Microscopic Electric Rotary Grinding of Plaques Combined with Graft Repair in the Management of Peyronie's Disease.

Peyronie's Disease (PD) is clinically characterized by the development of localized fibrous plaques, primarily on the tunica albuginea, especially on the dorsal area of the penis. These plaques are the hallmark feature of this condition, resulting in penile curvature, deformity, and painful erections for affected individuals. Although various nonsurgical treatment options exist, their overall effectiveness is limited. As a result, surgical intervention has become the ultimate choice for patients with severe penile curvature deformities and associated erectile dysfunction. Our research team has successfully employed a combined approach involving microscopic electric rotary grinding of the fibrous plaques and the use of tunica vaginalis or bovine pericardium as graft materials for the repairing of the defects of tunica albuginea in the treatment of PD. This approach has consistently yielded highly satisfactory results regarding the restoration of penile shape, with excellent cosmetic results and significantly improved sexual satisfaction. This protocol aims to present a comprehensive surgical management strategy utilizing electric rotary grinding of the plaques and repairing the defects of tunica albuginea by using the tunica vaginalis, which represents an optimal surgical strategy for treating PD.

Non-polarized and ultra-narrow band filter in MIR based on multilayer metasurface.

We propose an ultra narrow-band filter in the mid infrared region (MIR) using artificial metamaterials (AMM), which is suitable for the design of on-chip photonic spectrometers. 2-D rectangular holes with a cross-like layerout are adopted to enhance the filter's efficiency and precision. Considering the penetration depth of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the metal film, we opt for multi-layer films composed of metal layers and dielectric layers, instead of a single metal layer, to improve the structure's performance in the MIR. This multilayer configuration significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of the AMM structures in the MIR. The transmission peak, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm, can be achieved and tuned in the wavelength range from 3.0 µm to 10.0 µm by changing the periods of the unit cell (enlarging the unit cell from 3.0 to 10.0 µm). The proposed AMM structures, with tunable narrow band transmittance in MIR, exhibit promising potential in the fabrication of narrow band photonic detectors and on-chip spectrometers.

Stress Monitoring of Segment Structure during the Construction of the Small-Diameter Shield Tunnel.

Segmental stress during the construction process plays a pivotal role in assessing the safety and quality of shield tunnels. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology has been proposed for tunnel segment stress monitoring. A laboratory test was conducted to validate the reliable strain measurement of FBG sensors. The field in situ monitoring of a sewerage shield tunnel was carried out to examine the longitudinal and circumferential stresses experienced by the segments throughout the construction phase. The cyclic fluctuations in stress were found to be synchronized with the variations in shield thrust. A comparison was made between the longitudinal and circumferential stress variations observed during the shield-driving and segment-assembly processes. Additionally, the time required for the grouting to reach its full curing strength was estimated, revealing its impact on the stress levels and range of the pipe segment. The findings of this study offer an enhanced understanding of the stress state and health condition of small-diameter shield tunnels, which can help in optimizing the design and construction process of tunnel segments, as well.

OsPMS1 Mutation Enhances Salt Tolerance by Suppressing ROS Accumulation, Maintaining Na+/K+ Homeostasis, and Promoting ABA Biosynthesis.

World-wide, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food source, and its production is often adversely affected by salinity. Therefore, to ensure stable rice yields for global food security, it is necessary to understand the salt tolerance mechanism of rice. The present study focused on the expression pattern of the rice mismatch repair gene post-meiotic segregation 1 (OsPMS1), studied the physiological properties and performed transcriptome analysis of ospms1 mutant seedlings in response to salt stress. Under normal conditions, the wild-type and ospms1 mutant seedlings showed no significant differences in growth and physiological indexes. However, after exposure to salt stress, compared with wild-type seedlings, the ospms1 mutant seedlings exhibited increased relative water content, relative chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, K+ and abscisic acid (ABA) content, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ content, and Na+/K+ ratio, as well as decreased superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ospms1 mutant seedlings treated with 0 mM and 150 mM NaCl showed significant enrichment in biological and cytological processes, such as peroxidase activity and ribosomes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis showed that the DEGs specifically enriched ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Further quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed significant changes in the transcription levels of genes related to abscisic acid signaling (OsbZIP23, OsSAPK6, OsNCED4, OsbZIP66), reactive oxygen scavenging (OsTZF1, OsDHAR1, SIT1), ion transport (OsHAK5), and osmoregulation (OsLEA3-2). Thus, the study's findings suggest that the ospms1 mutant tolerates salt stress at the seedling stage by inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis, and promoting ABA biosynthesis.

A portable, high-throughput real-time quantitative PCR device for point-of-care testing.

Nucleic acids detection has become essential in the identification of many infectious diseases and tumors. Conventional qPCR instruments are not suitable for point-of-care Moreover, current miniaturized nucleic acid detection equipment has limited throughput and multiplex detection capabilities, typically allowing the detection of a limited number of samples. Here, we present an affordable, portable, and high-throughput nucleic acid detection device for point-of-care detection. This portable device is approximately 220 × 165 × 140 mm in size and about 3 kg in weight. It can provide stable and accurate temperature control and analyze two fluorescent signals (FAM and VIC) and run 16 samples simultaneously. As a proof of concept, we used the two purified DNA samples from Bordetella pertussis and Canine parvovirus and the results showed good linearity and coefficient of variation. Moreover, this portable device can detect as low as 10 copies and has good specificity. Therefore, our device can provide advantages in real-time diagnosis of high-throughput nucleic acid detection in the field, especially for resource-limited conditions.

E2Fs co-participate in cadmium stress response through activation of MSHs during the cell cycle.

Cadmium is one of the most common heavy metal contaminants found in agricultural fields. MutSα, MutSß, and MutSγ are three different MutS-associated protein heterodimer complexes consisting of MSH2/MSH6, MSH2/MSH3, and MSH2/MSH7, respectively. These complexes have different mismatch recognition properties and abilities to support MMR. However, changes in mismatch repair genes (OsMSH2, OsMSH3, OsMSH6, and OsMSH7) of the MutS system in rice, one of the most important food crops, under cadmium stress and their association with E2Fs, the key transcription factors affecting cell cycles, are poorly evaluated. In this study, we systematically categorized six rice E2Fs and confirmed that OsMSHs were the downstream target genes of E2F using dual-luciferase reporter assays. In addition, we constructed four msh mutant rice varieties (msh2, msh3, msh6, and msh7) using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exposed these mutant rice seedlings to different concentrations of cadmium (0, 2, and 4 mg/L) and observed changes in their phenotype and transcriptomic profiles using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. We found that the difference in plant height before and after cadmium stress was more significant in mutant rice seedlings than in wild-type rice seedlings. Transcriptomic profiling and qRT-PCR quantification showed that cadmium stress specifically mobilized cell cycle-related genes ATR, CDKB2;1, MAD2, CycD5;2, CDKA;1, and OsRBR1. Furthermore, we expressed OsE2Fs in yeasts and found that heterologous E2F expression in yeast strains regulated cadmium tolerance by regulating MSHs expression. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms revealed that cadmium stress may activate the CDKA/CYCD complex, which phosphorylates RBR proteins to release E2F, to regulate downstream MSHs expression and subsequent DNA damage repairment, thereby enhancing the response to cadmium stress.

Suppression of Phase Transitions in Perovskite Thin Films through Cryogenic Electron Beam Irradiation.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) with superior optoelectronic properties have emerged as revolutionary semiconductor materials for diverse applications. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the microscopic molecular-level structure and the macroscopic optoelectronic properties is essential to boost device performance toward theoretical limits. Here, we reveal the critical role of CH3NH3+ (MA) in the regulation of the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of a MAPbI3 film irradiated by an electron beam at 130 K. The order-to-disorder transformation of the MA cation not only leads to a notably enhanced photoluminescence emission but also results in the suppression of the orthorhombic phase down to 85 K. Taking advantage of the regulation of MA cation dynamics, we demonstrate a perovskite photodetector with 100% photocurrent enhancement and long-term stability exceeding one month. Our study provides a powerful tool for regulating the optoelectronic properties and stabilities of perovskites and highlights potential opportunities related to the organic cation in OIHPs.

Association between Weitbrecht's Retinaculum Injury and Femoral Head Necrosis in Femoral Neck Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between femoral head necrosis (FHN) and injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht in patients with femoral neck fractures who had undergone initial trials of either closed reduction or direct open reduction. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 110 patients with displaced femoral neck fractures admitted to the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai Tongji Hospital between January 2008 and May 2017. Among these, 25 patients underwent initial closed reductions, and 85 patients underwent an open reduction directly. Watson-Jones anterolateral approach was used during the surgery for injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht, and FHN was assessed as a surgical outcome. The severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht was evaluated using a scoring system developed by our surgical team. Follow-up was at least 24 months. RESULTS: The initial closed reduction treatment group had significantly higher total scores of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht (6.24 ± 2.20 vs 4.62 ± 2.12, p = 0.009) compared to the open reduction group. High total scores were significantly associated with initial trials of closed reduction treatment, especially for the broken and released injury to the superior and anterior retinacula (both p = 0.01). Twenty-six patients experienced FHN postoperatively, with mean onset time of 19.42 ± 3.87 months. FHN was significantly associated with the severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht (p < 0.001) at the superior, anterior, and inferior retinacula. FHN was significantly associated with injury to the retinaculum of Weitbrecht in females. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral neck displacement in patients treated initially with closed reduction is associated with subsequent injury to the retinaculum of Weibrecht, which may lead to FHN. Severity of injury to the retinaculum of Weibrecht may be used as a biomarker to evaluate bone necrosis in patients with femoral neck fractures.

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision.

Circumcision using a disposable stapler is becoming quite popular in China. However, improper surgical procedures also bring the risk of penile glans amputation, which is a very rare iatrogenic genital injury. Such complication is conventionally treated by simple hemostasis to achieve self-healing, early gross replantation, or delayed plastic surgery. However, these may lead to obvious unfavorable outcomes such as amputated glans loss, necrosis, malformation healing, or urethral orifice stenosis. In the present study, we adopted microscopic replantation as an emergency approach to achieve the precise anastomoses and anatomic reconstruction of penile glans. The goal of this protocol is to present a detailed emergency management strategy with meticulous surgical skills for the penile glans amputation. The postoperative results showed that the original shape of the glans was perfectly restored with satisfactory cosmetic appearance. The micturition function was completely restored to normal without any obvious complications. There was also no significant reduction in the sensation of amputated glans area. Hence, early meticulous microscopic replantation as soon as possible is an ideal emergency management strategy for the penile glans amputation due to circumcision.

Microscopic Replantation of Complete Penile Amputation With Video Demonstration.

BACKGROUND: Penile amputation is an extremely rare genital injury. To the best of our knowledge, there are only about 200 cases reported in Chinese and English literature, most of them are case reports. So far, there is not any video demonstration of microscopic replantation of complete penile amputation with meticulous surgical skills. OBJECTIVE: To provide a successful example of penile replantation after complete penile amputation through video presentation of the application of meticulous microsurgical techniques and optimized procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 25-year-old patient was admitted to our hospital 3.5 hours after his penis was completely amputated due to self-mutilation. Microscopic penile replantation was immediately performed after preoperative preparation. After the surgical procedure, the patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, analgesia, antithrombotics and anxiolytic. RESULTS: The total ischemic time was about 10 hours. The duration of surgery was about 7 hours. On the 14th day post-surgery, the wound healed smoothly, the glans was ruddy in color, and the appearance returned to normal without obvious complications. The patient urinates normally with a maximal urinary flow rate of 25 ml/s after removing the catheter. Three months after surgery, the local sensation of foreskin and glans recovered significantly, which showed that slight needling could lead to obvious pain, and the penis erection hardness score was 3 during morning erection or urinary bladder distention. Six months after surgery, the patient reported that he was completely satisfied with the result, which showed that the sensation of the penis and glans surface returned to almost normal and the optimal erection hardness score was 4. CONCLUSION: Careful microsurgical anastomosis of the dorsal arteries, deep dorsal vein, superficial dorsal vein and multiple dorsal nerves could obtain ideal recovery of penile appearance and function and avoid any obvious complications.

Huygens' metasurface-based surface plasmon coupler with near-unit efficiency.

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and their counterparts at low frequency (i.e., spoof SPPs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently due to their potential application for routing information with high speeds and bandwidth. To further develop integrated plasmonics, a high-efficiency surface plasmon coupler is required for full elimination of the intrinsic scattering and reflection when exciting the highly confined plasmonic modes, but a solution to this challenge has remained elusive so far. To take on this challenge, here we propose a feasible spoof SPP coupler based on a transparent Huygens' metasurface, which is able to realize more than 90% efficiency in near- and far-field experiments. To be specific, electrical and magnetic resonators are designed separately on both sides of the metasurface to satisfy the impedance-matching condition everywhere, leading to full conversion of plane wave propagation into surface wave propagation. Moreover, a well-optimized plasmonic metal which is able to support an eigen SPP is designed. This proposed high-efficiency spoof SPP coupler based on a Huygens' metasurface may pave the way for the development of high-performance plasmonic devices.

Identification of a VHL gene mutation in atypical Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation and gene therapy perspective.

BACKGROUND: Classical von Hippel Lindau (VHL) disease/syndrome includes CNS hemangioblastoma, renal or pancreatic cysts, pheochromocytoma, renal carcinoma and exodermic cystadenoma. The syndrome is caused by mutation of VHL tumor suppressor gene. The most prevalent mutations are present in VHL syndrome. To date, > 500 mutations of gene related to the progression of VHL syndrome have been reported. VHL gene mutation presented in single lung or pancreatic tumor has been reported occasionally, but there is no report of both. METHODS: In this paper, we used CT scan, pathological and genetic examination methods to diagnose a rare atypical VHL syndrome. RESULTS: We reported a rare case of atypical VHL syndrome with authenticated VHL mutation at p.Arg167Gln, that was associated with not only bilateral pheochromocytoma but also lung carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas. Based on literature reviews, the patient was recommended to be further subjected to octreotide-based radionuclide therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Combined with gene detection and clinical diagnosis, we found the inherent relationship between VHL genotype and phenotype, and constructed the standard diagnosis and treatment process of disease with rare VHL mutation from the perspective of gene therapy.

Self-trapped exciton emission in an Sn(II)-doped all-inorganic zero-dimensional zinc halide perovskite variant.

The toxicity of Pb in conventional perovskites impedes the commercialization of their optoelectronic devices. Therefore, the search for comparable Pb-free perovskites is vital and needs urgent attention. Herein, for the first time, we successfully synthesize the Sn(II)-doped Pb-free zinc-based perovskite variant Cs2ZnCl4. The influence of doping is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Broad bright red emission with a large Stokes shift is observed and attributed to the self-trapped exciton (STE) emission of the doped disphenoidal [SnCl4]2- units in the host matrix, from 3P1 to 1S0. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) shows a peak split at cryogenic temperature, which is ascribed to the Jahn-Teller effect of the 3P1 state. Theoretical study reveals that the impurity states of Sn2+ shrink the bandgap and localize the band edges, and distortion of [SnCl4]2- under excitation ultimately leads to the STE emission. This work is significant for STE emission studies and will pave a way for Pb-free perovskite variants in illumination applications.

PHLDA1 Modulates the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response and is required for Resistance to Oxidative Stress-induced Cell Death in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells.

Objective: Pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 1 (PHLDA1) has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in a variety of normal cell types and cancers. However, its precise pathophysiological functions remain unclear. Here, we examined the expression of PHLDA1 in human ovarian cancer (OvCa), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and investigated its functions in vitro. Materials and Methods: The expression of PHLDA1 was detected by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemical analysis, or western blotting, silencing of PHLDA was achieved by shRNA, cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric analysis, PHLDA1 transcriptional activity was detected by dual luciferase reporter assay. Results: PHLDA1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in serous OvCa specimens compared with normal ovarian tissue, confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of PHLDA1 protein, which also indicated the expression was predominantly cytoplasmic. Bioinformatics analysis of publicly available datasets indicated that PHLDA1 expression in clinical specimens was significantly associated with disease stage, progression-free survival, and overall survival. In human OvCa cell lines, shRNA-mediated silencing of PHLDA1 expression enhanced apoptosis after exposure to oxidative stress- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents. PHLDA1 silencing increased not the expression of anti-apoptotic or autophagy-related proteins, but the expression of ER stress response-associated proteins. Conclusion: PHLDA1 modulates the susceptibility of human OvCa cells to apoptosis via the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway.

Lead-Free Antimony Halide Perovskite with Heterovalent Mn2+ Doping.

Lead toxicity is hindering the applications of conventional lead halide perovskites (PVKs), and antimony (Sb) is a promising nontoxic Pb alternative, showing huge potential in optoelectronic devices. Herein, pure and Mn-doped Cs3Sb2Cl9 crystals are synthesized in a facile route and studied both experimentally and theoretically. All the pure and Mn-doped Cs3Sb2Cl9 crystals show good crystallinity and similar crystal structures, exhibiting visible photoluminescence (PL) characteristics with emission peaks at 422 and 613 nm, respectively. Combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental analyses reveal that the structure of the host PVK compound Cs3Sb2Cl9 is not influenced by the formation of [MnCl6]4- octahedra and that Mn 3d orbitals generate impurity states in the forbidden energy gap of Cs3Sb2Cl9. Therefore, energy transfer from Cs3Sb2Cl9 to Mn 3d states is observed, resulting in the d-d transition and bright red luminescence. Mn-doped Sb-based PVK can be utilized as a new platform for optoelectronic applications.

[Case control study on micro external fixator in treating supracondylar fracture of humerus in children].

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical effects of micro external fixator for the treatment of supracondylar fracture of humerus in children. METHODS: From October 2017 to December 2018, 20 children with supracondylar fracture of humerus (treatment group) were admitted and treated with micro-external fixation after closed reduction, including 14 males and 6 females, aged from 6 to 14 years old with an average of (7.9±2.4) years old, classified to Gartland Ⅲ. Thirty nine children with supracondylar fracture of humerus were admitted as control group from January 2015 to September 2017, and treated with closed reduction Kirschner wire fixation. Among them, including 24 males and 15 females, aged from 6 to 14 years old with an average of (8.1±1.9) years old, classified to GartlandⅢ. Operation time, times of intraoperative fluoroscopy, and complications between two groups were observed and compared, Mayo scoring system at the latest follow up was used to evaluate clinical effect. RESULTS: Twenty children in treatment group were followed up from 6 to 12 months with an average of (8.0±2.5) months, operation time was(30.10±12.50) min, times of intraoperative fluoroscopy was(10.00±2.50). Fifteen patients got excellent results, 3 good, 2 fair according to Mayo elbow joint scoring. No ulnar nerve injury moderate or severe elbow varus occurred in treatment group. Thirty-nine children in control group were followed up from 5 to 13 months with an average of (9.0±3.1) months, operation time was(45.60±18.90) min, times of intraoperative fluoroscopy was(19.00±5.60). Twenty-three patients got excellent results, 12 good, 3 fair and 1 poor according to Mayo elbow joint scoring. One child occurred ulnar nerve injury and recovered at the final follow-up, 1 child occurred severe cubitus varus and 2 children occurred moderate cubitus varus. There was no statistical difference in clinical effect between two groups (P>0.05). Occurrence rate of moderate and server cubitus varus, operation time and times of intraoperative fluoroscopy in treatment group were better than that of control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Treated with closedreduction and mini external fixator fixed on children humerus condyle fracture could receive the same clinical result as closed as reduction gram needle fixation, which has advantages of shorter operation time, less times of intraoperative fluoroscopy, not esay to damage ulnar nerve during operation, less incidence of moderate and severe cubitus varus deformity after operation, and the permeation was simple.

Applications of Micro-Indentation Technology to Estimate Fracture Toughness of Shale.

The fracture toughness of shale is a basic parameter that can provide effective theoretical support for wellbore stability and hydraulic fracturing of a shale reservoir. Due to the composition and microstructure, there are many problems in evaluating the mechanical properties of shale in a macroscopic test. In this paper, the composition and pore distribution of shale were studied by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the pore structure. The setting of experimental parameters and the selection of the indenter were discussed. Micro-indentation technique was proposed and applied to fracture toughness analysis of shale. The results show that Berkovich indenter is more suitable for shale indentation test than Vickers indenter. Fracture toughness of shale indentation is obviously affected by surface roughness and indentation position. Fracture toughness of shale decreases slightly with the increase of the indentation load. The energy analysis result presents that the effect of cracking on the ratio of total/unloading work is minimal when there is no significant stripping on the shale surface. Compared with the experimental method, energy methods can obtain all the analysis parameters from a single indentation test. The results of comparative analysis with macroscopic experiments display that micro-indentation test can effectively predict the macroscopic fracture toughness of shale.

Structure parameter optimization and bearing limit analysis of the expansion unit of three-roller tube expander.

The critical technical issues for the structure design of three-roller tube expander were first studied and analysed in this paper. Then, the major design parameters of the expansion unit structure and the bearing limit of 12»â€³ three-roller tube expander were optimized and investigated by finite-element numerical simulation method. Results from study show that the required expansion force increases when the taper angle of the roller outer surface gets larger, taking the axial expansion force as the quantitative indicators. It is suggested that the roller tape angle of the expansion unit should be in the range of 9-12° considering the proper length of the roller and the non-self-locking tube expansion process. The required expansion force of the bellows first decreases and then increases when the gauge length of the expansion unit becomes longer. The optimal value of the gauge length is 50 mm considering the proper length of the roller. And according to the numerical simulation results, the designed three-roller tube expander meets the strength requirements. The results of this study are of great significance to the expend bellows drilling technology.

Structure of the enterovirus D68 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in complex with NADPH implicates an inhibitor binding site in the RNA template tunnel.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging viral pathogen belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, which is a serious threat to human health and has resulted in significant economic losses. The EV-D68 genome encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) 3Dpol, which is central for viral genome replication and considered as a promising target for specific antiviral therapeutics. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human EV-D68 RdRp in the apo state and in complex with the inhibitor NADPH, which was selected by using a structure-based virtual screening approach. The EV-D68-RdRp-NADPH complex is the first RdRp-inhibitor structure identified in the species Enterovirus D. The inhibitor NADPH occupies the RNA template binding channel of EV-D68 RdRp with a novel binding pocket. Additionally, residues involved in the NADPH binding pocket of EV-D68 RdRp are highly conserved in RdRps of enteroviruses. Therefore, the enzyme activity of three RdRps from EV-D68, poliovirus, and enterovirus A71 is shown to decrease when titrated with NADPH separately in vitro. Furthermore, we identified that NADPH plays a pivotal role as an RdRp inhibitor instead of a chain terminator during restriction of RNA-dependent RNA replication. In the future, derivatives of NADPH may pave the way for novel inhibitors of RdRp through compound modification, providing potential antiviral agents for treating enteroviral infection and related diseases.

Author Correction: Creep in Primary Consolidation with Rate of Loading Approach.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.