Complete Thoracic Ectopia Cordis in Two Lambs.

Cardiac congenital defects related to inheritance and teratogenesis have been reported in veterinary species and humans worldwide. Among these, ectopia cordis (EC), characterized by an externalized heart through a cleft, is extremely rare in sheep. This report presents the diagnostic features of two cases of complete thoracic EC in newborn lambs. Clinical findings in the lambs, aside from the EC, were unremarkable. Both animals exhibited exteriorized hearts without pericardial coverage, delineated in the thoracic cleft by a fibrous ring of the pericardium and adjacent skin. Histologically, the epicardium was thickened by fibrous tissue in both lambs, with one animal also showing marked edema, hemorrhage, and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltration. The prognosis of EC in the lambs of this study was poor, with fatal outcomes despite attempts at surgical correction.

Domestic dog attacks on livestock referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Losses and the economic impact of dog attacks (DAs) on livestock are often overlooked and include factors such as decreased production, expenses for treatment and handling, and death of injured animals. This study evaluated the epidemiological, therapeutic, and pathological findings of DAs on livestock over an 11-year survey using the records of farm animals referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Livestock attacked by dogs included 31 sheep, 11 horses, 3 cattle, 3 goats, and 2 pigs, totaling 50 animals. Anatomical locations injured by dog bites were identified as head/neck, thoracic/pelvic limbs, abdomen/flank, rump/tail, and multiple affected regions (two or more bite sites). Additionally, the severity of the injuries was classified into four degrees adapted from the classification of dog bite injuries in children. Most livestock presented Grade 1 (26%) and Grade 2 (28%) injuries, while Grade 3 and Grade 4 injuries were observed in 46% of DAs. Furthermore, 35 animals (70%) were discharged, 9 (18%) died, and 6 (12%) were humanely euthanized. DAs may represent a significant cause for referring livestock species to clinical care, severe injuries, and a considerable number of deaths. In this study, we provide information regarding DAs on livestock for the first time in Midwestern Brazil.

Utero-Cutaneous Fistula in Ruminants: Characterization of the First Cases in Ewes and Cows.

Reports on UCF in animals are still lacking in veterinary literature. Detailed clinical signs, laboratory findings, and follow-up information from the first cases of UCF in two ewes and two cows are provided. The cases occurred over a 12-year period. All ruminants presented a fistulous tract or perforated wound on the right ventral abdomen, emitting a foul-smelling secretion possibly associated with macerated fetal parts or placental remains. Laboratory findings included anemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia in one ewe, and hyperfibrinogenemia in one cow. Ovariohysterectomy and fistulectomy were performed in one ewe, while the other three ruminants were submitted for the removal of fetal parts and placental remains through the UCF. Two ewes died within 12-48 h, and the two Nelore cows had an uneventful recovery, achieving secondary intention healing within 30 to 35 days. As a never-reported or unnoticed disease of the reproductive tract, UCF is an unusual consequence of dead fetus retention in an end-stage pregnancy and a potentially life-threatening condition in ruminants, especially ewes. Further broad studies in large herds of cattle and small ruminant flocks must be conducted to estimate the incidence of UCF and ensure improvements in the diagnosis and knowledge of pathogenesis, aiming at prevention.

Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow.

This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence of left eyelid and auricular motor reflex, and hypotonic tongue. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid was slightly turbid, and presented polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, and hyperproteinorrachia. Grossly, the skull floor showed a purulent green-yellow exudate that drained from the left inner ear to the cisterna magna. There was diffuse congestion of the telencephalon, and meninges showed severe hyperemia, moderate thickening, and opacity with the deposition of fibrinosuppurative material ventrally, extending to the cerebellum and brainstem. The left cerebellar hemisphere showed an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter liquefaction area surrounded by a hemorrhagic halo. Histologically, cerebellar, mesencephalic, thalamic, and brain base meninges were intensely thickened and showed severe suppurative inflammation and fibrin deposition. Small multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the cerebellum and brainstem, characterized by a necrotic core, a number of neutrophils, and Gram-negative intralesional bacillary myriads. Pure cultures of P. aeruginosa were obtained and identified in the suppurative CNS lesions, meninges, and inner ear samples. This report highlights an uncommon clinical evolution of secondary P. aeruginosa suppurative meningoencephalitis, probably triggered by recurrent parasitic otitis in an adult Gir cow. Veterinarians, practitioners, and farmers must be aware of the risk of CNS infections after unresolved media and inner otitis, especially in cattle breeds more prone to developing parasitic otitis, such as the Gir and Indubrasil breeds.

Aural hematomas in small ruminants - clinical features, surgical treatment and outcome

Background: Aural or auricular hematoma is an important and prevalent surgical condition in small animals practice, and commonly reported in companion pets. The condition is characterized by blood accumulation between the pinnae's dermal surface and the underlying perichondrium. In farm animals, most cases present surgical treatment with drainage of serosanguineous fluid from acute cases with clinical evolution ranging from 1 to 5 days. Therefore, the present work reports the clinical features, surgical treatment and outcome of aural hematomas in 3 small ruminants with a chronic evolution (7 to 20 days), detailing the post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and recurrence, and final cosmetic appearance of the pinnae. Cases: Upon physical examination, all animals were alert and presenting a good body condition score. Clinical alteration was restricted to a bilateral (Case 1) or unilateral (Cases 2 & 3) painless, and fluid-filled swelling, presenting doughy consistency masses within the fluid during pinna manipulation. The fluid-filled swellings were located on the concave (Case 1 - left ear & Case 2) and convex (Case 1 - right ear & Case 3) surface of the pinna. No primary pruritic disorders of the pinna were detected, and a diagnosis of traumatic aural hematoma was proposed. Due to the chronicity of the cases, surgical approach was advisable. The small ruminants underwent general anesthesia, and a linear incision over the skin overlying the hematoma was performed (Cases 1 & 2). After removal of blood and fibrin clots, the cavity was flushed and captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures were performed on either side of the incision, in order to obliterate the dead space. Due to recurrence after 14 days, Case 2 was submitted to a modified surgical approach using a S-shaped incision combined to multiple drainage holes (MDH) using a disposable 6 mm biopsy punch. The same approach has performed in Case 3. Then, size 0 nylon mattress sutures followed by a tight protective pressure and absorbent bandage combined with an Elizabethan collar was applied. Postoperatively, Case 1 presented surgical site infection and the antibiotic was changed after bacterial culture and antibiogram results. Hospital discharge varied from 14 to 19 days' post-surgery. All animals presented some degree of ear retraction and a linear or S-shaped scar on the affected ear, but final cosmetic appearance was satisfactory to all owners. Discussion: Aural or auricular hematomas are a frequent disorder in dogs and cats clinical practice. In sheep, the few reported cases have been associated with pruritic disorders of the pinna, such as ticks infestation and sarcoptic mange. Whilst in goats, traumatic injuries, such as ear tagging and trauma from others goats, are considered the main cause, especially in breeds with pendulous ear. In our cases with chronic evolution (> 7 days), the most important clinical feature was the presence of doughy consistency masses within the fluid, suggesting matured blood and fibrin clots. A linear incision with captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures was associated to post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and aural hematoma recurrence. Therefore, a S-shaped incision associated to creation of MDH, in order to achieve better drainage, was the chosen approach in the second surgery (Case 2) and on the subsequent patient (Case 3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using the MDH approach in farm animals, that appears to be an effective treatment for chronic aural hematomas in small ruminants.

Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy in a Nelore Calf.

This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and pathological features in a case of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) affecting a 4-month-old Nelore calf for the first time. During physical examination, the calf could stand if assisted when lifting by the tail but fallen to the ground when trying to walk. Attempts to flex and extend the neck to the right side failed. Radiographs findings consisted of reduced intervertebral spaces, and misalignments between the endplates, more evident between the C3 and C4 vertebrae, resulting in narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. Grossly, C4 showed cranial articular surface malformation, abnormal metaphyseal growth plate development, reduced vertebral body size and deformity. Histologically, C4 showed an abnormal vertebral bone development characterized by moderate replacement of trabecular bone by fibrous tissues, multifocal areas of dystrophic hyaline cartilage development, and cartilaginous growth failure along the metaphyseal growth plate. Cervical spinal cord within the stenotic vertebral canal showed swollen neurons with central chromatolysis, areas of Wallerian degeneration, and necrotic debris. In contrast with the well-known Wobbler syndrome in horses, the etiology of CVSM in cattle remains undetermined, and further genetic and pathological studies must be conducted to elucidate it.

Downer cow syndrome causing rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a 17-month-old Guzerá heifer / Síndrome da vaca caída causando rabdomiólise e insuficiência renal aguda em uma novilha Guzerá de 17 meses

The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.

A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.

FAMACHA©: Predictive value for control of Haemonchus sp. in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado / FAMACHA©: Valor preditivo para o controle de Haemonchus sp. em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of FAMACHA© method, correlating with packed cell volume (PCV) and egg count (FEC), as well as to evaluate the clinical signs of Haemonchus sp. infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado. Over two years (2017 to 2019), 1,435 sheep were subjected to clinical and parasitological evaluations. Sheep from six breeds (Santa Inês, Dorper, White Dorper, Ile de France, Suffolk and crossbreed) were subdivided into five production categories (pregnant, lactating, nonpregnant/lactating ewes, breeding males, and weaned lambs). Parasitological evaluations included FEC and coproculture. In the clinical evaluation, all sheep underwent determination of the FAMACHA© score and PCV. Haemonchus sp. larvae were predominant in coprocultures of the flocks (76.4%) and in each animal production category evaluated (69.4 to 84.3%). FAMACHA© method showed high sensitivity (70.6%) for evaluating sheep with scores ≥ 3, and PCV < 23%, and high specificity (97.5%) in animals with higher scores(4 and 5), and PCV < 18%. A negative correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and PCV (-0.46)and between PCV and FEC (-0.47), while a positive correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and FEC (0.22) (p < 0.01). The vast majority of the animals evaluated (54.5%) were clinically resistant to gastrointestinal parasites. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity, we concluded that the method could be a valuable diagnostic alternative and an ancillary tool in the implementation of selective treatment for helminthic infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do método FAMACHA©, e sua correlação com volume globular (VG) e contagem de ovos de nematódeos por grama de fezes (OPG), no diagnóstico de infecção parasitária por Haemonchus sp., além de avaliar os sinais clínicos frente às infecções por tais endoparasitos, em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro. Ao longo de dois anos (2017 a 2019), o total de 1.435 ovinos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e parasitológica. Os ovinos de seis raças (Santa Inês, Dorper, White Dorper, Ile de France, Suffolk e mestiços) foram subdivididos em cinco categorias de produção (ovelhas gestantes, lactantes, não gestantes/lactantes, machos reprodutores e cordeiros desmamados). As avaliações parasitológicas incluíram OPG e coprocultura. Na avaliação clínica, os ovinos passaram por determinação do escore FAMACHA© e do VG. As larvas de Haemonchus sp. foram predominantes nas coproculturas dos rebanhos (76,4%) e em cada categoria de produção animal avaliada (69,4 a 84,3%). O método FAMACHA© apresentou alta sensibilidade (70,6%) para avaliar animais com escores ≥ 3 e VG <23% e alta especificidade (97,5%) em animais com escores mais elevados (4 e 5), e VG < 18%. Observou-se correlação negativa entre os escores FAMACHA© e VG (-0,46) e entre VG e OPG (-0,47), enquanto uma correlação positiva foi observada entre os escores FAMACHA© e OPG (0,22) (p < 0.01). A grande maioria dos animais avaliados (54,5%) mostrou-se clinicamente resistente às parasitoses gastrointestinais. Devido à alta sensibilidade e especificidade, concluímos que o método pode ser uma alternativa diagnóstica valiosa e ferramenta auxiliar na implementação do tratamento seletivo para infecção por helmintos em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro.

FAMACHA©: Predictive value for control of Haemonchus sp. in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado / FAMACHA©: Valor preditivo para o controle de Haemonchus sp. em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of FAMACHA© method, correlating with packed cell volume (PCV) and egg count (FEC), as well as to evaluate the clinical signs of Haemonchus sp. infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado. Over two years (2017 to 2019), 1,435 sheep were subjected to clinical and parasitological evaluations. Sheep from six breeds (Santa Inês, Dorper, White Dorper, Ile de France, Suffolk and crossbreed) were subdivided into five production categories (pregnant, lactating, nonpregnant/lactating ewes, breeding males, and weaned lambs). Parasitological evaluations included FEC and coproculture. In the clinical evaluation, all sheep underwent determination of the FAMACHA© score and PCV. Haemonchus sp. larvae were predominant in coprocultures of the flocks (76.4%) and in each animal production category evaluated (69.4 to 84.3%). FAMACHA© method showed high sensitivity (70.6%) for evaluating sheep with scores ≥ 3, and PCV < 23%, and high specificity (97.5%) in animals with higher scores(4 and 5), and PCV < 18%. A negative correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and PCV (-0.46)and between PCV and FEC (-0.47), while a positive correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and FEC (0.22) (p < 0.01). The vast majority of the animals evaluated (54.5%) were clinically resistant to gastrointestinal parasites. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity, we concluded that the method could be a valuable diagnostic alternative and an ancillary tool in the implementation of selective treatment for helminthic infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do método FAMACHA©, e sua correlação com volume globular (VG) e contagem de ovos de nematódeos por grama de fezes (OPG), no diagnóstico de infecção parasitária por Haemonchus sp., além de avaliar os sinais clínicos frente às infecções por tais endoparasitos, em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro. Ao longo de dois anos (2017 a 2019), o total de 1.435 ovinos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e parasitológica. Os ovinos de seis raças (Santa Inês, Dorper, White Dorper, Ile de France, Suffolk e mestiços) foram subdivididos em cinco categorias de produção (ovelhas gestantes, lactantes, não gestantes/lactantes, machos reprodutores e cordeiros desmamados). As avaliações parasitológicas incluíram OPG e coprocultura. Na avaliação clínica, os ovinos passaram por determinação do escore FAMACHA© e do VG. As larvas de Haemonchus sp. foram predominantes nas coproculturas dos rebanhos (76,4%) e em cada categoria de produção animal avaliada (69,4 a 84,3%). O método FAMACHA© apresentou alta sensibilidade (70,6%) para avaliar animais com escores ≥ 3 e VG <23% e alta especificidade (97,5%) em animais com escores mais elevados (4 e 5), e VG < 18%. Observou-se correlação negativa entre os escores FAMACHA© e VG (-0,46) e entre VG e OPG (-0,47), enquanto uma correlação positiva foi observada entre os escores FAMACHA© e OPG (0,22) (p < 0.01). A grande maioria dos animais avaliados (54,5%) mostrou-se clinicamente resistente às parasitoses gastrointestinais. Devido à alta sensibilidade e especificidade, concluímos que o método pode ser uma alternativa diagnóstica valiosa e ferramenta auxiliar na implementação do tratamento seletivo para infecção por helmintos em ovinos do Cerrado brasileiro.(AU)

Case Report: A Possible Case of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria in a Gir Calf: A Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Approach.

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disease which has never been reported in Zebu cattle. A 3-day-old Gir calf showed teeth discoloration, fever, dehydration, and dyspnea. The main gross findings were pink-colored teeth, red-brown periosteum and bone marrow, and a fluorescent bright pink coloration of the bone marrow and articular surfaces under ultraviolet light. Aggregates of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained porphyrin pigments were evident in the lungs, kidneys, and the liver. An intron 8 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in both the Gir calf and control animals, along with the absence of the uroporphyrin III synthetase (UROS) gene mutation, was observed. Most SNPs were located in the intron regions of the UROS gene without relevance for CEP. A continuous loss of genetic variability and an increase in inbreeding in some herds may be related to CEP in Gir cattle, one of the most prominent Zebu breeds worldwide. In summary, this study describes a presumptive case of CEP in a Gir calf based on clinical and pathological findings. A definitive diagnosis would require the measurement of porphyrin levels in blood, urine, or tissues or the identification of UROS gene defects.

Situation of and phenotypic markers of susceptibility to helminth infection among sheep on farms in the Brazilian cerrado biome.

This study aimed to determine the intensity, seasonality, and distribution by genera of, as well as to identify phenotypic markers of susceptibility to, gastrointestinal parasites among sheep on farms within the Brazilian savanna (cerrado) biome. We evaluated 1271 sheep, on seven farms, during the rainy season (in December 2017 and December 2018) and dry season (in July 2018 and July 2019). Parasitological evaluation was based on culture and EPG. We calculated hematocrit, as well as the body condition score and feces score. Of the sheep evaluated, 34.15% had moderate-to-severe parasitic infection. The factors of herds' phenotypic characterization about helminth infections were (p ≤ 0.05 for all): anemia (OR = 5.72); leanness (OR = 1.80); loose stools or diarrhea (OR = 1.54); breed other than Santa Inês (OR = 2.31); "weaned lamb" category (OR = 4.76); "lambing ewe" category (OR = 4.66); and dry season (OR = 2.37). Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, and Cooperia accounted for 76.40%, 20.23%, 2.89%, and 0.47%, respectively, of the helminth genera identified, with their proportional distributions being comparable between the rainy and dry seasons. Changes in health management, with regard to helminth infection control, are urgently needed in order to combat the disease more effectively and sustainably.

Situation of and phenotypic markers of susceptibility to helminth infection among sheep on farms in the Brazilian cerrado biome / Diagnóstico de situação e marcadores fenotípicos das parasitoses gastrintestinais em ovinos de fazendas localizadas no Distrito Federal: bioma cerrado brasileiro

This study aimed to determine the intensity, seasonality, and distribution by genera of, as well as to identify phenotypic markers of susceptibility to, gastrointestinal parasites among sheep on farms within the Brazilian savanna (cerrado) biome. We evaluated 1271 sheep, on seven farms, during the rainy season (in December 2017 and December 2018) and dry season (in July 2018 and July 2019). Parasitological evaluation was based on culture and EPG. We calculated hematocrit, as well as the body condition score and feces score. Of the sheep evaluated, 34.15% had moderate-to-severe parasitic infection. The factors of herds phenotypic characterization about helminth infections were (p 0.05 for all): anemia (OR = 5.72); leanness (OR = 1.80); loose stools or diarrhea (OR = 1.54); breed other than Santa Inês (OR = 2.31); weaned lamb category (OR = 4.76); lambing ewe category (OR = 4.66); and dry season (OR = 2.37). Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, and Cooperia accounted for 76.40%, 20.23%, 2.89%, and 0.47%, respectively, of the helminth genera identified, with their proportional distributions being comparable between the rainy and dry seasons. Changes in health management, with regard to helminth infection control, are urgently needed in order to combat the disease more effectively and sustainably.(AU)

A presente pesquisa objetivou determinar a intensidade, sazonalidade, predominância de gêneros e marcadores fenotípicos às parasitoses gastrointestinais em fazendas de criação de ovinos do Distrito Federal, no bioma cerrado brasileiro. Foram avaliados 1.271 ovinos oriundos de sete propriedades, durante os períodos chuvoso (dezembro de 2017 e dezembro de 2018) e seco (julho de 2018 e julho de 2019). Procedeu-se a avaliação parasitológica por coprocultura e OPG, dosagem de hematócrito, escore de condição corporal e de fezes. Dos indivíduos avaliados, 34,15% deles apresentaram infecção parasitária moderada a grave. Os fatores de caracterização fenotípica dos rebanhos quanto às infecções helmínticas (p 0,05), foram: anemia (OR = 5,72),magreza (OR = 1,80), fezes pastosas/diarreicas (OR = 1,54), raças distintas à raça Santa Inês (OR = 2,31), categorias de produção animal jovens (OR = 4,76) e fêmeas paridas (OR = 4,66), e período seco (OR = 2,37). Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum e Cooperia foram os gêneros de helmintos observados nas seguintes proporções: 76,40%, 20,23%, 2,89% e 0,47%, respectivamente, sem distinção em sua distribuição entre os períodos chuvoso e seco. Mudanças no manejo sanitário com relação às helmintoses são urgentemente necessárias, para um controle da doença de forma mais eficaz e sustentável.(AU)

Arytenoid chondritis in two calves / Condrite aritenóide em duas bezerras

Although, calf diphtheria and necrotic laryngitis are common infections in the oral cavitys soft tissues, arytenoid chondritis is addressed as a serious but rarely diagnosed complication in cattle. This paper aimed to describe clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathological findings in two calves with arytenoid chondritis. A 2-month-old Jersey calf and a 3-month-old Girolando calf presented 40-days history of respiratory distress. In the former, oral endoscopy revealed enlarged and immobile arytenoids with major involvement of the left arytenoid, causing severe distortion and partial obstruction of the rima glottidis. In the latter, latero-lateral radiography of the head revealed radiolucent areas and thickening at the level of the larynx to the dorsal trachea. Pathological examination of one calf showed neutrophilic multifocal inflammatory infiltrate and areas of necrosis in the cricoarytenoid cartilage, surrounded by abscessation. Definitive diagnosis of arytenoid chondritis in these two calves was established on the basis of clinical, laboratory, imaging (endoscopy and radiography), and pathological findings. Daily and careful observation of the herds and the use of ancillary diagnostic methods allowed the early diagnosis of the disease, and accurate diagnosis can improve prognosis and increase treatment success rate.(AU)

Embora a difteria em bezerros e a laringite necrótica sejam infecções comuns nos tecidos moles da cavidade oral, a condrite aritenoide é considerada uma complicação grave, mas raramente diagnosticada em bovinos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os achados clínicos, laboratoriais, de imagem e patológicos em duas bezerras apresentando condrite aritenoide. Uma bezerra Jersey de dois meses de idade e uma bezerra Girolando de três meses de idade apresentavam dificuldades respiratórias por 40 dias. Na primeira, a endoscopia oral revelou aritenoides aumentadas e imóveis, com grande envolvimento da aritenoide esquerda, causando distorção grave e obstrução parcial de rima glottidis. Na segunda, a radiografia látero-lateral da cabeça revelou áreas radioluscentes e espessamento ao nível da laringe até a traqueia dorsal. O exame patológico de uma bezerra revelou infiltrado inflamatório multifocal neutrofílico e áreas de necrose na cartilagem cricoaritenóide, circundadas por abscessos. O diagnóstico definitivo de condrite aritenoide nessas duas bezerras foi estabelecido com base nos achados clínicos, laboratoriais, de imagem (endoscopia e radiografia) e patológicos. O monitoramento diário e minucioso dos rebanhos e o uso de métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico permitem o diagnóstico precoce da enfermidade, sendo que o diagnóstico preciso pode melhorar o prognóstico e aumentar a taxa de sucesso do tratamento.(AU)

Arytenoid chondritis in two calves / Condrite aritenóide em duas bezerras

ABSTRACT: Although, calf diphtheria and necrotic laryngitis are common infections in the oral cavity's soft tissues, arytenoid chondritis is addressed as a serious but rarely diagnosed complication in cattle. This paper aimed to describe clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathological findings in two calves with arytenoid chondritis. A 2-month-old Jersey calf and a 3-month-old Girolando calf presented 40-days history of respiratory distress. In the former, oral endoscopy revealed enlarged and immobile arytenoids with major involvement of the left arytenoid, causing severe distortion and partial obstruction of the rima glottidis. In the latter, latero-lateral radiography of the head revealed radiolucent areas and thickening at the level of the larynx to the dorsal trachea. Pathological examination of one calf showed neutrophilic multifocal inflammatory infiltrate and areas of necrosis in the cricoarytenoid cartilage, surrounded by abscessation. Definitive diagnosis of arytenoid chondritis in these two calves was established on the basis of clinical, laboratory, imaging (endoscopy and radiography), and pathological findings. Daily and careful observation of the herds and the use of ancillary diagnostic methods allowed the early diagnosis of the disease, and accurate diagnosis can improve prognosis and increase treatment success rate.

RESUMO: Embora a difteria em bezerros e a laringite necrótica sejam infecções comuns nos tecidos moles da cavidade oral, a condrite aritenoide é considerada uma complicação grave, mas raramente diagnosticada em bovinos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os achados clínicos, laboratoriais, de imagem e patológicos em duas bezerras apresentando condrite aritenoide. Uma bezerra Jersey de dois meses de idade e uma bezerra Girolando de três meses de idade apresentavam dificuldades respiratórias por 40 dias. Na primeira, a endoscopia oral revelou aritenoides aumentadas e imóveis, com grande envolvimento da aritenoide esquerda, causando distorção grave e obstrução parcial de rima glottidis. Na segunda, a radiografia látero-lateral da cabeça revelou áreas radioluscentes e espessamento ao nível da laringe até a traqueia dorsal. O exame patológico de uma bezerra revelou infiltrado inflamatório multifocal neutrofílico e áreas de necrose na cartilagem cricoaritenóide, circundadas por abscessos. O diagnóstico definitivo de condrite aritenoide nessas duas bezerras foi estabelecido com base nos achados clínicos, laboratoriais, de imagem (endoscopia e radiografia) e patológicos. O monitoramento diário e minucioso dos rebanhos e o uso de métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico permitem o diagnóstico precoce da enfermidade, sendo que o diagnóstico preciso pode melhorar o prognóstico e aumentar a taxa de sucesso do tratamento.

Perfil metabólico durante o periparto de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês com gestação simples e múltipla / Metabolic profile during the periparturient ewes Santa Inês with simple and multiple pregnancy

O perfil metabólico é uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico de doenças metabólicas e monitoramento nutricional de animais de produção. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o escore corporal e perfil metabólico de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês criadas em sistema de semiconfinamento, ao longo do periparto, comparando esses parâmetros entre animais com gestação simples e gestação múltipla. Cinquenta e cinco ovelhas (55), sendo 43 com gestação simples e 12 com gestação gemelar, foram submetidas a coletas de sangue e avaliação do escore corporal semanalmente, entre o fim do terceiro mês de gestação e um mês pós-parto, totalizando 10 avaliações. Observaram-se diferenças na comparação entre semanas para as variáveis: Glicose, BHB, NEFA, Triglicerídeos, Cálcio, Fósforo, Uréia e Creatinina para os grupos Gestação Simples (GS) e Gestação Gemelar (GG), além de Magnésio para o primeiro grupo (p<0,005). A semana do parto e as semanas subsequentes apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes das semanas que precederam o parto na maioria das variáveis estudadas. Não houve diferença significativa na comparação entre os grupos GS e GG para os parâmetros avaliados. Em ambos os grupos houve redução no escore corporal das fêmeas acompanhadas, com uma queda na proporção de animais com EC3 e 4 e concomitante crescimento de EC2.(AU)

The metabolic profile represents an important tool in the diagnostic of metabolic diseases and in the nutritional monitoring of production animals. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the body scores and metabolic profile of sheep of the Santa Inês breed in a system of semi- confinement, during the peri-parturient. The body scores and metabolic profile were analysed between animals with single and multiple pregnancies. Fifty-five sheep were recruited for this study, of those, 43 with single pregnancy and 12 with twin pregnancies. The animals were submitted to blood collection and analyses of body score (BS) weekly, from the end of third month of pregnancy until one month postpartum, and those were analysed 10 times during this research. About the analyses throughout weeks, the study found different values to the variables Glucoses, BHB, NEFA, Triglycerides, Calcium, Phosphorus, Urea, and Creatinine for the Single Pregnancy (SP) and Twin Pregnancies (TP) groups (p<0,005). Moreover, distinct rates of Magnesium was noticed in the Single Pregnancy group (p<0,005). The week of birth and subsequent weeks, showed statistically different values of those from the weeks leading up to the birth in most of the variables studied. There was no significant difference in the comparison between the SP and TP groups for the parameters evaluated. In both groups, there were a decrease in the female body score, with a reduction in the proportion of animal with BS3 and 4 associated, and concomitant increase of animals with BS2 proportion.(AU)

Use of trichostatin A alters the expression of HDAC3 and KAT2 and improves in vitro development of bovine embryos cloned using less methylated mesenchymal stem cells.

The aim of this work was to investigate the methylation and hydroxymethylation status of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from amniotic fluid (MSC-AF), adipose tissue (MSC-AT) and fibroblasts (FIB-control) and to verify the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on gene expression and development of cloned bovine embryos produced using these cells. Characterization of MSC from two animals (BOV1 and BOV2) was performed by flow cytometry, immunophenotyping and analysis of cellular differentiation genes expression. The cells were used in the nuclear transfer in the absence or presence of 50 nM TSA for 20 hr in embryo culture. Expression of HDAC1, HDAC3 and KAT2A genes was measured in embryos by qRT-PCR. Methylation results showed difference between animals, with MSC from BOV2 demonstrating lower methylation rate than BOV1. Meanwhile, MSC-AF were less hydroxymethylated for both animals. MSC-AF from BOV2 produced 44.92 ± 8.88% of blastocysts when embryos were exposed to TSA and similar to embryo rate of MSC-AT also treated with TSA (37.96 ± 15.80%). However, when methylation was lower in FIB compared to MSC, as found in BOV1, the use of TSA was not sufficient to increase embryo production. MSC-AF embryos expressed less HDAC3 when treated with TSA, and expression of KAT2A was higher in embryos produced with all MSC and treated with TSA than embryos produced with FIB. The use of MSC less methylated and more hydroxymethylated in combination with embryo incubation with TSA can induce lower expression of HDAC3 and higher expression of KAT2A in the embryos and consequently improve bovine embryo production.

Perfil metabólico durante o periparto de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês com gestação simples e múltipla / Metabolic profile during the periparturient ewes Santa Inês with simple and multiple pregnancy

O perfil metabólico é uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico de doenças metabólicas e monitoramento nutricional de animais de produção. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o escore corporal e perfil metabólico de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês criadas em sistema de semiconfinamento, ao longo do periparto, comparando esses parâmetros entre animais com gestação simples e gestação múltipla. Cinquenta e cinco ovelhas (55), sendo 43 com gestação simples e 12 com gestação gemelar, foram submetidas a coletas de sangue e avaliação do escore corporal semanalmente, entre o fim do terceiro mês de gestação e um mês pós-parto, totalizando 10 avaliações. Observaram-se diferenças na comparação entre semanas para as variáveis: Glicose, BHB, NEFA, Triglicerídeos, Cálcio, Fósforo, Uréia e Creatinina para os grupos Gestação Simples (GS) e Gestação Gemelar (GG), além de Magnésio para o primeiro grupo (p<0,005). A semana do parto e as semanas subsequentes apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes das semanas que precederam o parto na maioria das variáveis estudadas. Não houve diferença significativa na comparação entre os grupos GS e GG para os parâmetros avaliados. Em ambos os grupos houve redução no escore corporal das fêmeas acompanhadas, com uma queda na proporção de animais com EC3 e 4 e concomitante crescimento de EC2.

The metabolic profile represents an important tool in the diagnostic of metabolic diseases and in the nutritional monitoring of production animals. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the body scores and metabolic profile of sheep of the Santa Inês breed in a system of semi- confinement, during the peri-parturient. The body scores and metabolic profile were analysed between animals with single and multiple pregnancies. Fifty-five sheep were recruited for this study, of those, 43 with single pregnancy and 12 with twin pregnancies. The animals were submitted to blood collection and analyses of body score (BS) weekly, from the end of third month of pregnancy until one month postpartum, and those were analysed 10 times during this research. About the analyses throughout weeks, the study found different values to the variables Glucoses, BHB, NEFA, Triglycerides, Calcium, Phosphorus, Urea, and Creatinine for the Single Pregnancy (SP) and Twin Pregnancies (TP) groups (p<0,005). Moreover, distinct rates of Magnesium was noticed in the Single Pregnancy group (p<0,005). The week of birth and subsequent weeks, showed statistically different values of those from the weeks leading up to the birth in most of the variables studied. There was no significant difference in the comparison between the SP and TP groups for the parameters evaluated. In both groups, there were a decrease in the female body score, with a reduction in the proportion of animal with BS3 and 4 associated, and concomitant increase of animals with BS2 proportion.

Paralytic rabies in a goat.

BACKGROUND: Paralytic form of rabies is frequent in cattle in Latin America, but it is uncommon in goats. There are few clinical reports on furious rabies affecting goats, and the sporadic cases of rabid goats from surveillance programs worldwide lack clinical data. Furthermore, few studies reported the cerebrospinal fluid findings in rabid livestock. CASE PRESENTATION: On a farm in Midwestern Brazil, six of 47 Saanen goats died within one week. No vaccination protocols were implemented on the farm and the owner stated bat bites history on the livestock. Although rabies is endemic in Brazil, livestock vaccination is not mandatory. One 1-year-old buck was evaluated and showed non-specific clinical signs evolving within 12-h to nervous signs. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mononuclear pleocytosis, hyperproteinemia and high glucose levels. At necropsy, no gross lesions were present. Microscopically, discrete to moderate perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing in gray and white matter, neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia, and mononuclear ganglioneuritis was observed in the brainstem and cervical spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong anti-rabies virus immunostaining. Fresh central nervous system samples were positive for rabies in direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and mouse intracerebral inoculation test (MIT). Exposed livestock recommendations included immediate vaccination, a strict isolation period of 90 days, and booster vaccinations during the third and eighth weeks. CONCLUSION: IHC revealed the widespread distribution of rabies virus antigen in the goat's CNS, contrasting the discrete pathological changes. In this goat, definitive diagnosis of paralytic rabies was obtained through the association of epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial, pathological findings (histology and IHC) and gold standard confirmatory tests (dFAT and MIT).

Investigation of respiratory disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses training at the Brazilian Jockey Club / Investigação de doenças respiratórias em cavalos de corrida em treinamento no Jockey Club Brasileiro

ABSTRACT: Athletic horses need to maintain healthy airways for optimal performance. This study investigated the presence of respiratory problems in apparently healthy Thoroughbred racehorses in training. According to the Revised Consensus Statement on Inflammatory Airway Diseases of Horses (2016), determining the prevalence of respiratory disorders in different equine populations is fundamental for understanding these diseases. In total, 72 clinically sound Thoroughbred racehorses, in training at the Brazilian Jockey Club (JCB), were initially examined using interpleural pressure measurement by ventigraphy and respiratory endoscopy. When secretions were present in the airways, transendoscopic tracheal aspiration was performed, and the sample was sent for cytology. The main findings included a combination of bronchospasm and tracheal secretions with 61% of the cytology slides showing neutrophil counts ≥20%. Overall, a significant number of the horses displayed signs suggestive of inflammatory airway disease (mild equine asthma), including 47% with increased DPplmax, 11% with tracheal mucus accumulation [mucus score (MS) ≥2] and 18% with carina edema. This was more pronounced in 2-year-old horses within the population studied. These findings are consistent with the literature and reinforce the importance of routine respiratory examination of athletic horses. There is a high incidence of subclinical respiratory disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses in training at the JCB and a significant association between tracheal MS≥2, carina edema, and elevated DPplmax.

RESUMO: Cavalos atletas devem apresentar higidez das vias respiratórias para que obtenham bom desempenho esportivo. Este estudo buscou verificar a incidência de alterações respiratórias em cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) de corrida em treinamento, aparentemente sadios. De acordo com o Estatuto do Consenso de Doenças Inflamatórias das Vias Aéreas revisado em 2016, o levantamento das alterações respiratórias em diferentes populações de cavalos é fundamental para o entendimento dessas enfermidades. Nesse sentido, foram examinados 72 equinos PSI em treinamento no Jockey Club Brasileiro (JCB), por meio de mensuração da pressão interpleural através da ventigrafia e endoscopia respiratória. Quando presentes nas vias aéreas, foram coletadas secreções por aspirado traqueal transendoscópico para realização de citologia. Os achados prevalentes foram a combinação de broncoespasmo e secreções traqueais onde, em 61% das lâminas, houve contagem de neutrófilos ≥20%. De um modo geral, um percentual significativo de cavalos apresentou sinais sugestivos de Doença Inflamatória das Vias Aéreas (DIVA), incluindo 47% com elevação na DPplmax, 11% com aumento no muco traqueal (score de muco ≥2) e 18% de edema de carina. Dentro da população estudada, essas alterações foram mais pronunciadas em animais de 2 anos. Esses achados reforçam a importância da investigação respiratória rotineira nos cavalos atletas indo ao encontro do que foi descrito em outras publicações. As alterações respiratórias subclínicas têm alta incidência em cavalos PSI em treinamento no JCB e existe uma associação significativa entre o muco traqueal (score ≥2), edema de carina, e elevação na DPplmax.

Investigation of respiratory disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses training at the Brazilian Jockey Club / Investigação de doenças respiratórias em cavalos de corrida em treinamento no Jockey Club Brasileiro

ABSTRACT: Athletic horses need to maintain healthy airways for optimal performance. This study investigated the presence of respiratory problems in apparently healthy Thoroughbred racehorses in training. According to the Revised Consensus Statement on Inflammatory Airway Diseases of Horses (2016), determining the prevalence of respiratory disorders in different equine populations is fundamental for understanding these diseases. In total, 72 clinically sound Thoroughbred racehorses, in training at the Brazilian Jockey Club (JCB), were initially examined using interpleural pressure measurement by ventigraphy and respiratory endoscopy. When secretions were present in the airways, transendoscopic tracheal aspiration was performed, and the sample was sent for cytology. The main findings included a combination of bronchospasm and tracheal secretions with 61% of the cytology slides showing neutrophil counts 20%. Overall, a significant number of the horses displayed signs suggestive of inflammatory airway disease (mild equine asthma), including 47% with increased DPplmax, 11% with tracheal mucus accumulation [mucus score (MS) 2] and 18% with carina edema. This was more pronounced in 2-year-old horses within the population studied. These findings are consistent with the literature and reinforce the importance of routine respiratory examination of athletic horses. There is a high incidence of subclinical respiratory disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses in training at the JCB and a significant association between tracheal MS2, carina edema, and elevated DPplmax.

RESUMO: Cavalos atletas devem apresentar higidez das vias respiratórias para que obtenham bom desempenho esportivo. Este estudo buscou verificar a incidência de alterações respiratórias em cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) de corrida em treinamento, aparentemente sadios. De acordo com o Estatuto do Consenso de Doenças Inflamatórias das Vias Aéreas revisado em 2016, o levantamento das alterações respiratórias em diferentes populações de cavalos é fundamental para o entendimento dessas enfermidades. Nesse sentido, foram examinados 72 equinos PSI em treinamento no Jockey Club Brasileiro (JCB), por meio de mensuração da pressão interpleural através da ventigrafia e endoscopia respiratória. Quando presentes nas vias aéreas, foram coletadas secreções por aspirado traqueal transendoscópico para realização de citologia. Os achados prevalentes foram a combinação de broncoespasmo e secreções traqueais onde, em 61% das lâminas, houve contagem de neutrófilos 20%. De um modo geral, um percentual significativo de cavalos apresentou sinais sugestivos de Doença Inflamatória das Vias Aéreas (DIVA), incluindo 47% com elevação na DPplmax, 11% com aumento no muco traqueal (score de muco 2) e 18% de edema de carina. Dentro da população estudada, essas alterações foram mais pronunciadas em animais de 2 anos. Esses achados reforçam a importância da investigação respiratória rotineira nos cavalos atletas indo ao encontro do que foi descrito em outras publicações. As alterações respiratórias subclínicas têm alta incidência em cavalos PSI em treinamento no JCB e existe uma associação significativa entre o muco traqueal (score 2), edema de carina, e elevação na DPplmax.