Since SAR-COV-2 infection emerged and spread worldwide, little is known about its impact on people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We performed a single-center retrospective study to describe the potential particularities and risk factors for respiratory failure (RF) in that population. This single-center retrospective study included patients infected with HIV, whose current follow-up is run in this center, above18 years of age, with diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 5, 2020 and April 15, 2021. We collected data regarding HIV immunological and virological status, main epidemiological characteristics, as well as those conditions considered to potentially influence in SARS-CoV-2 evolution; and clinical, microbiological, radiological, respiratory status, and survival concerning coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared all that, for patients with and without RF and performed a logistic regression for suspected risk factors for RF. One hundred seventy-seven HIV patients were diagnosed from COVID-19 (mean age 53.8 years, 81.3% male). At diagnosis, 95.5% were receiving ART and 91.3% had undetectable viral load, with median CD4 count of 569 cells/µL. One hundred thirty-eight patients (78.4%) had symptoms, 44 (25%) developed RF and 53 (31%) developed bilateral pneumonia. The most commonly used treatments were: steroids (26.7%) and hydroxychloroquine (13.1%). When comparing patients with and without RF, we found statistically significant differences for 20 of the analyzed variables such as age (p < .001) and CD4 (p 0.002), and route of HIV transmission by intravenous drug users IVDU (p 0.002) were determined. In multivariate analysis, age [odds ratio (OR) 1.095] and CD4 count less than 350 cells/µL (OR 3.36) emerged as risk factor for RF. People living with HIV whose CD4 count is <350 cells are at higher risk of developing RF when infected by SARS-CoV-2.
COVID-19 , HIV Infections , COVID-19/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Tertiary Care Centers
INTRODUCTION: Our objectives were to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in critically ill patients and to determine C. difficile PCR-ribotypes. METHODS: Prospective, observational study in 26 Spanish ICUs. Patients with diarrhea meeting ESCMID criteria for CDI were included. Molecular characterization of isolates was performed using PCR ribotyping. RESULTS: Of 4258 patients admitted to the ICUs, 190 (4.5%) developed diarrhea. Only 16 patients (8.4%) were diagnosed with CDI. Ribotype 078/126 (25.0%) was the most frequently identified. The mortality rate was similar in patients with ICD compared to patients with diarrhea not caused by C. difficile (p = 0.115). Chronic renal insufficiency was identified as the only factor independently associated with the development of CDI (OR 5.87, 95% CI 1.24-27.83; p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CDI in Spanish ICUs is low. Only chronic renal insufficiency was observed to be a risk factor for CDI development
INTRODUCCIÓN: Pretendemos describir la incidencia, las características clínicas y los factores de riesgo de la infección por Clostridium difficile (ICD) en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos, así como los ribotipos identificados. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, realizado en 26 unidades de cuidados intensivos de España. Se incluyeron pacientes con diarrea y criterios clínicos de la ESCMID por sospecha de ICD. La caracterización molecular se realizó mediante PCR. RESULTADOS: De 4.258 pacientes ingresados, 190 (4,5%) presentaron diarrea; en 16 causada por ICD. El ribotipo más frecuentemente aislado fue 078/126 (25%). La tasa de mortalidad cruda fue similar en pacientes con ICD y en pacientes con diarrea no causada por Clostridium difficile (p = 0,115). La insuficiencia renal crónica fue identificada como factor independientemente asociado a desarrollo de ICD (OR: 5,87; IC 95%: 1,24-27,83; p = 0,026). CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de ICD en las unidades de cuidados intensivos españolas es baja. La insuficiencia renal crónica es el único factor identificado para desarrollo de ICD
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Cross Infection/microbiology , Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Clostridium Infections/microbiology , Observational Study , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Clostridioides difficile/genetics , Spain
INTRODUCTION: Our objectives were to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in critically ill patients and to determine C. difficile PCR-ribotypes. METHODS: Prospective, observational study in 26 Spanish ICUs. Patients with diarrhea meeting ESCMID criteria for CDI were included. Molecular characterization of isolates was performed using PCR ribotyping. RESULTS: Of 4258 patients admitted to the ICUs, 190 (4.5%) developed diarrhea. Only 16 patients (8.4%) were diagnosed with CDI. Ribotype 078/126 (25.0%) was the most frequently identified. The mortality rate was similar in patients with ICD compared to patients with diarrhea not caused by C. difficile (p=0.115). Chronic renal insufficiency was identified as the only factor independently associated with the development of CDI (OR 5.87, 95% CI 1.24-27.83; p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CDI in Spanish ICUs is low. Only chronic renal insufficiency was observed to be a risk factor for CDI development.
Clostridium Infections/epidemiology , Aged , Clostridioides difficile/classification , Clostridioides difficile/genetics , Clostridium Infections/diagnosis , Critical Illness , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Ribotyping , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology
Fundamento y objetivos: La toxicidad renal de ciertos antibióticos (AB) es conocida. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer el posible efecto de los tratamientos AB en el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal (IR) en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa (EI). Material y método: Recogida en un registro nacional multicéntrico de los datos referentes a la función renal, tanto previa como su deterioro si existiese, durante el tratamiento de las EI y relacionarlo con los posibles factores causantes, entre ellos los AB. Resultados: Entre 2008 y 2012 se han analizado 1.853 episodios de EI remitidos desde 26 centros españoles. De ellos, un 21,6% presentaban una alteración previa de la función renal. Desarrollaron IR de novo o un empeoramiento de la función renal previa un 38,7% de los casos. En aquellos pacientes que presentaban IR previa, el deterioro fue más frecuente (64 frente a 31,7%; p<0,001). Globalmente los pacientes con IR tenían más edad (70,6 frente a 67 años; p<0,01) y comorbilidades (índice de Charlson 5 frente a 4; p<0,01), y la EI era por Staphylococcus aureus (32,1 frente a 16,5%; p<0,01). El uso de AB potencialmente nefrotóxicos solo se asoció a IR en el grupo de pacientes sin IR previa (aminoglucósidos: OR=1,47 [IC 95% 1,096-1,988], p=0,010; aminoglucósidos-vancomicina: OR=1,49 [IC 95% 1,069-2,09], p=0,019]). Conclusiones: En pacientes sin IR previa, los AB nefrotóxicos se asocian a un deterioro de la función renal. En pacientes con IR previa al episodio de EI, el deterioro de renal fue más frecuente, pero parece estar más relacionado con la gravedad de la infección (AU)
Background and objectives: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). Material and method: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. Results: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). Conclusions: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection (AU)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Toxicity Tests , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology , Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use , Vancomycin/therapeutic use , Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality
The aim of the study was to draw a comparison between the characteristics of infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with cancer and those of IE in noncancer patients.Patients with IE, according to the modified Duke criteria, were prospectively included in the GAMES registry between January 2008 and February 2014 in 30 hospitals. Patients with active cancer were compared with noncancer patients.During the study period, 161 episodes of IE fulfilled the inclusion criteria. We studied 2 populations: patients whose cancer was diagnosed before IE (73.9%) and those whose cancer and IE were diagnosed simultaneously (26.1%). The latter more frequently had community-acquired IE (67.5% vs 26.4%, Pâ<â.01), severe sepsis (28.6% vs 11.1%, Pâ=â.013), and IE caused by gastrointestinal streptococci (42.9% vs 16.8%, Pâ<â.01). However, catheter source (7.1% vs 29.4%, Pâ=â.003), invasive procedures (26.2% vs 44.5%, Pâ=â.044), and immunosuppressants (9.5% vs 35.6%, Pâ=â.002) were less frequent.When compared with noncancer patients, patients with cancer were more often male (75.2% vs 67.7%, Pâ=â.049), with a higher comorbidity index (7 vs 4). In addition, IE was more often nosocomial (48.7% vs 29%) and originated in catheters (23.6% vs 6.2%) (all Pâ<â.01). Prosthetic endocarditis (21.7% vs 30.3%, Pâ=â.022) and surgery when indicated (24.2% vs 46.5%, Pâ<â.01) were less common. In-hospital mortality (34.8% vs 25.8%, Pâ=â.012) and 1-year mortality (47.8% vs 30.9%, Pâ<â.01) were higher in cancer patients, although 30-day mortality was not (24.8% vs 19.3%, Pâ=â.087).A significant proportion of cases of IE (5.6%) were recorded in cancer patients, mainly as a consequence of medical interventions. IE may be a harbinger of occult cancer, particularly that of gastrointestinal or urinary origin.
Cross Infection/complications , Endocarditis/etiology , Neoplasms/complications , Aged , Cross Infection/mortality , Endocarditis/mortality , Female , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Sex Factors
La infección por Clostridium difficile (ICD) es la principal causa de diarrea nosocomial en países industrializados y el origen de un número de casos cada vez mayor de diarrea en la comunidad. La irrupción de la cepa del ribotipo 027 ha incrementado en algunos países la incidencia y la gravedad de la ICD. Aunque suele cursar como una diarrea leve/moderada, puede dar lugar a formas graves, como megacolon tóxico y shock séptico. Uno de cada 2 episodios de ICD no es diagnosticado en los hospitales españoles por falta de sospecha clínica o por el uso de métodos diagnósticos poco sensibles. Se recomiendan algoritmos diagnósticos basados en la detección de glutamato deshidrogenasa y en la detección molecular de los genes de las toxinas con o sin la detección directa de las toxinas. El tratamiento recomendado de la ICD depende del tipo de infección y las características del paciente (AU)
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea in industrialized countries and the source of a growing number of cases of diarrhea in the community. The outbreak of the hypervirulent strain belonging to ribotype 027 has increased the incidence and severity of CDI in some countries. Although CDI usually courses as a mild diarrhea it can lead to severe forms such as toxic megacolon or septic shock. One of every 2 episodes of CDI is not diagnosed in Spanish hospitals due to a lack of clinical suspicion or the use of insensitive diagnostic methods. The diagnostic techniques of choice are algorithms based on the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase and molecular detection of the genes of the toxins with or without the direct detection of the toxins. The recommended treatment for CDI depends on the type of infection and the characteristics of the patient (AU)
Humans , Clostridium Infections/diagnosis , Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/epidemiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Severity of Illness Index
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). CONCLUSIONS: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Female , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Registries , Risk Factors , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Treatment Outcome
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea in industrialized countries and the source of a growing number of cases of diarrhea in the community. The outbreak of the hypervirulent strain belonging to ribotype 027 has increased the incidence and severity of CDI in some countries. Although CDI usually courses as a mild diarrhea it can lead to severe forms such as toxic megacolon or septic shock. One of every 2 episodes of CDI is not diagnosed in Spanish hospitals due to a lack of clinical suspicion or the use of insensitive diagnostic methods. The diagnostic techniques of choice are algorithms based on the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase and molecular detection of the genes of the toxins with or without the direct detection of the toxins. The recommended treatment for CDI depends on the type of infection and the characteristics of the patient.
Clostridioides difficile , Cross Infection , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous , Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/therapy , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/epidemiology , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/microbiology , Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/therapy , Europe/epidemiology , Humans , North America/epidemiology
Los grandes avances que se han producido en el conocimiento de la patología infecciosa, en parte favorecidos por el desarrollo tecnológico de las últimas décadas, junto con los cambios asistenciales actuales, han conducido a un nuevo escenario en el que, lejos del control de las enfermedades infecciosas, la microbiología clínica adquiere un protagonismo indiscutible. Más aún, este mismo panorama lleva implícita la colaboración de distintos profesionales que conviven en el mismo ámbito asistencial, siempre con comunidad de intereses y, en ocasiones, también con intereses contrapuestos. Superando los protagonismos individuales que puedan producirse en el día a día en nuestros hospitales, es obvio que todos ellos deben entenderse, no sólo porque la mejor atención a nuestros pacientes así lo requiere sino porque de la colaboración sinérgica se ha de derivar un mejor desarrollo profesional de todos. Desde este principio de enfoque multidisciplinario y de colaboración y respeto mutuo, parece oportuno que distintos profesionales relacionados con la patología infecciosa den su opinión acerca de cómo ven ellos la especialidad de la microbiología clínica: infectólogos, internistas, pediatras e intensivistas. A continuación se exponen las reflexiones, siempre hechas desde una perspectiva muy libre y personal, acerca de cómo enfocar las relaciones mutuas y seguir progresando en el desarrollo del conocimiento de la patología infecciosa en nuestro país. Preguntarse de dónde venimos para saber adónde vamos aparece de forma explícita o implícita en todas estas reflexiones
The major advances produced in infectious diseases, partly favored by technological development in the last few years, together with current changes in healthcare, have led to a new scenario in which, far from the control of infectious diseases, clinical microbiology has acquired an undoubted leading role. This new panorama implies collaboration among distinct health professionals within the same healthcare setting, with common and occasionally conflicting interests. Setting aside the individual differences that can be produced in the daily life of our hospitals, all health professionals should understand one another, not only because such cooperation is required for optimal patient care but also because synergistic collaboration among professions would improve professional development. Based on this principle of a multidisciplinary approach, collaboration and mutual respect, the moment seems opportune for the various professionals involved in infectious diseases (infectologists, internists, pediatricians and intensivists) to express their view of the specialty of clinical microbiology. The present article includes reflections, from a highly liberal and personal point of view, on how mutual relationships can be approached and on how greater knowledge of infectious diseases can continue to be gained in Spain. In all these reflections, the questions of where we come from and where we are going are explicit or implicit
Microbiology , Interdisciplinary Communication , Critical Care , Internal Medicine , Pediatrics
