Genetic diversity in 10 populations of domestic Turkeys by using microsatellites markers.

The domestic turkey is a native breed in danger of extinction due to the introduction of new breeds specializing in meat production and yield. Turkeys have lost some prominence in urban areas, and only certain breeds of turkeys are preserved in rural areas. Wild and domestic turkeys are different; rural or indigenous turkeys, with black plumage, were domesticated from Mexican turkeys and have been reproduced throughout Latin America. Some of them were taken to Europe in the 16th century and later arrived in North America, where they crossed with another wild species, from which the bronze turkey emerged: the ancestor of all commercial turkeys. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the genetic diversity in 10 populations of domestic turkeys worldwide by using breeds from Europe: Spain and Italy; America: Mexico, United States and Brazil; and the Near East: Iran and Egypt. A total of 522 blood samples of both sexes were collected from domestic turkey populations. Thirty-four microsatellites were used to obtain genetic parameters, and genetic diversity was evaluated. All microsatellites used were polymorphic, and a total of 427 alleles were detected across the 34 markers investigated. In this study, a mean number of 13.44 alleles was found. The four most diverse breeds were from the Andalusia, Mexico, United States, and wild populations, which had the highest mean heterozygosity expected (0.619, 0.612, 0.650, and 0.773) and heterozygosity observed (0.422, 0.521, 0.429, and 0.627), respectively. The MNT348 marker deviated from the HWE in all populations. Our study has shown that the populations close to the species origin are more diverse than those resulting from posterior expansions. Mexican birds were the most diverse, followed by the Spanish populations because Spain imported a large number of turkeys coming from America. Such information can be complementary to other genotypic data required to validate the evolutionary relationships among turkey populations.

Ecological study on needs and cost of treatment for dental caries in schoolchildren aged 6, 12, and 15 years: Data from a national survey in Mexico.

To determine the treatment needs and the care index for dental caries in the primary dentition and permanent dentition of schoolchildren and to quantify the cost of care that would represent the treatment of dental caries in Mexico.A secondary analysis of data from the First National Caries Survey was conducted, which was a cross-sectional study conducted in the 32 states of Mexico. Based on dmft (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in the primary dentition) and DMFT (average number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth in permanent dentition) information, a treatment needs index (TNI) and a caries care index (CI) were calculated.At age 6, the TNI for the primary dentition ranged from 81.7% to 99.5% and the CI ranged from 0.5% to 17.6%. In the permanent dentition, the TNI ranged from 58.8% to 100%, and the CI ranged from 0.0% to 41.2%. At age 12, the TNI ranged from 55.4% to 93.4%, and the CI ranged from 6.5% to 43.4%. At age 15, the TNI ranged from 50.4% to 98.4%, and the CI ranged from 1.4% to 48.3%. The total cost of treatment at 6 years of age was estimated to range from a purchasing power parity (PPP) of USD $49.1 to 287.7 million in the primary dentition, and from a PPP of USD $3.7 to 24 million in the permanent dentition. For the treatment of the permanent dentition of 12-year-olds, the PPP ranged from USD $13.3 to 85.4 million. The estimated cost of treatment of the permanent dentition of the 15-year-olds ranged from a PPP of USD $10.9 to 70.3 million. The total estimated cost of caries treatment ranged from a PPP of USD $77.1 to 499.6 million, depending on the type of treatment and provider (public or private).High percentages of TNI for dental caries and low CI values were observed. The estimated costs associated with the treatment for caries have an impact because they represent a considerable percentage of the total health expenditure in Mexico.

Sarcopenia, nutritional status and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in a group of Mexican women residing in a nursing home.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with nutritional status and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in older women living in a nursing home. METHODS: This cross-sectional study assessed nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Sarcopenia was defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; hand grip strength and physical performance were determined by dynamometry and gait speed, respectively. Muscle mass was assessed using calf circumference. RESULTS: The mean age of the 114 participants was 84.1 ± 7.0 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia and T2DM was 30.7% and 10.5%, respectively. The majority (66.7%) had a normal nutritional status, 29.8% were at risk of malnutrition, and 3.5% were undernourished. The prevalence of sarcopenia in participants at risk of malnutrition and those who were undernourished was higher compared with participants with a normal NS (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant difference was observed in the Barthel Index (BI) between women with and without sarcopenia (P = 0.048). The multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted by age (p = 0.007) showed an association between sarcopenia and nutritional status. Women with a poor nutritional status were more likely to have sarcopenia (OR 4.97, P = 0.003) whilst those with T2DM showed a higher probability of sarcopenia (OR 5.52, P = 0.019) than women without T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia was highly prevalent in women with a poor nutritional status and T2DM. It is necessary to implement intervention programs to reduce adverse outcomes.

Hyperuricemia on Admission Predicts Short-Term Mortality due to Myocardial Infarction in a Population with High Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: National health surveys have revealed an outstandingly high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether serum uric acid levels on admission may predict short-term mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a population with an unusually high prevalence of classic cardiovascular risks. METHODS: A total of 795 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary reperfusion therapy were classified as having normouricemia or hyperuricemia according to serum uric acid levels at admission, and the occurrence of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events during coronary care unit stay was assessed. RESULTS: Patients with hyperuricemia (n = 291; mean age 61.2 ± 11.9 years; 74.8% males) were older, obese, hypertensive, and had a higher Killip class at admission than those with normouricemia (n = 504; mean age 57.6 ± 11.3 years; 88.9% males). Mortality rates were 1.7 and 0.7 cases/100 patients per day of coronary care unit stay in hyperuricemic and normouricemic patients, respectively. Comparatively, no association was observed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events. After multivariate adjustments, independent predictors for short-term mortality were only Killip class ≥ 2 (HR: 13.15; 95% CI: 5.29-29.85; p < 0.0001) and elevated serum uric acid levels (HR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.08-3.66; p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia on admission remains associated with short-term mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients from a population with an unusually high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.

Comparación de barnices y dentífrico con flúor en la prevención de caries en escolares / Comparison of varnishes and fluoridated toothpaste for the prevention of dental caries in school children

Objetivo Comparar el efecto preventivo de caries dental de dos frecuencias de aplicación de barniz fluorado (BF) con un grupo que utilizó instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado. Materiales y Método Se siguieron durante 22 meses a 203 niños de una escuela primaria en la delegación Tláhuac, Ciudad de México, quienes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de los siguientes grupos: 1) instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado 3 veces al año, 2) BF semestral, 3) BF tres aplicaciones semanales al año. El BF contenía fluorosilano (1000 ppm F), el dentífrico NaF (1450 ppm F). Se registró el índice de caries CPOD y la presencia de manchas blancas usando los criterios del ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Resultados Al inicio del estudio, el promedio de edad fue 9,3 (DE 0,76) años, el promedio de lesiones blancas 0,63 (DE 1,48) y del CPOD 0,70 (DE 1,11). CPOD inicial y final en los tres grupos fueron: instrucciones de cepillado usando dentífrico fluorado 0,67 y 1,17, BF semestral 0,77 y 1,46 y grupo BF 3 aplicaciones 0,67 y 1,03, respectivamente.. De acuerdo a los resultados del modelo GEE (Generalized Estimating Equations), no se detectaron diferencias significativas en el incremento de lesiones blancas o en el CPOD para el índice de caries (CPOD) entre los tres grupo; para el CPOD las aplicaciones semestrales mostraron RR=1,24 (p=0,178) y para 3 aplicaciones RR=0,83, (p=0,298), comparando con el grupo de instrucciones de cepillado con dentífrico fluorado, controlando por edad, sexo, cpod inicial y frecuencia de cepillado. Conclusiones Los escolares mostraron una baja incidencia de caries utilizando cualquiera de los tres regímenes preventivos aplicados.(AU)

Objective To compare preventive effect on dental caries of two frequencies of fluoridated varnish (FV) applications and a group given brushing instructions and using fluoridated toothpaste. Materials and Methods Follow-up study of 203 children attending an elementary school in the municipality of Tláhuac, Mexico City. The children were followed for 22 months. The students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) brushing instructions with fluoridated toothpaste, 2) FV every six months, 3) three FV applications per week per year. The FV contained fluorosilane (1000 ppm F) and NaF dentifrice (1450 ppm F). The DMFT-caries index and the presence of white spots were recorded (ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Results At baseline, the mean age of the children was 9.3 (SD 0.76) years, white lesions 0.63 (SD 1.48) and DMFT =0.70 (SD 1.11). Averages of the initial and final DMFT scores in the three groups were 0.67 and 1.17 for the toothpaste group, 0.77 and 1.46 for FV twice a year group, and 0.67 y 1.03 for the three-applications-FV group. According to the results of the GEE (Generalized-Estimating Equations) model, there were no significant differences in the rate of white lesions or the increase of the DMFT index. The results for the DMFT were: for bi-annual applications of FV, RR=1.24 (p=0.178) and for the three consecutive applications of FV, RR=0.83, (p=0.298) in comparison with the brushing-instructions group using fluoridated toothpaste, among the three treatment groups, controlling for age, sex, and initial-caries index in primary teeth and brushing frequency. Conclusions Schoolchildren showed a low incidence of caries using any of the three preventive regimens applied.(AU)

[Comparison of varnishes and fluoridated toothpaste for the prevention of dental caries in school children]. / Comparación de barnices y dentífrico con flúor en la prevención de caries en escolares.

Objective To compare preventive effect on dental caries of two frequencies of fluoridated varnish (FV) applications and a group given brushing instructions and using fluoridated toothpaste. Materials and Methods Follow-up study of 203 children attending an elementary school in the municipality of Tláhuac, Mexico City. The children were followed for 22 months. The students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) brushing instructions with fluoridated toothpaste, 2) FV every six months, 3) three FV applications per week per year. The FV contained fluorosilane (1000 ppm F) and NaF dentifrice (1450 ppm F). The DMFT-caries index and the presence of white spots were recorded (ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System). Results At baseline, the mean age of the children was 9.3 (SD 0.76) years, white lesions 0.63 (SD 1.48) and DMFT =0.70 (SD 1.11). Averages of the initial and final DMFT scores in the three groups were 0.67 and 1.17 for the toothpaste group, 0.77 and 1.46 for FV twice a year group, and 0.67 y 1.03 for the three-applications-FV group. According to the results of the GEE (Generalized-Estimating Equations) model, there were no significant differences in the rate of white lesions or the increase of the DMFT index. The results for the DMFT were: for bi-annual applications of FV, RR=1.24 (p=0.178) and for the three consecutive applications of FV, RR=0.83, (p=0.298) in comparison with the brushing-instructions group using fluoridated toothpaste, among the three treatment groups, controlling for age, sex, and initial-caries index in primary teeth and brushing frequency. Conclusions Schoolchildren showed a low incidence of caries using any of the three preventive regimens applied.

The relationship between body mass index and body fat percentage and periodontal status in Mexican adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between obesity indicators and the periodontal status of high school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High school students (15-year-olds) in Mexico City participated in the survey (n = 257). International Obesity Task Force cut-off values (ISO-BMI) were applied to identify overweight and obesity. Also, bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to estimate body fat percentage (BF%). The simplified detritus index (DI-S) was used to evaluate oral hygiene. The periodontal community index (CPI) was obtained to assess the periodontal status of the participants. RESULTS: Overweight/obesity was identified in 30.0% of the students. BF% was 37.5% in women and 21.2% in men and 16.7% of the participants smoked and 33.5% of the students presented DI-S >1. Based on CPI, 59.5% of the participants showed good periodontal status (CPI = 0); bleeding on probing without further periodontal involvement was found in 13.6% of the participants (CPI = 1), 23.8% showed a CPI = 2 (dental calculus) and a CPI = 3 (shallow periodontal pockets) was detected in 3.1% of the participants. The results of the multinomial logistical regression model fitting CPI ≥2 identified an association BF% (OR = 1.06), having poor oral hygiene (OR = 20.09) and smoking (OR = 2.49). Similarly, overweight/obesity was associated with CPI ≥2 (OR = 1.78) adjusting for school attended (public school OR = 0.35), oral hygiene (DI-S >1, OR = 23.92) and tobacco consumption (smoker OR = 1.81). CONCLUSIONS: Excess body fat indicators were associated with bleeding on probing and dental calculus in adolescents. The relationship between overweight/obesity and periodontal status in adolescents should be considered in oral health preventive programs.

Health insurance and cervical cancer screening among older women in Latin American and Caribbean cities.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear use for cervical cancer screening and to estimate its association with type of health care insurance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data from the Health, Well-Being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Study (SABE). The sample includes 6357 women aged 60 and older from seven cities. The outcome was reporting a Pap smear for cervical cancer screening during the previous 2 years. Main independent variable was health care insurance. Covariates were demographic or socioeconomic variables, medical conditions and functional status. RESULTS: Prevalence of Pap smear use across the seven cities ranged from 21% in Bridgetown to 45% in Mexico City. In a multivariate analysis of the combined sample, without Havana that has universal health care insurance, women with public insurance (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.43-0.71) or with no insurance (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.15-0.34) were less likely to have a Pap smear compared with women with private insurance. Also, women with no insurance were less likely to have a Pap smear (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.30-0.54) compared with women with any health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the prevalence of Pap smear use was lower than that reported for Hispanic populations in the United States. Overall, lack of health insurance or having public health insurance determined lower odds for having a Pap smear for cervical cancer screening.

The impact of education and literacy levels on cancer screening among older Latin American and Caribbean adults.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information related to the effects of education and literacy on cancer screening practices among older adults in Latin American and Caribbean countries. METHODS: To determine the association between education and cancer screening use, we developed a cross-sectional study using data from the Health, Well-Being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Study. The sample included 4,183 men and 6,708 women aged 60 years and older from seven cities. The outcomes are mammogram and Pap smear use in women and prostate examination use in men within the last 2 years. RESULTS: In general, illiterate or lower-educated older men and women have the lowest rates of cancer screening use compared with higher-educated counterparts. Multivariate logistic models, by city and in a combined sample of six cities showed that high education is associated with higher odds of having a mammogram or a Pap smear in women and a prostate examination in men. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with low educational or literacy levels should be targeted for screening programs in these populations.

Implementation of the NASA Artificial Gravity Bed Rest Pilot Study.

The NASA Artificial Gravity Bed Rest Pilot Study was the first cross-institutional study to investigate the effectiveness of intermittent artificial gravity (AG) as a multi-system countermeasure to bed rest deconditioning in human subjects. Daily treatments by 60 min exposures to short radius centrifugation (SRC) were used to load the longitudinal body axis of eight male human subjects during 21 days of head down tilt bed rest as a means of protecting the bone, muscle, and cardiovascular systems from deconditioning. Data from these treatment subjects were compared with those from seven male human control subjects who were not exposed to SRC loading. This paper reports on implementation issues and lessons learned during the conduct of this complex study.

El contexto de la familia y el vecindario en la salud de los ancianos del estudio EPESE hispano / Family and neighborhood context for health of older adults in the hispanic EPESE study

En este artículo se discute el papel de la familia y el vecindario en la salud de los ancianos méjico-americanos del estudio EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) hispano. La paradoja epidemiológica consiste en que, a pesar de estar en desventaja socioeconómica, los ancianos hispanos tienen mortalidad relativamente menor que los ancianos de raza blanca. Esto es especialmente cierto cuando el anciano vive en los vecindarios donde hay un porcentaje alto de méjico-americanos. La familia también juega un papel importante en estos ancianos al disminuir el riesgo de institucionalización o de morbilidad. Asimismo, el estrés originado en problemas económicos o al depender económicamente de la familia, habiendo inmigrado en edades tardías, puede sobrepasar la capacidad de amortiguamiento del estrés y afectar la salud del anciano méjico-americano.

In this article, the roles of the family and the neighborhood on the health of Mexican American older people of the Hispanic EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) are discussed. The epidemiologic paradox consists on, in despite of socioeconomic disadvantage; Hispanic older people have a relatively low mortality than white older people. This is especially true when the older people live in neighborhoods with high percentages of Mexican Americans. The family has also an important role in these older people for decreasing the risk of institutionalization or morbidity. On the other hand, stress from economic problems or family dependency among older Mexican immigrants can overcome capacity for coping stress, this may affect the health of Mexican American older people.

El contexto de la familia y el vecindario en la salud de los ancianos del estudio EPESE hispano.

In this article, the roles of the family and the neighborhood on the health of Mexican American older people of the Hispanic EPESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) are discussed. The epidemiologic paradox consists on, in despite of socioeconomic disadvantage; Hispanic older people have a relatively low mortality than white older people. This is especially true when the older people live in neighborhoods with high percentages of Mexican Americans. The family has also an important role in these older people for decreasing the risk of institutionalization or morbidity. On the other hand, stress from economic problems or family dependency among older Mexican immigrants can overcome capacity for coping stress, this may affect the health of Mexican American older people.

Cambios en los índices de caries dental en escolares de la zona de Xochimilco, México: 1984-1992 / Change in dental indices in schoolchildren of Xochimilco, Mexico

Objetivo. describir los cambios en la prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en escolares de educación primaria, a través de la comparación de dos encuestas, la primera realizada en el año de 1984 y la segunda en 1992. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el levantamiento de los índices de caries. Se seleccionó un grupo de niños de la zona este de la delegación Xochimilco de la Ciudad de México. Se examinó un total de 279 niños, 153 en 1984 y 126 en 1992. En ambas encuestas se examinaron escolares de seis y siete años de edad. Resultados. El promedio del índice de caries en dentición primaria fue ceod=5.65 (DE 3.35) en 1984 y en 1992 fue ceod=4.89 (DE 3.7). En la dentición permanente, el índice fue cpod= 0.48 (de 0.82). Las diferencias en los índices de caries entre las dos encuestas fueron significativas únicamente para dentición primaria en el grupo de niños de seis años, IC 95 por ciento (0.36, 2.15). Se encontró un aumento en la proporción de dientes obturados. Sin embargo, las necesidades de tratamiento son aún muy elevadas (69 por ciento en dentición primaria y 86 por ciento en dentición permanente). Conclusiones. Los datos del presente estudio indican poco cambio en la prevalencia y severidad de caries dental en el periodo estudiado

Objective. To describe the changes in dental caries prevalence and severity, in a group of primary schoolchildren. Two dental caries surveys were carried out, one in 1984 and the other in 1992. Material and Methods. The dental caries indices were registered using the World Health Organization's criteria. A group of 6-7 years old schoolchildren living in the East Region of Xochimilco were included in the study. A total of 279 children participated in this study; 153 in 1984 and 126 in 1992. Results. The mean value of the deft index was 5.65 (SD 3.35) in 1984, and the mean value of the deft index was 4.89 (SD 3.7) in 1992. For the permanent dentition the DMFT was 0.51 (SD 1.0) in 1984 and 0.48 (SD 0.82) in 1992. Differences in dental caries indices, between the first and second survey, were significant only for the primary dentition in the six years old group (95% CI 0.36, 2.15). An increase in the proportion of filled teeth was found. However, the treatment needs are still very high (69% for primary teeth and 86% for permanent teeth). Conclusions. The findings from this study seem to indicate little change in the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the population in the period of study.