Mild renal insufficiency and attributable risk of adverse In-hospital outcomes in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome from the improving care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC) project.

BACKGROUND: Renal insufficiency (RI) is a frequent comorbidity among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We aimed to evaluate the attributable risk associated with mild RI for the in-hospital outcomes in patients with ACS. METHODS: The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-ACS (CCC-ACS) Project was a collaborative study of the American Heart Association and the Chinese Society of Cardiology. A total of 92,509 inpatients with a discharge diagnosis of ACS were included. The attributable risk was calculated to investigate the effect of mild RI (eGFR 60-89 ml / min · 1.73 m2) on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) during hospitalization. RESULTS: The average age of these ACS patients was 63 years, and 73.9% were men. The proportion of patients with mild RI was 36.17%. After adjusting for other possible risk factors, mild RI was still an independent risk factor for MACEs in ACS patients. In the ACS patients, the attributable risk of eGFR 60-89ml/min·1.73m2 to MACEs was 7.78%, 4.69% of eGFR 45-59 ml/min·1.73m2, 4.46% of eGFR 30-44 ml/min·1.73m2, and 3.36% of eGFR<30 ml/min·1.73m2. CONCLUSION: Compared with moderate to severe RI, mild RI has higher attributable risk to MACEs during hospitalization in Chinese ACS population.

Efficacy of medication therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and mortality of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are high in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is still a lack of recommendations for the medication therapy of these patients in the guideline so far. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all the studies assessing medication therapy for patients with CKD and HFpEF by July 21, 2021. Pooled analysis was performed using a random-effect model and the quality assessment was performed. In our research, we followed to the Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO. RESULTS: We finally identified six studies, three of which were randomized controlled trials and the others were retrospective cohort studies. The results of meta-analysis including three retrospective cohort studies showed that renin-angiotensin system inhibitors had significantly reduced all-cause mortality by 14% (3 studies, 3816 patients, HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.79-0.95; I2 = 49%; P = 0.003), and all-cause hospitalization by 11% (2 studies, 2350 patients, HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.85-0.94; I2 = 0%; P < 0.00001) in patients with CKD and HFpEF. However, there was no significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (3 studies, 3816 patients, HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.75-1.04; I2 = 75%; P = 0.13). One of the studies focused on the sacubitril-valsartan showed that sacubitril-valsartan was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.95). The study focused on the carvedilol did not show a significant reduction in the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death (HR 0.917, 95% CI 0.501-1.678). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with CKD and HFpEF, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors is associated with significant benefits in all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization but has no significant effect on hospitalization for heart failure. The subgroup analysis of one RCT study focused on ARNI showed that although long-term treatment with sacubitril-valsartan may reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death, more studies are needed to confirm that.

Prophylactic dialysis improves short-term clinical outcome in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported that prophylactic dialysis can reduce the mortality of non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients after cardiac surgery. However, the results of complications in these randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not consistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effect of prophylactic dialysis in these non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients. METHODS: We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane's Library and other online sources for related RCTs. Effects of prophylactic dialysis on the incidence of 30 days' mortality and postoperative complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Four RCTs comprising 395 patients were included, all of them treated by coronary artery bypass grafting. Treatment of preoperative and intraoperative prophylactic dialysis significantly reduced the rate of 30-day all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.58, P < 0.001, I2 = 0%) and the incidence of pulmonary complications (RR: 0.39, 95% CI, 0.20-0.77, P = 0.007, I2 = 0%), low cardiac output (RR: 0.29, 95% CI, 0.09-0.99, P = 0.05, I2 = 0%), and acute kidney injury (RR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.52, P = 0.001, I2 = 0%). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the dialysis group and the control group in gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis or multiple organ failure, wound infection, arrhythmia, transient neurologic deficit, stroke and re-exploration for bleeding. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic dialysis can improve the 30-day clinical outcomes of non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients undergoing cardiac surgery, it was associated with the 30-day mortality benefit and led to a decrease in the incidence of pulmonary complications, as well as low cardiac output, and acute kidney injury.

The association between atrial fibrillation and in-hospital outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients with acute coronary syndrome: findings from the improving care for cardiovascular disease in China-acute coronary syndrome (CCC-ACS) project.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to explore the frequency and impact of AF on clinical outcomes in CKD patients with ACS. METHODS: CKD inpatients with ACS between November 2014 and December 2018 were included based on the improving care for cardiovascular disease in China-ACS (CCC-ACS) project. Included patients were divided into an AF group and a non-AF group according to the discharge diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 16,533 CKD patients with ACS were included. A total of 1418 (8.6%) patients had clinically recognized AF during hospitalization, 654 of whom had an eGFR of 45 to < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 764 had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2. Compared with the non-AF group, the AF group had a higher risk of in-hospital mortality [OR 1.250; 95% CI (1.001-1.560), P = 0.049] and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) [OR 1.361; 95% CI (1.197-1.547), P < 0.001]. We also found that compared with patients with eGFR 45 to < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, patients with eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 had a 1.512-fold increased risk of mortality and a 1.435-fold increased risk of MACEs. CONCLUSIONS: AF was a risk factor affecting the short-term prognosis of ACS patients in the CKD population. Furthermore, the lower the eGFR, the higher the risk of in-hospital mortality and MACEs in CKD patients with ACS. TRIAL REGISTRY: Clinicaltrial.gov, NCT02306616. Registered 29 November 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02306616?term=NCT02306616&draw=2&rank=1.

In-hospital acute kidney injury and atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and outcome.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and the risk factors of in-hospitalized acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients hospitalized for atrial fibrillation (AF) were unclear. METHODS: The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-AF (CCC-AF) project is an ongoing registry and quality improvement project, with 240 hospitals recruited across China. We selected 4527 patients hospitalized for AF registered in the CCC-AF from January 2015 to January 2019. Patients were divided into the AKI and non-AKI groups according to the changes in serum creatinine levels during hospitalization. RESULTS: Among the 4527 patients, the incidence of AKI was 8.0% (361/4527). Multivariate logistic analysis results indicated that the incidence of in-hospital AKI in patients with AF on admission was 2.6 times higher than that in patients with sinus rhythm (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.77-3.81). Age (per 10-year increase, OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.38), atrial flutter/atrial tachycardia on admission (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.12-4.15), diuretics therapy before admission (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.04) and baseline hemoglobin (per 20 g/L decrease, OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.32) were independent risk factors for in-hospital AKI. ß blockers therapy given before admission (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.87) and non-warfarin therapy during hospitalization (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.96) were associated with a decreased risk of in-hospital AKI. After adjustment for confounders, in-hospital AKI was associated with a 34% increase in risk of major adverse cardiovascular (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.90, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should pay attention to the monitoring and prevention of in-hospital AKI to improve the prognosis of patients with AF.

Risk factors of acute kidney injury in patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection involving the renal artery who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and serious complications in patients with type B aortic dissection (TBAD). This study aimed at investigating the incidence and risk factors of in-hospital AKI in TBAD patients involving the renal artery who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) only. METHODS: A total of 256 patients who were diagnosed as TBAD combined with renal artery involvement were included in this retrospective study. All patients were divided into the AKI group and the non-AKI group according to the KDIGO criteria. The risk factors for AKI were identified using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 256 patients were included in this study, and the incidence of AKI was 18% (46/256). Patients in the AKI group were more likely to have a higher proportion of the youth, a higher level of body mass index, and a shorter time from onset to admission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the youth (age ≤40 years) (OR: 2.853, 95%CI: 1.061-7.668, p = .038) were prone to AKI, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR: 1.526, per 15-ml/min/1.73 m2 decrease, 95%CI: 1.114-2.092; p = .009), higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (OR: 1.418, per 10-mmHg increase; 95%CI: 1.070-1.879; p = .015), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥7 mmol/L on admission (OR: 2.592; 95%CI: 1.299-5.174; p = .007) were independent risk factors for AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Higher incidence of AKI had been perceived in this study, most of them were young and middle-aged patients. Renopreventive measures should be considered in those high-risk patients with younger age, lower eGFR, higher DBP, and higher FBG on admission.

Admission fasting plasma glucose is associated with in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes: findings from the improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China - Acute Coronary Syndrome (CCC-ACS) project.

BACKGROUND: The discrepancy between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in clinical practice may be related to factors such as acute stress, renal dysfunction, and anemia, and its relationship with in-hospital outcomes is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the type of discrepancy between HbA1c and FPG and in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and diabetes. METHODS: The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China - Acute Coronary Syndrome (CCC-ACS) project is a national, hospital-based quality improvement project with an ongoing database. Patients with ACS, diabetes and complete HbA1c and FPG values at admission were included. The consistent group included patients with HbA1c < 6.5% and FPG < 7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L. The discrepancy group included patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and FPG < 7.0 mmol/L (increased HbA1c group) or HbA1c < 6.5% and FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (increased FBG group). RESULTS: A total of 7762 patients were included in this study. The numbers of patients in the consistent and discrepancy groups were 5490 and 2272 respectively. In the discrepancy group, increased HbA1c accounted for 77.5% of discrepancies, and increased FPG accounted for 22.5% of discrepancies. After adjusting for confounders, patients in the increased FPG group had a 1.6-fold increased risk of heart failure (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08-2.44), a 1.6-fold increased risk of composite cardiovascular death and heart failure (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.09-2.43), and a 1.6-fold increased risk of composite major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and heart failure (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.08-2.24) compared to patients in the increased HbA1c group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with an increased FPG but normal HbA1c had a higher risk of in-hospital adverse outcomes than those with increased HbA1c but normal FPG. This result may indicate that when HbA1c and FPG are inconsistent in patients with ACS and diabetes, the increased FPG that may be caused by stress hyperglycemia may have a more substantial adverse effect than increased HbA1c, which may be caused by chronic hyperglycemia. These high-risk patients should be given more attention and closer monitoring in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRY: Clinicaltrial.gov , NCT02306616 . Registered 29 November 2014.

Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with renal failure suffer from symptoms caused by uraemic toxins, possibly of gut microbial origin, as deduced from studies in animals. The aim of the study is to characterise relationships between the intestinal microbiome composition, uraemic toxins and renal failure symptoms in human end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DESIGN: Characterisation of gut microbiome, serum and faecal metabolome and human phenotypes in a cohort of 223 patients with ESRD and 69 healthy controls. Multidimensional data integration to reveal links between these datasets and the use of chronic kidney disease (CKD) rodent models to test the effects of intestinal microbiome on toxin accumulation and disease severity. RESULTS: A group of microbial species enriched in ESRD correlates tightly to patient clinical variables and encode functions involved in toxin and secondary bile acids synthesis; the relative abundance of the microbial functions correlates with the serum or faecal concentrations of these metabolites. Microbiota from patients transplanted to renal injured germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated rats induce higher production of serum uraemic toxins and aggravated renal fibrosis and oxidative stress more than microbiota from controls. Two of the species, Eggerthella lenta and Fusobacterium nucleatum, increase uraemic toxins production and promote renal disease development in a CKD rat model. A probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis decreases abundance of these species, reduces levels of toxins and the severity of the disease in rats. CONCLUSION: Aberrant gut microbiota in patients with ESRD sculpts a detrimental metabolome aggravating clinical outcomes, suggesting that the gut microbiota will be a promising target for diminishing uraemic toxicity in those patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03010696).

[Total parathyroidectomy in treatment of Sagliker syndrome in 10 cases of hemodialysing patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the parathyroidectomy (PTX) in the treatment of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) with Sagliker syndrome (SS). METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken among 212 SS patients underwent PTX in our hospital and with more than 3 years' follow up. The definitions of the efficacy were based on the postoperative intact parathyroid hormone level (iPTH). "Cure" showed that the iPTH was < 150 ng/L; "marked effectiveness" was 150 - 300 ng/L; "effectiveness" was 301 - 500 ng/L; "ineffectiveness" was > 500 ng/L. The status was defined as persistent SHPT if iPTH was > 150 ng/L after surgery. The status was considered as SHPT recurrence if iPTH was < 100 ng/L in the first week after surgery, and gradually increased and > 150 ng/L with the follow-up. RESULTS: (1) Ten patients were involved and the average dialysis time was 142 months [male/female: 4/6; age 30 - 54 (39.3 ± 10.4) years]. All patients had severe bone and joint pain, accompanied with progressive facial increases, chicken breast, kyphosis, hip bone deformities, and body height shortening. (2) Preoperative tests: the median of iPTH 2000 (1800 - 2863) ng/L; serum calcium (2.45 ± 0.21) mmol/L, phosphorus (2.19 ± 0.51) mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (1189.8 ± 780.0) IU/L. Two to four enlarged parathyroid glands were confirmed by ultrasound and (99)Tc(m)-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy. (3) Surgical procedures: local or general anesthesia for PTX. Supplement with calcium and calcitriol implemented low serum calcium after PTX. (4) FOLLOW-UP: symptoms, including bone pain, muscle weakness, skin itching, and insomnia, were significantly improved after surgery. Transient hoarseness occurred in 2 cases. The iPTHs of all patients were decreased significantly after surgery. The median of iPTH was 55.5 (10 - 967) ng/L at 1 month post PTX, and was significantly less than prior to PTX (P < 0.001). Eight patients were "cure", 1 "marked effectiveness", and 1 "ineffectiveness". Two patients were persistent SHPT, and 1 died of heart failure in the 4(th) year after PTX. The development of bone deformities was stopped and malnutrition was improved in long-time follow up. The level of iPTH 135 (28 - 390) ng/L (P < 0.001), serum calcium, phosphorus, and ALP showed normal in the third year. The SHPT recurrence was appeared in the 2(nd) and 3(rd) year in 2 out of 8 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Total PTX can effectively treat SS by SHPT. It can improve prognosis for patients, such as bone pain disappearing, bone deformities stopping and malnutrition improving, etc. The level of iPTH may rise again in some patients in the future. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to monitoring.

[Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular geometry and function in maintenance hemodialysis uremic patients].

OBJECTIVE: To assess left ventricular (LV) geometry, LV diastolic and systolic function in maintenance hemodialysis uremic patients. METHODS: Forty uremic patients and forty-five normal subjects were included in this study. LV volume, LV mass index (LVMI), relative wall thickness (RWT), LV mass and diastolic volume ratio (LVM/EDV) were measured. Mitral flow E velocity and A velocity ratio, deceleration time, mitral flow E velocity and mitral annulus Ea velocity ratio (E/Ea), pulmonary vein flow S velocity and D velocity ratio, atrial flow reversal velocity of pulmonary vein flow, mitral inflow propagation velocity, left atrium volume (LAV) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) were determined for diastolic function evaluation. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and single volume (SV) were derived from 3D echocardiography, systolic velocity of mitral valve annulus (Sa) by pulse tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were used to evaluate systolic function. The time to peak systolic velocity (Ts) and early diastole velocity (Td) of LV 12 segments were measured using TDI. The maximal difference of Ts and Td (Ts-Dif and Td-Dif) were calculated to assess LV systolic and diastolic asynchrony. RESULTS: RWT, LVMI and LVM/EDV were significantly increased in uremic patients. There were 50% concentric, 17.5% eccentric hypertrophy and 17.5%concentric remodeling, respectively in uremic patients. The indices for LV diastolic function (E/Ea, LAV and PASP) were significantly higher in uremic patients than those in control subjects (P < 0.01). About 85% of the diastolic dysfunction in uremic patients presented as impaired relaxation pattern and 32.5% as increased filling pressure. LVEF and SV were similar between uremic patients and control subjects. Sa was significantly lower in uremic group than that in controls (P < 0.05). Ts-Dif was similar between the 2 groups while Td-Dif was significantly higher in uremic patients than control subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LV hypertrophy, LV mass increase and LV diastolic dysfunction were the major characteristic of myocardial injury in uremia patients.