OBJECTIVES: Hospital internal-use pharmacies are required to make pharmaceutical preparations in order to obtain a medication in a dosage and/or Galenic form (FG) suitable for pediatric use. The aim of this study is to assess the procedures for continuing pharmaceutical preparations initiated within the Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille in an outpatient setting. METHODS: Hospital discharge prescriptions and/or consultation prescriptions involving paediatric magistral preparations and issued by our Hospital Centre were collected from two pharmacies with significant preparation activity at national level. An analysis of regulatory compliance was carried out, as well as a comparison of the formulation of preparations made in the outpatient setting and in the hospital. RESULTS: Au total, 45 prescriptions were collected, representing 52 preparation lines. The regulatory analysis revealed that all the prescriptions contained at least one non-conformity, 60.8% of which related to drug treatments. The prepared FG differed in the outpatient setting compared to the hospital in 46.2% of cases, and in 56% of cases, the vehicle and concentration of the active ingredient used differed when the FG was a liquid oral form. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of clear and complete hospital prescriptions makes it difficult to carry out treatment initiated in hospital in the outpatient setting. The multiplicity of information systems between hospitals and outpatient settings are obstacles to the interoperability needed to coordinate patient treatment, particularly in paediatrics. The quality of discharge prescriptions needs to be improved to optimise the patient care pathway.
Medication Errors , Outpatients , Child , Humans , Hospitals, University , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Prescriptions
OBJECTIVE: Capsule compounding is common for paediatric patients. In Europe, pharmacists often use a volume-based method whereas, in the USA, the weight-based method prevails. These two methods should be compared in order to help hospital pharmacists to make their choice. METHODS: We evaluated the difference between the volume-based method and the weight-based method with 10 mg spironolactone capsules. Six independent batches were made with each technique and their conformity was evaluated with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. RESULTS: The weight-based method showed superiority over the volume-based method for the following parameters: spironolactone content homogeneity, total weight content homogeneity, batch reproducibility and batch conformity. No differences were seen in spironolactone content between the two methods, but an overall trend towards underweighing the excipient was found with the volume-based method. CONCLUSIONS: Capsule compounding with the weight-based method increases the quality of the resulting formulation. The weight-based method requires knowledge of the galenic parameters of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients, but should be preferred to the volume-based method.
Excipients , Spironolactone , Humans , Child , Drug Compounding/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Excipients/chemistry , Europe
OBJECTIVE: Clonidine hydrochloride is an antihypertensive, centrally acting α2 adrenergic agonist with various pediatric indications. For pediatric patients, 20-mcg clonidine hydrochloride capsules can be compounded from commercial tablets or from a pre-compounded titrated powder. These methods should be compared to ensure the best quality for the high-risk patients, and a beyond-use date should be established. METHODS: Eight experimental batches were made from commercial tablets and 8 were made from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based titrated powders. Quality controls were performed to determine the best compounding protocol. Stability study was conducted on capsules compounded with the best method. RESULTS: Of 8 batches manufactured from commercial tablets, 7 were compliant for both clonidine mean content and content uniformity, whereas 7 of 8 batches manufactured from titrated powders were not. A clonidine loss during compounding was evidenced by surface sampling analyses. Clonidine hydrochloride 20-mcg capsules' mean content remained higher than 90% of initial content for 1 year when stored at 25°C with 60% relative humidity and protected from light. CONCLUSIONS: Commercial tablets should be preferred to 1% clonidine hydrochloride and MCC titrated powder made from the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Twenty-microgram clonidine hydrochloride capsules made from commercial tablets are stable for 1 year when stored under managed ambient storage condition.
Fludrocortisone acetate is a drug used to treat adrenal insufficiencies which can be prescribed to hospitalized or ambulatory pediatric patients at dosages not commercially available. For these patients, 10-µg fludrocortisone capsules are currently compounded from a pre-compounded titrated powder (powder triturate). Fludrocortisone stability studies were carried out to ensure a valid beyond-use date. First, a stability-indicating fludrocortisone acetate dosing method was validated. Then fludrocortisone acetate 10-µg capsules and 1% fludrocortisone acetate titrated powders (powder triturates) were realized. Finally, stability studies were performed. The fludrocortisone acetate titrated powders (powder triturates) were stable for one year at controlled ambient temperature and protected from light, whereas 10-µg fludrocortisone acetate capsules were stable for six months. One year after, even if the fludrocortisone content remained conformed, an increase in product degradation was noted. Our work allowed us to determine a six-month beyond-use date for fludrocortisone acetate titrated powder (powder triturate) with the three most commonly used excipients for capsule compounding. We also confirmed the sixmonth theoretical stability for capsules.
Emollients , Fludrocortisone , Capsules , Child , Drug Compounding/methods , Drug Stability , Fludrocortisone/analogs & derivatives , Humans , Powders
