The study of structure and effects of two new proanthocyanidins from Anogeissus pendula leaves on rumen enzyme activities.

Two novel proanthocyanidins, (2R, 3R)-(+)-Gallocatechin-(4ß â†’ 8)4-(2R, 3R)-(+)-gallocatechin (compound 1) and 3-O-galloyl-(2S, 3S)-(-)-epicatechin-(4α → 8)-[3-O-galloyl-(2S, 3S)-(-)-epicatechin (4α → 8)]2-(2S, 3S)-(-)-epicatechin (compound 2), were structurally characterized from leaves of Anogeissus pendula. The structures were determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation. Molinspiration and Osiris property explorer applications were used to predict bioactivity and drug score. Drug scores of 0.08 and 0.05 were predicted for compounds 1 and 2, respectively. Predicted bioactivity scores were high. Due to their molecular weight, chemical structure, and conformation, the newly discovered proanthocyanidins possess an inclination to interact with proteins. Based on this premise, both compounds were subjected to in vitro testing against ruminal enzymes. They exhibited significant inhibition activities (p < 0.01) with a range of half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 14.80-17.88 mg/mL of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in both protozoa and bacteria fractions. The ruminal glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity was significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) from EC50 12.59-16.29 mg/mL, and R-cellulase inhibition was recorded with EC50 18.20-21.98 mg/mL by compounds 1 and 2, respectively. Protease activity decreased with increasing incubation time and concentration of both compounds. The novel proanthocyanidins have potential roles in improving feed conversion ratios and in drug development.

Anti-inflammatory effect of dikaempferol rhamnopyranoside, a diflavonoid from Eugenia jambolana Lam. Leaves.

Traditionally, the Indian Blackberry or locally called Jamun, Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Syn.: Syzygium cumini), is well known for its pharmacological potential, particularly anti-inflammatory. Here, we studied kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside]-4'-O-4'- [kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (EJ-01) isolated from the E. jambolana leaves for possible anti-inflammatory activity. EJ-01 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in mice by determining edema volume, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and cytokine levels in paw edema tissue. EJ-01 significantly attenuated the edema, MPO levels, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) levels in the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection at all doses. EJ-01 (30 mg/kg) decreased the nitric oxide (NO) levels of the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EJ-01 might be related to the decrease in the level of edema paw by reduced activities of NO and MPO. It probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1ß. Therefore, we conclude that EJ-01 could be positively exploited for itspotential benefits against inflammatory diseases and support the pharmacological basis of E. jambolana as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

3'-prenyl-4'-methoxy-isoflavone-7-O-beta-D-(2''-O-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside, a novel phytoestrogen from Sopubia delphinifolia.

A novel phytoestrogen compound, 3'-prenyl-4'-methoxy-isoflavone-7-O- beta-D-(2''-O-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside, has been isolated from the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the stems of Sopubia delphinifolia and has been identified by chemical and spectral analysis. Pharmacological examination of the compound showed it to have estrogenic activity.