Interindividual variability of adaptations following either traditional strength or power training combined to endurance training in older men: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

This study aimed to investigate the interindividual responses following two different concurrent training (CT) regimens in neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional outcomes of older men. Thirty-five older men (65.8 ± 3.9 years) were randomly allocated into one of two CT groups: power training (PT) + high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 17); or traditional strength training (TST) + HIIT (n = 18). Maximal dynamic strength (one-repetition maximum, 1RM), rate of force development at 100 milliseconds (RDF100), countermovement jump power (CMJ), quadriceps femoris muscle thickness (QF MT), functional tests (sit-to-stand, timed-up-and-go, and stair climbing), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were assessed pre-, post-8 and post-16 weeks of training. The Chi-squared test was used for assessing differences in the prevalence of responders (Rs), non-responders (NRs), and adverse responders (ARs). Similar prevalence of individual responses (Rs, NRs and ARs) between groups were observed after intervention in almost all outcomes: 1RM; power at CMJ; QF MT, and functional tests (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in the distribution of Rs, NRs and ARs between groups was observed in the RFD100 after 16 weeks (p = 0.003), with PT + HIIT group presenting high prevalence of Rs than TST + HIIT (100 % vs. 50 %). The inclusion of explosive-type of contractions in a concurrent training regime induces greater responsiveness in the RFD100 in older men, while no differences compared to traditional strength training are observed in maximal strength, muscle size, VO2peak, and functional performance.

Chronic aerobic exercise prevents high-fructose diet-induced impairment in blood pressure in healthy young adults: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.

The purpose of the study was to verify the effect of 4 weeks of a high-fructose diet (HFD) associated with aerobic training on the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Twenty-one young adults were randomised into three groups: HFD (HFD: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day), high-glucose diet (HGD: 1 g/kg body weight of glucose/day) and high-fructose diet and exercise (HFDE: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day + 3 weekly 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercise). Before and after the 4 weeks of the intervention, blood samples were taken and flow-mediated dilatation, insulin resistance index, pancreatic beta cell functional capacity index, insulin sensitivity index and 24-h blood pressure were evaluated. HFD showed an increase in uric acid concentrations (P = 0·040), and HGD and HFDE groups showed no changes in this outcome between pre- and post-intervention; however, the HFDE group showed increased uric acid concentrations from the middle to the end of the intervention (P = 0·013). In addition, the HFD group showed increases in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0·022) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0·009). The HGD group exhibited decreases in nocturnal SBP (P = 0·028) and nocturnal DBP (P = 0·031), and the HFDE group showed a decrease in 24-h SBP (P = 0·018). The consumption of 1 g/kg of fructose per day may increase uric acid concentrations and blood pressure in adults. Additionally, aerobic exercises along with fructose consumption attenuate changes in uric acid concentrations and prevent impairment in nocturnal blood pressure.

Moderate intensity cycling is better than running on recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of moderate intensity running and cycling on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage in men. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty volunteers were randomized in three groups [running (RG; n = 10), cycling (CG; n = 10) and control (CON; n = 10)] and were evaluated at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h of knee extensors' muscle damage protocol. CON performed passive recovery, while RG and CG performed active recovery immediately after the protocol, as well as 24 h and 48 h afterwards. MAIN OUTCOMES: (i) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); (ii) delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS); (iii) plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS: No group-by-time interaction was found in any outcome evaluated (p > 0.05). All groups presented decreases in MVIC and increases in DOMS (p < 0.001), without differences in CK and LDH. Compared with CON, exercise groups presented likely beneficial effects for LDH, while only CG had a likely beneficial effect for DOMS. Lastly, CG presented likely/very likely beneficial effects for MVIC and DOMS compared to RG. CONCLUSION: Although the null hypothesis analysis did not find differences, the magnitude-based inference analysis suggested that moderate intensity cycling have likely beneficial effects on knee extensor muscle recovery after eccentric exercise protocol.

Effects of high-intensity interval training combined with traditional strength or power training on functionality and physical fitness in healthy older men: A randomized controlled trial.

Concurrent training (CT) is an efficient strategy to improve neuromuscular function and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults, which are factors of pivotal importance for the maintenance of functional capacity with aging. However, there is a lack of evidence about the effectiveness of power training (PT) as an alternative to traditional strength training (TST) during CT. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 16 weeks (twice weekly) TST combined with high intensity interval training (TST + HIIT) vs. PT combined with HIIT (PT + HIIT) on functional performance, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in older men. Thirty five older men (65.8 ± 3.9 years) were randomly allocated into two training groups: TST + HIIT (n = 18), and PT + HIIT (n = 17). TST + HIIT performed resistance training at intensities ranging from 65% to 80% 1RM at slow controlled speed (≅ 2 s for each concentric phase), whereas PT + HIIT trained at intensities ranging from 40% to 60% of 1RM at maximal intentional speed. Both groups performed HIIT at intensities ranging from 75 to 90% of VO2peak. Participants performed functional tests (sit-to-stand, timed-up-and-go, stair climbing); cardiopulmonary exercise testing (maximal cycling power output: Wmax, peak oxygen uptake: VO2peak, cycling economy), as well as body composition assessment (DXA) before, post 8 and post 16 weeks of training. The groups improved similarly (P < 0.05) with training in all functional capacity outcomes, Wmax, cycling economy, VO2peak and body composition (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that HIIT based CT programs involving TST vs. PT are equally effective in improving functionality, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in healthy older men.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on performance and running economy in runners: A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the 3000 m running performance (primary outcome), running economy (RE), metabolic cost and ratings of perceived exertion during running (secondary outcomes). Twenty male endurance athletes performed 4-min treadmill rectangular test at 12 km.h-1 monitored by a gas analyser. After that, PBMT or placebo in each lower limb was applied, followed performed a maximum test of 3000 m. Immediately after 3000 m test, the athletes repeated the treadmill test. Another application of PBMT/placebo was done after the treadmill test, and athletes went back to the laboratory 24 h later to repeat the treadmill test. After a 72 h interval, athletes repeated all procedures with another treatment intervention (PBMT/placebo). Athletes performed the 3000 m running test ~7s faster when treated with PBMT with similar effort score compared placebo condition. The RE remains unchanged immediately post 3000 m running test, nonetheless RE measured post-24 h improved by 5% with PBMT application without changes in metabolic cost. The PBMT pre- and post-conditioning enhanced the 3000 m running performance and improved RE 24 h following the 3000 m test. However, no changes on ratings of perceived exertion and metabolic cost with the application of PBMT.

Predictive equations for evaluation for resting energy expenditure in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes: what can we use?

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the resting energy expenditure (REE) is essential to ensure an appropriate dietary prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this record was to evaluate the accuracy of predictive equations for REE estimation in patients with type 2 diabetes, considering indirect calorimetry (IC) as the reference method. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical, body composition by electrical bioimpedance and laboratory variables were evaluated. The REE was measured by IC (QUARK RMR, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and estimated by eleven predictive equations. Data were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots, paired t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were evaluated [50% female; mean age 63.1 ± 5.2 years; diabetes duration of 11 (1-36) years, and mean A1C of 7.6 ± 1.2%]. There was a wide variation in the accuracy of REE values predicted by equations when compared to IC REE measurement. In all patients, Ikeda and Mifflin St-Jeor equations were that most underestimated REE. And, the equations that overestimated the REE were proposed by Dietary Reference Intakes and Huang. The most accurate equations were FAO/WHO/UNO in women (- 1.8% difference) and Oxford in men (- 1.3% difference). CONCLUSION: In patients with type 2 diabetes, in the absence of IC, FAO/WHO/UNO and Oxford equations provide the best REE prediction in comparison to measured REE for women and men, respectively.

Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on inflammation, endothelial function and ambulatory blood pressure in middle-aged hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: The current randomized controlled trial tested the hypothesis that both aerobic training and dynamic resistance training will improve inflammation, endothelial function and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in middle-aged adults with hypertension, but aerobic training would be more effective. METHODS: Forty-two hypertensive patients on at least one antihypertensive medication (19 men/23 women; 30-59 years of age) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of supervised aerobic training (n = 15), resistance training (n = 15) or a nonexercise control (n = 12) group. Inflammation, endothelial function, 24-h ABP and related measures were evaluated at pre and postintervention. RESULTS: We found that aerobic training and resistance training were well tolerated. Both aerobic training and resistance training reduced daytime systolic ABP (-7.2 ±â€Š7.9 and -4.4 ±â€Š5.8 mmHg; P < 0.05) and 24-h systolic ABP (-5.6 ±â€Š6.2 and -3.2 ±â€Š6.4 mmHg; P < 0.05). aerobic training and resistance training both improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation by 1.7 ±â€Š2.8 and 1.4 ±â€Š2.6%, respectively (7.59 ±â€Š3.36 vs. 9.26 ±â€Š2.93 and 7.24 ±â€Š3.18 vs. 8.58 ±â€Š2.37; pre vs. post P < 0.05). However, only aerobic training decreased markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1) and endothelin-1 and increased nitrite and nitrate levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers should continue to emphasize aerobic training for hypertension management given the established role of nitric oxide, endothelin-1 and chronic low-level inflammation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. However, our study demonstrates that resistance training should also be encouraged for middle-aged hypertensive patients. Our results also suggest that even if patients are on antihypertensive medications, regular aerobic training and resistance training are beneficial for blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease risk reduction.

Relationship between insulin resistance and adipocytokines: the mediator role of adiposity in children.

Background: Leptin and adiponectin interact with each other in the modulation of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) and it is also important to consider the role of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in these relationships.Aim: To analyse the relationship between IR with adipocytokines in children, and to test the mediation effect of %BF (percentage of body fat) in the association of IR with leptin, adiponectin, and L/A ratio.Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 150 schoolchildren, aged 6-11 years, from school in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The following variables were evaluated: cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), muscular fitness (MF), percentage of body fat (%BF), and biochemical variables (leptin, adiponectin, glucose, and insulin).Results: IR was associated with leptin and L/A ratio, after adjustments for age, sex, sexual maturation, and CRF. When adjusted for age, sex, sexual maturation, and MF, an association was found between IR with leptin and L/A ratio. Moreover, %BF was a mediator in the association between IR and leptin, as well as IR and L/A ratio, explaining 54% and 57% of these associations, respectively.Conclusion: Leptin and L/A ratio are positively associated with IR after adjustments. Also, %BF is a mediator in the associations between IR and leptin and L/A ratio.

Adaptations in mechanical muscle function, muscle morphology, and aerobic power to high-intensity endurance training combined with either traditional or power strength training in older adults: a randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of information on the effects of power training (PT) as an alternative to traditional strength training (TST) during concurrent training (CT) in older individuals. This study aimed to verify the neuromuscular adaptations that occurred following 16-week interventions with two CT models in older men: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with either TST or PT. METHODS: Thirty-five older men (65.8 ± 3.9 years) were randomly assigned into one of two training groups CTS: TST + HIIT (n = 18) or CTP: PT + HIIT (n = 17). CTS performed resistance training at intensities ranging from 65 to 80% of 1 RM at slow controlled speed, whereas CTP trained at intensities ranging from 40 to 60% of 1 RM at maximal intentional speed. Lower body one-repetition maximum (1 RM), isometric rate of force development (RFD), countermovement jump (CMJ) muscle power output, quadriceps femoris muscles thickness (QF MT), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were assessed before training and after 8 and 16 weeks of CT. RESULTS: Groups improved similarly in all primary outcomes (P < 0.05), with mean increases ranging: 1 RM (from 39.4 to 75.8%); RFD (from 9.9 to 64.8%); and CMJ muscle power (from 1.8 to 5.2%). Significant increases (P < 0.05) were observed in all secondary outcomes (QF MT, specific tension and VO2peak) with no differences between groups. CONCLUSION: CT models were effective for improving maximal and explosive force (1 RM, RFD, and CMJ power), QF MT, and VO2peak. Moreover, despite that using lower loading intensities, PT induced similar adaptations to those of TST.

Effects of Traditional and Vascular Restricted Strength Training Program With Equalized Volume on Isometric and Dynamic Strength, Muscle Thickness, Electromyographic Activity, and Endothelial Function Adaptations in Young Adults.

Ramis, TR, Muller, CHdL, Boeno, FP, Teixeira, BC, Rech, A, Pompermayer, MG, Medeiros, NdS, Oliveira, ÁRd, Pinto, RS, and Ribeiro, JL. Effects of traditional and vascular restricted strength training program with equalized volume on isometric and dynamic strength, muscle thickness, electromyographic activity, and endothelial function adaptations in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 689-698, 2020-The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the acute and chronic effects of partial vascular occlusion training in young, physically active adults. Neuromuscular, morphological, and endothelial function responses were compared between high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT) and low-intensity resistance training with partial vascular occlusion (LI-BFR), despite the same training volume. The 28 subjects (age, 23.96 ± 2.67 years) were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LI-BFR (n = 15) and HI-RT (n = 13). Both groups performed unilateral exercise of elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. This study was approved by the ethics committee. Flow-mediated dilation showed a significant difference in baseline and post-training in the LI-BFR group (4.44 ± 0.51 vs. 6.35 ± 2.08 mm, respectively). For nitrite/nitrate concentrations only, there was a significant difference when comparing pre- and post-acute exercise in both groups. The torque and rep. Sixty percent 1 repetition maximum had improvements in both groups. There were differences between groups only in isometric delta EF and isokinetic delta KE (EF 3.42 ± 5.09 and 9.61 ± 7.52 N·m; KE 12.78 ± 25.61 and 42.69 ± 35.68 N·m; LI-BFR and HI-RT groups, respectively). There was a significant increase of muscle thickness in both groups. An increase of both isokinetic and isometric electromyography (EMG) of biceps of the HI-RT group was observed. The same was observed for the LI-BFR group regarding isokinetic and isometric EMG of vastus lateralis. Thus, in addition to strength and hypertrophy gains, this study also shows benefits related to vascular function. For practical applications, this study demonstrates a clinical importance of LI-BFR training as an alternative methodology.

Effects of a Single Session of High- and Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Endothelial Function of Middle-Aged Sedentary Men.

Regular resistance exercise is associated with metabolic, neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations which improve quality of life and health. However, sedentary subjects have shown acute impairments in endothelial function after high-intensity resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate endothelial function in sedentary middle-aged men after a single session of resistance exercise at different intensities. Eleven sedentary middle-aged men (40.1 ± 3.9 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2) underwent three different conditions of assessment: (1) single knee extension exercise at moderate intensity (MI) [4 sets of 12 repetitions at 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each leg], (2) single knee extension exercise at high intensity (HI) (4 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% of 1RM for each leg), (3) resting for the control condition (CON). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed before, 30 and 60 min after exercise. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrites and nitrates (NOx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured before, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Blood pressure (BP) was measured prior to the experimental protocols, and in the following times: immediately following, and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min after exertion. There was a significant improvement in FMD 30 min after MI condition (12.5 ± 4.10 vs. 17.2 ± 3.9%; p = 0.016). NOx levels were significantly higher immediately after MI (6.8 ± 3.3 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 µM; p = 0.007) and there was a significant increase in the concentration of ET-1 immediately after HI (20.02 ± 2.2 vs. 25.4 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference for BP (MI vs. HI) and TBARS among the experimental conditions. Resistance exercise performed at moderate intensity improved vasodilatation via increases on NOx levels and FMD in sedentary middle-aged men.

Acute glycemic responses along 10-week high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes patients.

Glycemic fluctuations were compared throughout 10-week high-intensity training protocols in T1DM patients. Differences were compared using the rate of change in glycaemia during exercise (RoCE). HIIT sessions led to lower RoCE in most weeks than other training protocols. The occurrence of level 1 hypoglycemia along sessions were similar among interventions.

Concurrent training performed with and without repetitions to failure in older men: A randomized clinical trial.

This study compared the effects of 20 weeks of concurrent training with and without repetitions to failure on neuromuscular and functional adaptations in older men. METHODS: Thirty-six older men (67.1 ± 5.1 years) were randomized into three groups: one performing repetitions to failure (RFG, n = 13), another performing repetitions not to failure and 50% of the repetitions of the RFG (NFG, n = 12), and a third performing repetitions not to failure with equal training volume of the RFG (ENFG, n = 11). Training was performed twice a week for 20 weeks at intensities ranging from 65% to 80% of maximal strength. In each session, the individuals started with strengthening exercises and then performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill. Before and after the intervention, individuals were assessed for their one repetition maximum (1RM) for leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE) exercises, knee extensors' isometric peak torque (PTiso ), and rate of torque development (RTD) at 50 ms, 100 ms, and 250 ms, muscle thickness of the quadriceps, as well as functional performance on sit-to-stand, and timed up and go tests. RESULTS: After training, there were significant (P < 0.001) increases in the LP and KE 1RM, PTiso , and RTD outcomes in all groups. Also, there were significant increases in muscle thickness of the quadriceps and in the sit-to-stand test (P < 0.05) in all groups. No significant differences were observed between groups in any outcome. CONCLUSION: Concurrent training using repetitions to concentric failure did not promote additional benefits for neuromuscular function, muscle thickness, or functional capacity of older individuals.

Hypotensive response to continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval exercise matched by volume in sedentary subjects / Resposta hipotensiva ao exercício aeróbio contínuo e intervalado de alta intensidade pareados por volume em indivíduos sedentários

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for heart disease. Among the benefits linked to different modalities of physical exercise, post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a key point for exercise prescription in this condition. Objective: To investigate and compare PEH in response to continuous aerobic exercise (CONT) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matched by volume, in sedentary individuals. Methods: A randomized cross-over study, composed of sedentary, healthy male subjects submitted to two acute physical exercise protocols matched by volume, HIIE and CONT, on a treadmill. Hemodynamic measures for the evaluation of PEH were performed pre, immediately after exercise and every five minutes thereafter, during one hour of recovery. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used for comparisons between groups and Bonferroni post hoc test as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Both exercise protocols promoted significant PEH, with reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HIIE promoted a reduction of SBP and MAP at the 15th minute, whereas the same effect was observed at the 30th following CONT. Conclusion: Both HIIE and CONT, matched by volume, promote PEH of similar magnitude. However, PEH occurs earlier following HIIE, suggesting a better time /effectiveness ratio, and an additional beneficial effect of this modality

Acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise on fructose-induced postprandial lipemia on lean male subjects.

PURPOSE: The addition of fructose to one or more meals daily may lead to increased postprandial lipemia (PPL). Aerobic exercise has been successful in preventing those increases; however, the duration of exercise effects is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and residual effects of aerobic exercise and fructose ingestion on PPL. METHODS: Twelve young and sedentary men completed a crossover blinded randomized trial. On day 0, they performed 45 min of aerobic exercise at 60% of VO2peak, or 45 min of resting. On day 1, they received a high-fat meal together with one of the following conditions: (a) a fructose-rich beverage (FRUCT), or (b) exercise performed 13 h before the fructose-rich beverage ingestion (FRUCTEX), or (c) a dextrose-based beverage (DEX). On day 2, all subjects received a high-fat meal plus dextrose. Five blood samples were taken on days 1 and 2, to measure triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol, VLDL, total cholesterol (TC), glucose and insulin. RESULTS: On day 1, the delta of the TG peak was higher for FRUCT compared to DEX condition (+ 73.7%; p = 0.019). Total area under the curve (AUC) of TG was lower on the condition FRUCTEX compared to FRUCT (+ 30%; p = 0.001). There was no effect of the beverages or the exercise on VLDL, TC, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol (p > 0.05). There were no differences found in any of the parameters assessed on day 2 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fructose consumption (0.5 g/kg) severely increased postprandial TG on day 1, but not on day 2. Previous exercise performance could lead to ~ 30% reduction on the AUC of postprandial TG in 13 h, but not after 37 h followed by fructose consumption. The regularity of physical exercise practice seems to be essential to promote a constant hypolipemic effect.

Acute effects of strength exercise with blood flow restriction on vascular function of young healthy males.

BACKGROUND: Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. METHODS: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. RESULTS: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Effects of dancing compared to walking on cardiovascular risk and functional capacity of older women: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Aging is characterized by reductions in lean mass simultaneously to increases in visceral adipose tissue, elevating cardiovascular risk (CVR) and physical dependence. Dancing has been recommended for improving fall-risk and CVR, however, comparisons with traditional exercises are limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of dancing with walking on CVR and functionality of older women. METHODS: Thirty sedentary women (65 ±â€¯5 years, BMI 27 ±â€¯4 kg/m2) were randomized into three groups (n = 10/group): dancing, walking or stretching (active control). All interventions lasted 8 weeks (60 min sessions): dancing/walking 3×/week, stretching 1×/week. Dancing: several styles, no partner. Walking: treadmill, 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Stretching: large muscle groups, no discomfort. Before and after interventions assessments: VO2peak (primary outcome), total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, CRP, TNF-α, waist and hip circumferences, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), muscle thickness, maximal muscle strength/power, static and dynamic balance, gait ability, flexibility, chair-raise and level of physical activity (PA). STATISTICS: generalized estimating equations, post-hoc LSD (p < 0.05), SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: (Mean-CI): (before vs after): group vs time interaction showed increases in VO2peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) for dancing 23.3 (20.8-25.8) vs 25.6 (23.4-27.8), and walking 23.4 (21.3-25.5) vs 27.0 (25.4-28.6), with no differences for stretching 23.5 (21.3-25.7) vs 23.0 (21.0-24.9). Lower body muscle power and static balance also improved for dancing and walking, but not for stretching. Main time effect showed improvements in CRP, TNF-α, LDL-C, HDL-C, VAT, waist, hip, chair raise, flexibility and level of daily PA for all groups. CONCLUSION: Dancing induced similar increases in VO2peak, lower body muscle power and static balance as walking, while the stretching group remained unchanged. Pooled effects showed improvements in body composition, lipid and inflammatory profile, which are supported by increased PA levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03262714.

Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or strength training (ST) on inflammatory, oxidative stress (OS) and glycemic parameters in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients. METHODS: After a 4-week control period, volunteers were randomly assigned to 10-week HIIT, ST or ST + HIIT protocol, performed 3×/week. Blood biochemistry, anthropometric, strength and cardiopulmonary fitness variables were assessed. Outcomes were analyzed via generalized estimating equations (GEE), with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. RESULTS: ST, HIIT and ST + HIIT improved glycemic (HbA1c and fasting glucose) and antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities), but not plasma inflammatory (C-reactive protein, TNF-α and IL-10) or OS markers (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and oxLDL) levels. Noteworthy, interventions reduced soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products levels. However, intracellular heat shock protein 70 content increased only after HIIT. While daily insulin dosage decreased only in the ST + HIIT group, all training models induced anthropometric and functional benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Similar benefits afforded by ST, HIIT or ST + HIIT in T1DM people are associated with enhanced antioxidant systems and glucose-related parameter, even in a few weeks. From a practical clinical perspective, the performance of ST + HIIT may be advised for additional benefits regarding insulin dosage reduction.