Spinal cord involvement in Kearns-Sayre syndrome: a neuroimaging study.

PURPOSE: Spinal cord involvement in Kearns-Sayre (KSS) syndrome could be more frequent than commonly thought. Our aims were to evaluate the involvement of the spinal cord in patients with KSS by means of MRI and to investigate possible correlations of spinal and brain disease with patient disability. METHODS: Eleven patients with KSS disease and spinal cord MRI were retrospectively recruited. The severity of spinal disease was defined as follows: grade 0 (none), grade 1 (focal), and grade 2 (extensive). We calculated a radiologic score of brain involvement based on typical features. We performed a chi-square test to correlate spinal cord and brain MRI involvement to patient disability. For significant variables, a contingency coefficient, phi factor, and Cramer's V were also computed. RESULTS: Spinal cord lesions were detected in 6/11 patients, showing four patterns: involvement of gray matter, gray matter and posterior columns, posterior columns, and anterior columns. The severity of spinal disease was grade 1 in two and grade 2 in four patients. All patients showed brain involvement (9-point average for patients with spinal involvement and 10 for the others). A significant correlation was found between disability score and spinal cord involvement (χ2 = 7.64; p = 0.022) or brain score (χ2 = 26.85; p = 0.043). Significance for brain score-disability correlation increased with the spinal cord as a cofactor (χ2 = 24.51; p = 0.017, phi factor = 1.201, Cramer's V = 0.849, contingency effect = 0.767; p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Spinal cord lesions are common in KSS. Patients with spinal disease show higher disability than patients without spinal cord lesions, supporting the inclusion of dedicated acquisitions to routine MRI of the brain in patients with KSS.

Kinky hair, kinky vessels, and bladder diverticula in Menkes disease.

Menkes disease (MD) is an infantile-onset X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of a copper-transporting ATPase, ATP7A. The effect of altered transportation of copper may affect various enzymatic functions differently. Among all enzymatic functions, lysyl-oxidase enzymatic activity, which is crucial in the formation of the lysine-derived cross-links in collagen and elastin, is the most sensitive to the copper transport alterations. Pili torti, tortuous intracranial vessels and bladder diverticula are clinical aspects strictly related to the connective tissue alterations dependent on the lysyl-oxidase deficiency. Despite a pleiotropic clinical appearance of MD patients, we observed tortuous intracranial vessels and bladder diverticula in 4 consecutive Menkes patients at different stages of the disease. We speculate that these findings are present at early stages and could be considered suggestive findings in MD.