Modelling and optimization of biodiesel production from waste fish oil using nano immobilized rPichiapastoris whole cell biocatalyst with response surface methodology and hybrid artificial neural network based approach.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particle immobilized recombinant whole cell biocatalyst (rWCB) was used for bioconversion of waste fish oil in to biodiesel in a lab scale packed bed reactor (PBR). Central composite design and hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models were explored to optimize the production of biodiesel. Developed rWCB exhibited maximum lipase activity at 15 % (v/v) of glutaraldehyde concentration and 6 % (w/v) of ZnO nanoparticles at pH of 7. Maximum biodiesel yield reached about 91.54 ± 1.86 % after 43 h in PBR using hybrid ANN model predicted process conditions of 13.2 % (w/v) of nano immobilized rWCB concentration and 4.7:1 of methanol to oil ratio at 33 °C. Importantly, developed nano immobilized rWCB was adequately stable for commercialization. Thus, production of biodiesel from waste fish oil using ZnO nano immobilized rWCB could become potential candidate for commercialization.

Energy generation from bioelectrochemical techniques: Concepts, reactor configurations and modeling approaches.

The process industries play a significant role in boosting the economy of any nation. However, poor management in several industries has been posing worrisome threats to an environment that was previously immaculate. As a result, the untreated waste and wastewater discarded by many industries contain abundant organic matter and other toxic chemicals. It is more likely that they disrupt the proper functioning of the water bodies by perturbing the sustenance of many species of flora and fauna occupying the different trophic levels. The simultaneous threats to human health and the environment, as well as the global energy problem, have encouraged a number of nations to work on the development of renewable energy sources. Hence, bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have attracted the attention of several stakeholders throughout the world on many counts. The bioelectricity generated from BESs has been recognized as a clean fuel. Besides, this technology has advantages such as the direct conversion of substrate to electricity, and efficient operation at ambient and even low temperatures. An overview of the BESs, its important operating parameters, bioremediation of industrial waste and wastewaters, biodegradation kinetics, and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling to describe substrate removal/elimination and energy production of the BESs are discussed. When considering the potential for use in the industrial sector, certain technical issues of BES design and the principal microorganisms/biocatalysts involved in the degradation of waste are also highlighted in this review.

Current and prognostic overview on the strategic exploitation of anaerobic digestion and digestate: A review.

The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for energy are encountered by generating renewable biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) produces not only biogas, also other value-added products from the digestate using various organic, municipal and industrial wastes which have several benefits like remediating waste, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy generation and securing socio-economic status of bio-based industries. This review work critically analyzes the biorefinery approaches on AD process for the production of biogas and digestate, and their direct and indirect utilization. The left-out residue obtained from AD is called 'digestate' which enriched with organic matter, nitrogen, heavy metals and other valuable micronutrients. However, the direct disposal of digestate to the land as fertilizer/landfills creates various environmental issues. Keeping this view, the digestate should be upgraded or transformed into high valued products such as biofertilizer, pyrochar, biodiesel, syngas and soil conditioner that can aid to enrich the soil nutrients and ensures the safe environment as well. In this context, the present review focused to illustrate the current techniques and different strategic exploitations on AD proper management of digestate products for storage and further applications. Such a technology transfer provides a proven strategic mechanism towards the enhancement of the sustainability of bio-based industries, attaining the energy demand, safest waste management, protection of environment and reduces the socio-economic issues of the industrial sector.

Production of biodiesel from Caulerpa racemosa oil using recombinant Pichia pastoris whole cell biocatalyst with double displayed over expression of Candida antartica lipase.

In this study, Caulerpa racemosa oil was used to produce biodiesel by recombinant Pichia pastoris displaying bound (rPp-BL) and secretory lipase (rPp-SL). Collected algae was pre-treated using ultrasonication, microwave and solvent extraction. Defatted C. racemosa was subjected to dilute acid treatment to obtain algal biomass hydrolysate. Both rPp-BL and rPp-SL were cultivated in algal biomass hydrolysate and glycerol. Surfactant treatment was performed on rPp-BL. Screening and optimization of variables were performed for biodiesel production using Plackett Burman design and central composite design, respectively. About 10.64 % (w/w) of algal oil was extracted from C. racemosa. Both rPp-BL and rPp-SL effectively utilized C. racemosa biomass hydrolysate and glycerol. rPp-SL combined with triton X (1.0 % w/v) treated rPp-BL for 3 min improved lipase activity. Methanol to oil ratio, combined whole cell biocatalyst and temperature were significant factors. Under optimum conditions, biodiesel yield reached about 93.64 % after 30 h using developed whole cell biocatalyst.

Techno economic analysis of malic acid production using crude glycerol derived from waste cooking oil.

In the present work, Aspergillus niger was employed to produce commercially valuable malic acid from crude glycerol derived from waste cooking oil. Crude glycerol dosage, yeast extract dosage and initial pH were the influencing factors playing a significant role in the malic acid synthesis. The optimal condition for malic acid biosynthesis was studied by using response surface methodology. Further the feasibility analysis for biosynthesis of malic acid from crude glycerol was studied using the laboratory scale optimized data, with this experimentally optimized data, plant was simulated using SuperPro Designer (v10). The cost involved for malic acid synthesis per unit volume was likely expected to be $0.43/kg of malic acid using reactive extraction method. Thus, process optimization combined with techno-economical analysis of malic acid production could be beneficial.

Anaerobic biobutanol production from black strap molasses using Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC11274: Media engineering and kinetic analysis.

Microbial reduction of black strap molasses (BSM) by Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11,274 was performed for the production of biobutanol. The optimum fermentation conditions were predicted using one factor at a time (OFAT) method. The identification of significant parameters was performed using Plackett-Burman Design (PBD). Furthermore the fermentation conditions were optimized using central composite design (CCD). The kinetics of substrate utilization and product formation were investigated. Initial pH, yeast extract concentration (g/L) and total reducing sugar concentration (g/L) were found as significant parameters affecting butanol production using C. acetobutylicum MTCC11274. The maximum butanol production under optimal condition was 10.27 + 0.82 g/L after 24 h. The waste black strap molasses obtained from sugar industry could be used as promising substrate for the production of next generation biofuel.

Overview of Current Developments in Biobutanol Production Methods and Future Perspectives.

Renewable biobutanol production is receiving more attention toward substituting fossil-based nonrenewable fuels. Biobutanol is recognized as the top most biofuel with extraordinary properties as compared with gasoline. The demand for biobutanol production is increasing enormously due to application in various industries as chemical substituent. Biobutanol production technology has attracted many researchers toward implementation of replacing cost-effective substrate and easy method to recover from the fermentation broth. Sugarcane bagasse, algal biomass, crude glycerol, and lignocellulosic biomass are potential cost-effective substrates which could replace consistent glucose-based substrates. The advantages and limitations of these substrates have been discussed in this chapter. Moreover, finding the integrated biobutanol recovery methods is an important factor parameter in production of biobutanol. This chapter also concentrated on possibilities and drawbacks of obtainable integrated biobutanol recovery methods. Thus, successful process involving cost-effective substrate and biobutanol recovery methods could help to implementation of biobutanol production industry. Overall, this chapter has endeavored to increase the viability of industrial production of biobutanol.

Modelling and process optimization for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis salina using artificial neural network.

In the present investigation, calcium oxide solid nanocatalyst derived from the egg shell and Nannochloropsis salina were used for the production of biodiesel. The morphological characteristics and functional groups of synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized by SEM and FTIR analysis. Process variables optimization for biodiesel production was studied using RSM and ANN. The R2 values for RSM and ANN was found to be 0.8751 and 0.957 which showed that the model was significantly fit with the experimental data. The maximum FAME conversion for the synthesized nanocatalyst CaO was found to be 86.1% under optimum process conditions (nanocatalyst amount: 3% (w/v); oil to methanol ratio 1:6 (v/v); reaction temperature: 60 °C; reaction time 55 min). Concentration of FAME present in biodiesel was identified by GC-MS analysis.

Green processing and biotechnological potential of grape pomace: Current trends and opportunities for sustainable biorefinery.

Grape pomace is a high quality biodegradable residue of the winery industry. It is comprised of grape seed, skin and stalks, and is blessed with substantial quantities of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins with high antioxidant potential. Currently, there is huge emphasis on the isolation of bioactive molecules of grape pomace using green technologies such as microwave, ultrasound, supercritical fluids, high voltage discharge, enzymatic methods and other hybrid techniques. The major applications of these bioactives are contemplatedas nutraceuticals and extension in shelf-life of perishable foodstuffs. Alternatively, the crude form of grape pomace residues can be used for the production of energy, biofertilizers, biochar, biopolymers, composites, feed for ruminants and also, mushroom cultivation through microbial processing. This review discusses value-addition to grape pomace through biotechnological interventions and green processing, providing state-of-art knowledge on current scenario and opportunities for sustainability.

Enhanced malic acid production using Aspergillus niger coupled with in situ product recovery.

In the present investigation, recovery of malic acid from the fermentation broth was performed by using in situ reactive extraction method employing different combination of amine and solvent systems. Totally six solvent mixtures were tested for toxicity on Aspergillus niger PJR1. Further, effect of solvent mixture concentration on separation of malic acid was investigated. Solvent system consisting of 2 M of trioctylamine in 1-octanol was found to be non-toxic to A. niger PJR1 and resulted in the maximum partition coefficient of 0.75 when the solvent mixture to liquid ratio of 1:2 used. A. niger PJR1 from crude glycerol using in situ reactive batch fermentation resulted in the maximum malic acid titer of 115.67 ± 3.5 g/L with the productivity of 0.53 g/L.h after 216 h. Further, fed batch extractive fermentation with crude glycerol resulted in malic acid titer of 131.48 ± 3.4 g/L with the productivity of 0.45 g/L.h after 288 h. Thus reactive extraction combined with in situ fermentation could become effective method for enhanced malic acid production.

Biochemical conversion of biodiesel by-product into malic acid: A way towards sustainability.

Crude glycerol, one of the ever-growing by-product of biodiesel industry and is receiving the closest review in recent times because direct disposal of crude glycerol may emerge ecological issues. The renewability, bioavailability and typical structure of glycerol, therefore, discover conceivable application in serving the role of carbon and energy source for microbial biosynthesis of high value products. This conceivable arrangement could find exploitation of crude glycerol as a renewable building block for bio-refineries as it is economically as well as environmentally profitable. In this review, we summarize the uptake and catabolism of crude glycerol by different wild and recombinant microorganism. The chemical and biochemical transformation of crude glycerol into high esteem malic acid by various microbial pathways is also additionally discussed. An extensive investigation in the synthesis of high-value malic acid production from various feed stock which finds applications in cosmeceutical and chemical industries, food and beverages, and to some extent in the field of medical science is also likewise studied. Finally, the open doors for unrefined crude glycerol in serving as a promising abundant energy source for malic acid production in near future have been highlighted.

Bioethanol production from woody stem Prosopis juliflora using thermo tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its kinetics studies.

In the present study, Kluyveromyces marxianus was utilized to study the batch fermentation kinetics of biomass production, substrate utilization and bioethanol production from woody stem Prosopis juliflora. The pre-treated substrate was subjected to Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) under optimised conditions of pH (4.9), temperature (41 °C), substrate concentration 5% (w/v), inoculum concentration 3% (v/v) and the maximum concentration of bioethanol was found to be 21.45 g/l. The experimental data thus obtained from cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation are employed in the determination of kinetic parameters. Biological models such as Logistic model, Hinshelwood model were used for microbial growth and substrate utilization kinetics respectively. In case of product kinetics, Leudking-Piret plot, Gompertz model and Modified Gompertz model were utilised. Based on these models, kinetic parameters like maximum specific growth rate (µm), saturation constant (Ks), growth associated (α), non-growth associated (ß) and yield coefficients (YX/S, YP/S) were estimated.

Continuous production of biohydrogen from brewery effluent using co-culture of mutated Rhodobacter M 19 and Enterobacter aerogenes.

This study investigated the biohydrogen production from brewery effluents using free and immobilized co-culture of mutated Rhodobacter M 19 and Enterobacter aerogenes obtained from random mutagenesis with ultra violet (UV) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) treatment. The best mutant for biohydrogen production was screened based on the sugar utilization efficiency. Maximum hydrogen production of 87% was achieved with immobilized EtBr mutated co-culture. The mutant immobilized strains showed around 30% enhanced hydrogen production than wild strains at pH 6.9. Gompertz and Richard's model were used to fit the augmenting biohydrogen production and Logistics equation determines the fitness of biomass growth data. The maximal biomass concentration of co-cultures strains was 3.145 g/L with carrying capacity coefficient 0.137 h-1. Gompertz model showed the best fit with minimal error in predicting the biohydrogen potential.

Biodiesel production from microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata using heterogeneous Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) encapsulated ZnOMn2+ nanocatalyst.

In this present work nanocomposite composed of Mn-ZnO capped with Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) was utilized as heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of oil extracted from Nannochloropsis oculata into biodiesel using methanol as an acyl acceptor. The synthesized Mn-ZnO novel nanocomposite capped with Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) was characterized by using SEM and XRD. Lipid contents from the microalgae were extracted by sonication and biphasic solvent method. The process parameters involved for heterogeneous catalysis of N. oculata to biodiesel were optimized and found to be oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:15 (mol:mol), catalyst loading 3.5% (w/w) and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 4 h of reaction time by Response Surface Method. The reusability studies showed that the nano-catalyst can be reused efficiently for 4 cycles. The yield of biodiesel obtained from N. oculata species using Mn-ZnO nanocomposite capped with PEG was 87.5%.

Process optimization and kinetic analysis of malic acid production from crude glycerol using Aspergillus niger.

In the present work, optimization of crude glycerol fermentation to produce malic acid by using Aspergillus niger was investigated using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Kinetic investigation of bioconversion of crude glycerol into malic acid using Aspergillus niger was studied using Monod, Mosser, and Haldane-Andrew models. Crude glycerol concentration, initial pH and yeast extract concentration were found to be significant compounds affecting malic acid production by Aspergillus niger. Both dry cell weight and malic acid titre were found decreased with increase in crude glycerol concentration. Haldane-Andrew model gave the best fit for the production of malic acid from crude glycerol with µmax of 0.1542 h-1. The maximum malic acid production obtained under optimum conditions was 92.64 + 1.54 g/L after 192 h from crude glycerol using Aspergillus niger.

Malic acid production from biodiesel derived crude glycerol using morphologically controlled Aspergillus niger in batch fermentation.

In the present investigation, the effects of crude glycerol concentration, spore inoculum concentration, yeast extract concentration and shaking frequency on seed morphology of Aspergillus niger PJR1 on malic acid production were investigated and dispersed fungal mycelium with higher biomass (20.25 ±â€¯0.91 g/L) was obtained when A. niger PJR1 grow on crude glycerol. Dry cell weight under dispersed fermentation was 21.28% higher than usual pellet fermentation. The optimal crude glycerol, nitrogen source and nitrogen source concentration were found to be 160 g/L, yeast extract and 1.5 g/L, respectively. Batch fermentation in a shake flask culture containing 160 g/L crude glycerol resulted in the yield of malic acid 83.23 ±â€¯1.86 g/L, after 192 h at 25 °C. Results revealed that morphological control of A. niger is an efficient method for increased malic acid production when crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production is used as feedstock.

Malic acid production by chemically induced Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 mutant from crude glycerol.

In the present investigation, crude glycerol derived from transesterification process was utilized to produce the commercially-valuable malic acid. A combined resistant on methanol and malic acid strain of Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 mutant was generated in solid medium containing methanol (1-5%) and malic acid (40-80 g/L) by the adaptation process for 22 weeks. The ability of induced Aspergillus niger MTCC 281 mutant to utilize crude glycerol and pure glycerol to produce malic acid was studied. The yield of malic acid was increased with 4.45 folds compared with that of parent strain from crude glycerol. The highest concentration of malic acid from crude glycerol by using beneficial mutant was found to be 77.38 ±â€¯0.51 g/L after 192 h at 25 °C. This present study specified that crude glycerol by-product from biodiesel production could be used for producing high amount of malic acid without any pretreatment.

Biodiesel production from microbial oil derived from wood isolate Trichoderma reesei.

In the present study Trichoderma reesei, a wood isolate can yield high biomass quantities up to 30g/L, yielding 32.4% of lipids of dry cell weight (DCW). Biodiesel production from Trichoderma reesei involved simple unit operations like filtration and ultrasonication, yet giving good lipid yield with desirable bio-diesel properties. Optimization of ultrasonication conditions was done to ensure maximum lipid extraction. SEM analysis of ultrasonicated samples showed distinct breakage of fungal hyphae. The lipids were found to contain 49.7% saturated fatty acids. Transesterification using chemical and biological catalysts were compared and 96.09% efficiency was observed for lipase-catalyzed transesterification. The bio-diesel properties satisfied ASTM and EN specifications with cetane number: 53.1, iodine value: 63.34g, saponification value: 235.07mg KOH/g, cold flow plugging point: 9.13°C.

Microbial oil - A plausible alternate resource for food and fuel application.

Microbes have recourse to low-priced substrates like agricultural wastes and industrial efflux. A pragmatic approach towards an emerging field- the exploitation of microbial oils for biodiesel production, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, food additives, biopolymer production will be of immense remunerative significance in the near future. Due to high free fatty acid, nutritive content and simpler solvent extraction processes of microbial oils with plant oil, microbial oils can back plant oils in food applications. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the opulence of lipid production in native and standard micro-organisms and also to emphasize the vast array of applications including food and fuel by obtaining maximum yield.

Biodiesel production from different algal oil using immobilized pure lipase and tailor made rPichia pastoris with Cal A and Cal B genes.

In this investigation, oil extraction was performed in marine macroalgae Gracilaria edulis, Enteromorpha compressa and Ulva lactuca. The algal biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infra Red Spectroscopy. Six different pre-treatment methods were carried out to evaluate the best method for maximum oil extraction. Optimization of extraction parameters were performed and high oil yield was obtained at temperature 55°C, time 150min, particle size 0.10mm, solvent-to-solid ratio 6:1 and agitation rate 500rpm. After optimization, 9.5%, 12.18% and 10.50 (g/g) of oil extraction yield was achieved from the respective algal biomass. The rate constant for extraction was obtained as first order kinetics, by differential method. Stable intracellular Cal A and Cal B lipase producing recombinant Pichia pastoris was constructed and used as biocatalyst for biodiesel production. Comparative analysis of lipase activity and biodiesel yield was made with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase.