Genetic Characterization of a Wheat Association Mapping Panel Relevant to Brazilian Breeding Using a High-Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's most important crops. Maintaining wheat yield gains across all of its major production areas is a key target toward underpinning global food security. Brazil is a major wheat producer in South America, generating grain yields of around 6.8 million tons per year. Here, we establish and genotype a wheat association mapping resource relevant to contemporary Brazilian wheat breeding programs. The panel of 558 wheat accessions was genotyped using an Illumina iSelect 90,000 single nucleotide polymorphism array. Following quality control, the final data matrix consisted of 470 accessions and 22,475 polymorphic genetic markers (minor allele frequency ≥5%, missing data <5%). Principal component analysis identified distinct differences between materials bred predominantly for the northern Cerrado region, compared to those bred for southern Brazilian agricultural areas. We augmented the genotypic data with 26 functional Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers to identify the allelic combinations at genes with previously known effects on agronomically important traits in the panel. This highlighted breeding targets for immediate consideration - notably, increased Fusarium head blight resistance via the Fhb1 locus. To demonstrate the panel's likely future utility, genome-wide association scans for several phenotypic traits were undertaken. Significant (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05) marker-trait associations were detected for Fusarium kernel damage (a proxy for type 2 Fusarium resistance), identifying previously known quantitative trait loci in the panel. This association mapping panel represents an important resource for Brazilian wheat breeding, allowing future genetic studies to analyze multiple agronomic traits within a single genetically diverse population.

Caracterização morfológica de cultivares de arroz visando a certificação da pureza varietal / Morphological characteristics of rice cultivars; application for variety purity certification

Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência dos descritores morfológicos, na caracterização de cultivares comerciais de arroz (Oryza sativa L.), servindo como suporte às empresas produtoras de sementes na identificação de cultivares, assim como às exigências da Lei de Proteção de Cultivares. Foram caracterizadas as cultivares de arroz Carisma, IAC 202, Confiança, Douradão, Guarani, Primavera, Canastra e Caiapó. O estudo consistiu de dois experimentos, o primeiro conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, quando os genótipos foram caracterizados utilizando-se dos descritores morfológicos recomendados para o registro e proteção de cultivares. O segundo experimento foi conduzido em uma área de produção de sementes e consistiu na identificação, por parte de avaliadores, de variedades de arroz contaminantes propositalmente distribuídas junto às cultivares em estudo. Concluiu-se que os descritores morfológicos são úteis, porém, não suficientes para a caracterização e diferenciação de cultivares de arroz. As características morfológicas observadas em sementes e plantas após a antese são as mais adequadas para a caracterização e diferenciação de cultivares. Os genótipos de arroz de sequeiro apresentam grande similaridade morfológica.

This study had the objective of evaluating the efficiency of morphological markers as descriptors for commercial rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) to be used in cultivar identification by seed companies, as well as, to fulfill the requirements for cultivar protection law. The studied cultivars were: Confiança, IAC 202, Carisma, Primavera, Guarani, Douradão, Canastra, and Caiapó. This study consisted of two experiments: one, conducted in greenhouse, where the varieties were characterized based on morphological descriptors recommended by protection cultivar law; the other, done in a seed production field that consisted in identification of rice contaminant varieties distributed among the studied cultivars. The morphological descriptors were useful, but not enough to characterize and distict upland rice cultivars; seeds and plants morphological characteristics after anthesis were the most suitable for the characterization and discrimination of varieties; and also, the upland rice genotypes had high morphological similarities.