53 mutations were exclusively associated with shorter survival in SNSCC (p=0.048). All the other markers had no effect on the metastasis rate and survival. In total, 20 of 44 SNSCC were EBV-positive. Only these EBV positive tumors developed lymph node or distant metastases (p=0.008). LMP1 was positive in 14/44 patients. When combining both methods significance for a correlation between EBV/LMP1 positive patients and metastases was even higher (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: In SNSCC, the presence of EBV is strictly associated with metastasis. We recommend an elective neck dissection in patients with EBV-positive SNSCC.

Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct: stepwise progression to carcinoma involves common molecular pathways.

Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct are still poorly characterized regarding (1) their molecular alterations during the development to invasive carcinomas, (2) their subtype stratification and (3) their biological behavior. We performed a multicenter study that analyzed these issues in a large European cohort. Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct from 45 patients were graded and subtyped using mucin markers and CDX2. In addition, tumors were analyzed for common oncogenic pathways, and the findings were correlated with subtype and grade. Data were compared with those from 22 extra- and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Intraductal papillary neoplasms showed a development from preinvasive low- to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis revealed mutated KRAS, overexpression of TP53 and loss of p16 in low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas loss of SMAD4 was found in late phases of tumor development. Alterations of HER2, EGFR, ß-catenin and GNAS were rare events. Among the subtypes, pancreato-biliary (36%) and intestinal (29%) were the most common, followed by gastric (18%) and oncocytic (13%) subtypes. Patients with intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct showed a slightly better overall survival than patients with cholangiocarcinoma (hazard ratio (cholangiocarcinoma versus intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct): 1.40; 95% confidence interval: 0.46-4.30; P=0.552). The development of biliary intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct follows an adenoma-carcinoma sequence that correlates with the stepwise activation of common oncogenic pathways. Further large trials are needed to investigate and verify the finding of a better prognosis of intraductal papillary neoplasms compared with conventional cholangiocarcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase catalytic subunit/PTEN, and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF in primary resected esophageal adenocarcinomas: loss of PTEN is associated with worse clinical outcome.

Alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can be observed in a significant subset of esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs), and targeted therapy against EGFR may become an interesting approach for the treatment of these tumors. Mutations of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) and deregulation of PTEN expression influence the responsiveness against anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal carcinomas. We investigated the prevalence of these events in a collection of 117 primary resected EACs, correlated the findings with EGFR expression and amplification, and determined their clinicopathologic impact. KRAS mutations were detected in 4 (3%) of 117 tumors (3× G12D and 1 G12V mutation). One tumor had a PIK3CA E545K mutation. Neither NRAS nor BRAF mutations were detected. Sixteen (14%) of 117 cases were negative for PTEN expression, determined by immunohistochemistry. Loss of PTEN was observed predominantly in advanced tumor stages (P = .004). There was no association between PTEN and EGFR status. Loss of PTEN was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival (P < .001 each) and also an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = .015). EGFR status had no prognostic impact in this case collection. In summary, loss of PTEN can be detected in a significant subset of EAC and is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Therefore, PTEN may be useful as a prognostic biomarker. In contrast, mutations of RAS/RAF/PIK3CA appear only very rarely, if at all, in EAC. A possible predictive role of PTEN in anti-EGFR treatment warrants further investigations, whereas determination of RAS/RAF/PIK3CA mutations may only have a minor impact in this context.

Expression of the MAP kinase phosphatase DUSP4 is associated with microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer (CRC) and causes increased cell proliferation.

DUSP4 (MKP-2), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP) family and potential tumor suppressor, negatively regulates the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) ERK, p38 and JNK. MAPKs play a crucial role in cancer development and progression. Previously, using microarray analyses we found a conspicuously frequent overexpression of DUSP4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) with high frequent microsatellite instability (MSI-H) compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC. Here we studied DUSP4 expression on mRNA level in 38 CRC (19 MSI-H and 19 MSS) compared to matched normal tissue as well as in CRC cell lines by RT-qPCR. DUSP4 was overexpressed in all 19 MSI-H tumors and in 14 MSS tumors. Median expression levels in MSI-H tumors were significantly higher than in MSS-tumors (p < 0.001). Consistently, MSI-H CRC cell lines showed 6.8-fold higher DUSP4 mRNA levels than MSS cell lines. DUSP4 expression was not regulated by promoter methylation since no methylation was found by quantitative methylation analysis of DUSP4 promoter in CRC cell lines neither in tumor samples. Furthermore, no DUSP4 mutation was found on genomic DNA level in four CRC cell lines. DUSP4 overexpression in CRC cell lines through DUSP4 transfection caused upregulated expression of MAPK targets CDC25A, CCND1, EGR1, FOS, MYC and CDKN1A in HCT116 as well as downregulation of mismatch repair gene MSH2 in SW480. Furthermore, DUSP4 overexpression led to increased proliferation in CRC cell lines. Our findings suggest that DUSP4 acts as an important regulator of cell growth within the MAPK pathway and causes enhanced cell growth in MSI-H CRC.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1--a new mediator of resistance to temozolomide in glioblastoma.

Implementation of chemotherapy with the drug temozolomide increased the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO grade IV), in particular when the O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter is epigenetically silenced. Nevertheless, the prognosis remains poor, and relapse in GBM occurs regularly. This clinical behavior seems to be due to the existence of a therapy-resistant subpopulation of cells that induce tumor regrowth. The objective of this work was to analyze the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1 in mediating temozolomide resistance and its value as a predictor of clinical outcome in GBM patients. Nine GBM cell lines were treated with temozolomide alone or in combination with 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), an inhibitor of ALDH1A1, or with ALDH1A1 short hairpin (sh)RNA. ALDH1A1 expression and MGMT status of 70 primary GBM patients were correlated with median survival. ALDH1A1 overexpression predicted temozolomide resistance in vitro. Sensitivity of ALDH1A1 positive/MGMT-positive cells to temozolomide could be restored by inhibition of ALDH1A1 by DEAB or by knockdown with shRNA, as indicated by increased cytotoxicity, reduced clonogenicity, and accumulation in the G2/M cell-cycle phase. The prognosis of patients with a high level of ALDH1A1 expression was poor compared with that of patients with low levels (P < .0001). ALDH1A1 is a new mediator for resistance of GBM to temozolomide and a reliable predictor of clinical outcome and may serve as a potential target to improve treatment of human GBM.

Evidence of prognostic relevant expression profiles of heat-shock proteins and glucose-regulated proteins in oesophageal adenocarcinomas.

A high percentage of oesophageal adenocarcinomas show an aggressive clinical behaviour with a significant resistance to chemotherapy. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are molecular chaperones that play an important role in tumour biology. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches targeting HSP90/GRP94 have been introduced for treating cancer. We performed a comprehensive investigation of HSP and GRP expression including HSP27, phosphorylated (p)-HSP27((Ser15)), p-HSP27((Ser78)), p-HSP27((Ser82)), HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, GRP78 and GRP94 in 92 primary resected oesophageal adenocarcinomas by using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). Results were correlated with pathologic features and survival. HSP/GRP protein and mRNA expression was detected in all tumours at various levels. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed two distinct groups of tumours with specific protein expression patterns: The hallmark of the first group was a high expression of p-HSP27((Ser15, Ser78, Ser82)) and low expression of GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60. The second group showed the inverse pattern with low p-HSP27 and high GRP78, GRP94 and HSP60 expression. The clinical outcome for patients from the first group was significantly improved compared to patients from the second group, both in univariate analysis (p = 0.015) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.029). Interestingly, these two groups could not be distinguished by immunohistochemistry or qPCR analysis. In summary, two distinct and prognostic relevant HSP/GRP protein expression patterns in adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus were detected by RPPA. Our approach may be helpful for identifying candidates for specific HSP/GRP-targeted therapies.

Archaeal tetrathionate hydrolase goes viral: secretion of a sulfur metabolism enzyme in the form of virus-like particles.

In the course of screening for virus-host systems in extreme thermal environments, we have isolated a strain of the hyperthermophilic archaeaon Acidianus hospitalis producing unusual filamentous particles with a zipper-like appearance. The particles were shown to represent a secreted form of a genuine cellular enzyme, tetrathionate hydrolase, involved in sulfur metabolism.

MethyQESD, a robust and fast method for quantitative methylation analyses in HNPCC diagnostics using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples.

Promoter hypermethylation occurs in various tumors and leads to silencing of tumor-relevant genes. Thus, promoter methylation analysis (MA) has been established as an important tool in cancer research and diagnostics. Here we present MethyQESD (methylation-quantification of endonuclease-resistant DNA) as a fast, easy, precise and reliable method for quantitative MA without the need of bisulfite-treatment or fluorescent probes. Though MethyQESD principally works with any gene promoter we established MethyQESD for the mismatch repair gene MLH1 and tested its utility to differentiate between sporadic microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) colorectal cancer and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) by quantitative MLH1 MA. We investigated formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples from a previously published, well-characterized tumor collective comprising 25 HNPCC, 14 sporadic MSI-H CRC and 16 sporadic microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC. We found a high accuracy of MethyQESD by spiking experiments with dilution series of methylated (SW48 cancer cell line) and unmethylated (blood) DNA (Pearson's r=0.9997 (proximal MLH1 promoter region), r=0.9976 (distal MLH1 promoter region)). MethyQESD and conventional quantitative MA using of 96 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded CRC showed a high degree of concordance of both methods (Pearson's r=0.885). HNPCC tumors showed either null MLH1 methylation or a significantly lower degree of MLH1 methylation than sporadic MSI-H CRC (P<0.001). MLH1 methylation was negative in all MSS tumors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses defined a cutoff value of 16.5% MLH1 methylation for specific and sensitive identification of sporadic MSI-H CRC (area under ROC curve: 1.000; asymptotic significance: P<0.001). Thus, quantitative MLH1 MA by MethyQESD provides a simple, fast and valuable tool to identify HNPCC candidates. Furthermore, MethyQESD works reliably with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue and simplifies DNA MA both for research and diagnostic purposes.

Distinction of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer through quantification of MLH1 methylation by real-time PCR.

PURPOSE: Promoter hypermethylation occurs frequently in tumors and leads to silencing of tumor-relevant genes like tumor suppressor genes. In a subset of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC), inactivation of the mismatch repair gene MLH1 due to promoter methylation causes high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H). MSI-H is also a hallmark of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in which mismatch repair inactivation results from germ-line mutations. For differentiation of sporadic and hereditary MSI-H tumor patients, MLH1 promoter methylation analysis is a promising tool but is not yet used in daily diagnostics because only qualitative techniques without standardization are available. The aim of this study is to establish a reliable and quantitative MLH1 methylation analysis technique and to define valid MLH1 methylation cutoff values for HNPCC diagnostics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We developed a new real-time PCR-based technique to detect and quantify methylation of both proximal and distal hMLH1 promoter regions. We established and validated this technique in a cohort of 108 CRCs [94 MSI-H and 16 microsatellite stable (MSS) cases] comprising a reference (n = 58) and a tester tumor group (n = 50). RESULTS: The reference tumor group contained 28 HNPCC with proven germ-line mutations or positive Amsterdam I criteria (median age, 37 years) and loss of MLH1 expression, 14 sporadic MSI-H CRC tumors with loss of MLH1 expression and BRAF V600E mutation (median age, 80.5 years), and 16 sporadic MSS CRC (median age, 76.5 years). No MLH1 promoter methylation could be found in any MSS tumors. HNPCC patients showed no or low level of MLH1 promoter methylation. A cutoff value of 18% methylation extent could be determined in this study to define MLH1 hypermethylation specific for sporadic MSI-H cases. Methylation could also be verified qualitatively by melting point analysis. BRAF V600E mutations were not detected in any HNPCC patients (n = 22 informative cases). CONCLUSION: According to the present data, quantitative MLH1 methylation analysis in MSI-H CRC is a valuable molecular tool to distinguish between HNPCC and sporadic MSI-H CRC. The detection of a BRAF V600E mutation further supports the exclusion of HNPCC.

Loss of maspin expression contributes to a more invasive potential in malignant melanoma.

Deregulation of protease expression and activity is known to play an important role in tumour progression of malignant melanoma. The serpin maspin, a tumour suppressor in breast and prostate cancer was described as an inhibitor of cell migration and inducer of cell adhesion between the basement membrane and extracellular matrix resulting in inhibition of tumour metastasis. In contrast, overexpression of maspin is correlated with poor prognosis in other cancers. However, little is known about expression, regulation and function of maspin in malignant melanoma. In this study, we found loss of maspin expression in malignant melanoma cells compared with normal human epidermal melanocytes, which was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and microarray. For functional studies, melanoma cell clones stably transfected with a maspin expression vector were tested for changes in proliferation, migration and invasion. Although we could not see differences in proliferation and migration, we detected strongly reduced invasive capacity in the melanoma cell clones in which maspin is re-expressed compared with control. Reduced invasive potential was also detected in three different melanoma cell lines transiently transfected with a maspin expression vector. Furthermore, exogenously added maspin alone was sufficient to reduce invasion in MelIm significantly, indicating that maspin directly inhibits invasion on the cell surface. In summary, we believe that maspin is a tumour suppressor in malignant melanoma.

Nuclear Maspin expression is associated with response to adjuvant 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy in patients with stage III colon cancer.

Maspin, a member of the Serpin protease inhibitor family, is overexpressed in poorly differentiated colorectal tumors and more frequently found in tumors with microsatellite instability. Immunohistochemical nuclear Maspin staining is predominantly seen in tumor cells at the invasion front of such cancers, suggesting that this molecule is associated with local tumor cell infiltration and aggressiveness. In a retrospective study, we studied nuclear Maspin expression as a potential prognostic tool in a total of 172 primary stage III colon cancers by immunohistochemistry. Of those 172 patients, 76 were treated by surgery only, and 96 patients received additional adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy. Nuclear Maspin expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor for overall survival in our patient cohort (hazard ratio 2.08; 95% CI, 1.13-3.81; p = 0.018). However, patients with primary tumors expressing Maspin in the nucleus showed a significant treatment benefit from 5-FU chemotherapy (hazard ratio 0.384; 95% CI, 0.188-0.784; p = 0.009) compared to adjuvantly treated patients whose tumors did not express this molecule. Nuclear Maspin expression is highly predictive of 5-FU chemotherapy response in patients with advanced stage colon cancer. Patients with negative immunohistochemical Maspin expression do not benefit from 5-FU treatment and may be candidates for an alternative (non-5-FU based) adjuvant therapy regime.

Elevated nuclear maspin expression is associated with microsatellite instability and high tumour grade in colorectal cancer.

Maspin, a member of the serpin family, has been reported to suppress metastasis and angiogenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Overexpression of maspin was associated with adverse prognostic features in several other tumours. In this study, expression of maspin was analysed in 41 colorectal carcinomas with high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and 159 microsatellite stable colorectal cancers (MSS/MSI-L) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and partly by relative quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Significant upregulation of maspin expression was found in MSI-H tumours compared to both MSS/MSI-L tumours and matched benign colonic mucosa. Increased maspin expression was also found in three MSI-H colon cancer cell lines, but not in three MSS colon cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Regulation of maspin expression depended on promoter methylation as tissue specimens and cell lines expressing maspin showed unmethylated maspin promoters, whereas promoter hypermethylation was found in specimens with loss of maspin expression. Intense nuclear maspin immunostaining was seen specifically in MSI-H tumours (p = 0.013), de-differentiated tumours (p = 0.006), and at the invasion front. These findings provide new insights into the role of maspin in colorectal cancer progression and may be useful for diagnosis and treatment strategies.

AFV1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus acidianus.

We describe a novel virus, AFV1, of the hyperthermophilic archaeal genus Acidianus. Filamentous virions are covered with a lipid envelope and contain at least five different proteins with molecular masses in the range of 23-130 kDa and a 20.8-kb-long linear double-stranded DNA. The virus has been assigned to the family Lipothrixviridae on the basis of morphotypic characteristics. Host range is confined to several strains of Acidianus and the virus persists in its hosts in a stable carrier state. The latent period of virus infection is about 4 h. Viral DNA was sequenced and sequence similarities were found to the lipothrixvirus SIFV, the rudiviruses SIRV1 and SIRV2, as well as to conjugative plasmids and chromosomes of the genus Sulfolobus. Exceptionally for the linear genomes of archaeal viruses, many short direct repeats, with the sequence TTGTT or close variants thereof, are closely clustered over 300 bp at each end of the genome. They are reminiscent of the telomeric ends of linear eukaryal chromosomes.