Video-EEG monitoring is an established gold-standard procedure for diagnosis and differentiation of epileptic and non-epileptic seizures. Epilepsy misdiagnosis, to which factors such as EEG artifact misinterpretation contribute to, is common, and can have long-lasting iatrogenic repercussions to the clinical management of affected patients. Among the many types of responses to photic stimulation, artifacts and physiologic and epileptic responses are possible. All of these can interfere with EEG interpretation when provoked by a source of illumination. Photic-induced responses are of increasing relevance given the ubiquity of screens and other light-emitting electronics in our modern world. One of these, the photoparoxysmal response, is a frequent finding in photosensitive patients with genetic generalized epilepsies. Various responses beyond abnormal occurrence of cortical spikes or spike-and-wave discharges are known to occur on EEG in response to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS), with different clinical implications. To our knowledge, we report a unique electronegative photoparoxysmal response during video-EEG monitoring induced by fluctuating illumination caused by a distant television screen. This response mimicked an extratemporal seizure in a young woman with frontal lobe epilepsy, admitted for presurgical evaluation. Novel electronegative responses to electronic devices during video-EEG monitoring merit consideration by EEG interpreters to help avoid misdiagnosis.
Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis , Photic Stimulation/adverse effects , Seizures/diagnosis , Television , Adult , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Seizures/etiology , Seizures/physiopathology
OBJECTIVE: Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) are widely regarded as important allies against illness and suffering in general. Findings in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) suggest the temporal lobe as the anatomical-functional basis of religious experiences. Both R/S are relevant in patients with epilepsy (PWE) since epilepsy can lead to psychosocial issues for a significant portion of patients and their families. To investigate R/S in PWE, as well as the impact of different epileptic syndromes on patients' R/S. METHODS: One hundred PWE and 50 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex and educational level were submitted to an interview, as well as three previously validated questionnaires: Index of Core Spiritual Experience (INSPIRIT-R), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). RESULTS: PWE's and control's mean ages were 35.9 ± 12.4 vs. 36.3 ± 18.1 years, mean schooling was 8.9 ± 3.7 vs. 10.1 ± 4.2 years. The mean age of epilepsy onset was 14.5 ± 12.1 and monthly frequency of seizures was 5.9 ± 12.6. INSPIRIT-R's scores were not statistically significantly different between patients and controls (3.0 ± 0.8 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8); however, INSPIRIT-R's scores were significantly higher in TLE patients when compared with other epilepsy syndromes (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Temporal lobe epilepsy patients have higher levels of R/S.
Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/psychology , Quality of Life , Religion , Spirituality , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anxiety/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Depression/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
ABSTRACT Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) are widely regarded as important allies against illness and suffering in general. Findings in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) suggest the temporal lobe as the anatomical-functional basis of religious experiences. Both R/S are relevant in patients with epilepsy (PWE) since epilepsy can lead to psychosocial issues for a significant portion of patients and their families. Objective: To investigate R/S in PWE, as well as the impact of different epileptic syndromes on patients' R/S. Methods: One hundred PWE and 50 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex and educational level were submitted to an interview, as well as three previously validated questionnaires: Index of Core Spiritual Experience (INSPIRIT-R), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). Results: PWE's and control's mean ages were 35.9 ± 12.4 vs. 36.3 ± 18.1 years, mean schooling was 8.9 ± 3.7 vs. 10.1 ± 4.2 years. The mean age of epilepsy onset was 14.5 ± 12.1 and monthly frequency of seizures was 5.9 ± 12.6. INSPIRIT-R's scores were not statistically significantly different between patients and controls (3.0 ± 0.8 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8); however, INSPIRIT-R's scores were significantly higher in TLE patients when compared with other epilepsy syndromes (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9; p = 0.04). Conclusion: Temporal lobe epilepsy patients have higher levels of R/S.
Resumo Religiosidade e espiritualidade (R/E) são geralmente consideradas importantes aliadas no enfrentamento de doenças e sofrimento. Estudos na epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) sugerem que o lobo temporal é a base anatômico-funcional de experiências religiosas. Além disso, R/E têm impacto na vida de pacientes com epilepsia (PCE), uma vez que a epilepsia frequentemente está associada a distúrbios psicossociais em pacientes e seus familiares. Objetivo: Investigar R/E em PCE, bem como o impacto de diferentes síndromes epilépticas na R/E dos pacientes. Método: Cem PCE e 50 voluntários saudáveis pareados por idade, sexo e nível educacional foram submetidos a uma entrevista, bem como três questionários previamente validados: Index of Core Spiritual Experience (INSPIRIT-R), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), e Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31). Resultados: As médias de idade de PCE e controles foram de 35,9 ± 12,4 vs. 36,3 ± 18,1 anos, com escolaridade média de 8,9 ± 3,7 vs. 10,1 ± 4,2 anos. A idade média do início da epilepsia foi de 14,5 ± 12,1 e a frequência de crises mensais foi de 5,9 ± 12,6. Os escores do INSPIRIT-R não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os pacientes e controles (3,0 ± 0,8 vs. 3,0 ± 0,8); entretanto, os escores do INSPIRIT-R foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com ELT quando comparados com outras síndromes epilépticas (3,2 ± 0,7 vs. 2,8 ± 0,9; p = 0,04). Conclusão: Pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal possuem níveis mais altos de religiosidade e espiritualidade.
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Quality of Life , Religion , Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/psychology , Spirituality , Anxiety/psychology , Socioeconomic Factors , Case-Control Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Depression/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests
OBJECTIVE: General Locus of Control (GLoC) is used to measure the extent to which people perceive life events as results of their own actions or external factors. This study analyzes the relationship between GLoC and people with epilepsy's (PWE) clinical characteristics, levels of anxiety, depression, religiosity/spirituality, and quality of life, with particular attention to possible influences of auras. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out with 186 consecutive patients with a definite diagnosis of epilepsy in Brazil and Lithuania. Besides clinical and demographic data, all patients answered to internationally validated scales: Rotter's GLoC, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31), and Index of Core Spiritual Experiences-Revised (INSPIRIT-R). RESULTS: Patient's mean age was 36.15⯱â¯13.75â¯years, 61.3% were female, mean age at onset of epilepsy was 17.27⯱â¯13.59â¯years, and monthly seizure frequency was 8.22⯱â¯20.00. People with epilepsy were more depressed than controls, (pâ¯=â¯0.03). Within the group with epilepsy, patients reporting auras and reacting to them had higher levels of depression (pâ¯=â¯0.002) and anxiety (pâ¯=â¯0.004) and lower QOLIE-31 (pâ¯=â¯0.01) score but did not differ in GLoC (pâ¯=â¯0.73) or INSPIRIT-R (pâ¯=â¯0.71). Patients with perceived ability to prevent seizures in response to auras had no increased levels of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: General Locus of Control externalization in PWE was not confirmed. To perceive and be able to react to auras is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in PWE but not if it results in preventing seizures. No transcultural differences in these parameters were found.
Epilepsy/psychology , Internal-External Control , Adolescent , Adult , Age of Onset , Aged , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/etiology , Brazil , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/etiology , Female , Health Status Indicators , Humans , Lithuania , Male , Middle Aged , Perception , Quality of Life , Young Adult
Objective To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the General Locus of Control (GLoC) questionnaire, which measures where people place causation of events in their lives, i.e., if they interpret events as being the result of their own actions or external factors. Methods After translation and back-translation, a multidisciplinary committee judged and elaborated different versions of the GLoC questionnaire, with a focus on conceptual equivalence, content, comprehensibility and adjustment to the Brazilian socioeconomic context. The final version was tested on 71 healthy subjects, of whom 36 were reinterviewed and answered the GLoC questionnaire twice, after a mean of 73.06±74.15 days (range = 29-359). Results The participants' mean age was 30.82±12.83 years (range = 18-69), 62% were women, and mean years of schooling were 12.54±4.21. Test-retest reliability (Pearson's) was r = 0.828. Internal consistency resulted in a Cronbach's alpha of 0.906. The mean GLoC score obtained was 8.77±3.11 (n = 71). Conclusion The Portuguese version of the GLoC questionnaire is a faithful adaptation of Rotter's original questionnaire.
Internal-External Control , Psychological Tests , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Helplessness, Learned , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Translating , Young Adult
Abstract Objective To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the General Locus of Control (GLoC) questionnaire, which measures where people place causation of events in their lives, i.e., if they interpret events as being the result of their own actions or external factors. Methods After translation and back-translation, a multidisciplinary committee judged and elaborated different versions of the GLoC questionnaire, with a focus on conceptual equivalence, content, comprehensibility and adjustment to the Brazilian socioeconomic context. The final version was tested on 71 healthy subjects, of whom 36 were reinterviewed and answered the GLoC questionnaire twice, after a mean of 73.06±74.15 days (range = 29-359). Results The participants' mean age was 30.82±12.83 years (range = 18-69), 62% were women, and mean years of schooling were 12.54±4.21. Test-retest reliability (Pearson's) was r = 0.828. Internal consistency resulted in a Cronbach's alpha of 0.906. The mean GLoC score obtained was 8.77±3.11 (n = 71). Conclusion The Portuguese version of the GLoC questionnaire is a faithful adaptation of Rotter's original questionnaire.
Resumo Objetivo Realizar a adaptação transcultural do questionário General Locus of Control (GLoC), que avalia a que as pessoas atribuem a causa dos seus eventos de vida, isto é, se interpretam os eventos como sendo resultado de suas próprias ações ou de fatores externos. Métodos Após as fases de tradução e retrotradução do instrumento, uma equipe multidisciplinar julgou as versões obtidas quanto à manutenção do conceito original, compreensibilidade e clareza para o contexto socioeconômico da população brasileira. A versão final foi testada em 71 indivíduos saudáveis, dos quais 36 responderam duas vezes ao questionário, com um intervalo de 73,06±74,15 (29-359) dias. Resultados A média de idade dos participantes foi de 30,82±12,83 anos (com variação de 18-69), 62% eram mulheres, e o número médio de anos de escolaridade foi 12,54±4,21. A análise de confiabilidade teste-reteste (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson) foi r = 0,828. A análise de consistência interna resultou em um valor de Crohnbach de 0,906. O escore médio entre aplicações do teste foi de 8,77±3,11 (n = 71). Conclusão A versão em português do questionário GLoC é uma adaptação fiel ao instrumento original de Rotter.
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Psychological Tests , Internal-External Control , Translating , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Helplessness, Learned , Middle Aged
