RESUMEN
Introducción: La relación entre la corteza entorrinal y el hipocampo ha sido estudiada por diferentes autores, que han destacado la importancia de las células de cuadrícula, las células de posicionamiento y la conexión trisináptica en los procesos que regulan: la persistencia de la memoria espacial, explícita y reciente, y su posible afección con el envejecimiento. Objetivo: Observar si existen diferencias en el tamaño y número de células de cuadrícula contenidas en la lámina iii de la corteza entorrinal y en la capa granular del giro dentado del hipocampo de pacientes mayores. Métodos: Realizamos estudios posmortem del cerebro de 6 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre los 56 y 87 años. Los cortes de cerebros que contenían el giro dentado del hipocampo y la corteza entorrinal adyacente se tiñeron con el método de Klüver-Barrera, después se midió, mediante el programa Image J, el área neuronal individual, el área neuronal total, así como el número de neuronas, contenidas en cuadrículas rectangulares a nivel de la lámina iii de la corteza entorrinal y la lámina ii del giro dentado y se llevó a cabo un análisis estadístico. Resultados: Se ha observado una reducción de la población celular de la capa piramidal externa de la corteza entorrinal, así como de las neuronas de la capa granular del giro dentado relacionada con el envejecimiento. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados indican que el envejecimiento produce una disminución en el tamaño y la densidad neuronal en las células de cuadrícula de la corteza entorrinal y de posicionamiento del giro dentado.(AU)
Introduction: The relationship between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. Objective: We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Methods: We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the dentate gyrus and the adjacent entorhinal cortex were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the Image J software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and layer II of the dentate gyrus. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. Results: We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the entorhinal cortex, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and place cells of the dentate gyrus.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Corteza Entorrinal , Hipocampo , Memoria Espacial , Neurología , Enfermedades del Sistema NerviosoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The relationship between the entorhinal cortex (EC) and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the EC and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. METHODS: We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the DG and the adjacent EC were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the ImageJ software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the EC and layer II of the DG. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. RESULTS: We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the EC, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the DG. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the EC and place cells of the DG.
Asunto(s)
Corteza Entorrinal , Células de Lugar , Humanos , Corteza Entorrinal/fisiología , Giro Dentado/fisiología , Hipocampo , NeuronasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The choroid plexuses, blood vessels, and brain barriers are closely related both in terms of morphology and function. Hypertension causes changes in cerebral blood flow and in small vessels and capillaries of the brain. This review studies the effects of high blood pressure (HBP) on the choroid plexuses and brain barriers. DEVELOPMENT: The choroid plexuses (ChP) are structures located in the cerebral ventricles, and are highly conserved both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The ChPs develop during embryogenesis, forming a functional barrier during the first weeks of gestation. They are composed of highly vascularised epithelial tissue covered by microvilli, and their main function is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). While the BBB is formed by endothelial cells of the microvasculature of the CNS, the BCSFB is formed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexuses. Chronic hypertension induces vascular remodelling. This prevents hyperperfusion at HBPs, but increases the risk of ischaemia at low blood pressures. In normotensive individuals, in contrast, cerebral circulation is self-regulated, blood flow remains constant, and the integrity of the BBB is preserved. CONCLUSIONS: HBP induces changes in the choroid plexuses that affect the stroma, blood vessels, and CSF production. HBP also exacerbates age-related ChP dysfunction and causes alterations in the brain barriers, which are more marked in the BCSFB than in the BBB. Brain barrier damage may be determined by quantifying blood S-100ß and TTRm levels.
Asunto(s)
Células Endoteliales , Hipertensión , Envejecimiento , Encéfalo , Coroides , HumanosRESUMEN
Introducción: Los plexos coroideos, los vasos sanguíneos y las barreras cerebrales están íntimamente relacionados tanto morfológica como funcionalmente. Por otro lado, la hipertensión produce cambios en el flujo sanguíneo y en los pequeños vasos y capilares cerebrales. El propósito de la presente revisión es estudiar los efectos de la hipertensión arterial sobre los plexos coroideos y las barreras cerebrales. Desarrollo: Los plexos coroideos (PC) son una estructura del cerebro situada en los ventrículos cerebrales, altamente conservada filogenética y ontogénicamente. Los PC se desarrollan temprano durante la embriogénesis y constituyen una barrera funcional en las primeras semanas de gestación. Están compuestos por tejido epitelial altamente vascularizado, cubiertos por microvellosidades y su función principal es la producción del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). El sistema nervioso central se encuentra aislado y protegido por la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE) y por la barrera sangre-LCR (BSLCR). Mientras que la BHE se localiza al nivel de las células endoteliales en la microvasculatura del encéfalo, la BSLCR está formada por las células epiteliales de los plexos coroideos. La hipertensión arterial crónica induce una remodelación vascular para adaptarse a los valores elevados de presión arterial, con lo que se evita el riesgo de hiperperfusión ante presiones elevadas, pero se incrementa el riesgo de isquemia a presiones bajas; en cambio, en las personas normotensas la circulación cerebral se autorregula y el flujo sanguíneo permanece constante y se mantiene la integridad de la BHE. [...] (AU)
Introduction: The choroid plexuses, blood vessels, and brain barriers are closely related both in terms of morphology and function. Hypertension causes changes in cerebral blood flow and in small vessels and capillaries of the brain. This review studies the effects of high blood pressure (HBP) on the choroid plexuses and brain barriers. Development: The choroid plexuses (ChP) are structures located in the cerebral ventricles, and are highly conserved both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The ChPs develop during embryogenesis, forming a functional barrier during the first weeks of gestation. They are composed of highly vascularised epithelial tissue covered by microvilli, and their main function is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the bloodCSF barrier (BCSFB). While the BBB is formed by endothelial cells of the microvasculature of the CNS, the BCSFB is formed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexuses. Chronic hypertension induces vascular remodelling. This prevents hyperperfusion at HBPs, but increases the risk of ischaemia at low blood pressures. In normotensive individuals, in contrast, cerebral circulation is self-regulated, blood flow remains constant, and the integrity of the BBB is preserved. Conclusions: HBP induces changes in the choroid plexuses that affect the stroma, blood vessels, and CSF production. HBP also exacerbates age-related ChP dysfunction and causes alterations in the brain barriers, which are more marked in the BCSFB than in the BBB. Brain barrier damage may be determined by quantifying blood S-100β and TTRm levels. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Envejecimiento , Células Endoteliales , Hipertensión , Cerebro , CoroidesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The relationship between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus has been studied by different authors, who have highlighted the importance of grid cells, place cells, and the trisynaptic circuit in the processes that they regulate: the persistence of spatial, explicit, and recent memory and their possible impairment with ageing. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether older age causes changes in the size and number of grid cells contained in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. METHODS: We conducted post-mortem studies of the brains of 6 individuals aged 56-87 years. The brain sections containing the dentate gyrus and the adjacent entorhinal cortex were stained according to the Klüver-Barrera method, then the Image J software was used to measure the individual neuronal area, the total neuronal area, and the number of neurons contained in rectangular areas in layer III of the entorhinal cortex and layer II of the dentate gyrus. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. RESULTS: We observed an age-related reduction in the cell population of the external pyramidal layer of the entorhinal cortex, and in the number of neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that ageing causes a decrease in the size and density of grid cells of the entorhinal cortex and place cells of the dentate gyrus.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The choroid plexuses, blood vessels, and brain barriers are closely related both in terms of morphology and function. Hypertension causes changes in cerebral blood flow and in small vessels and capillaries of the brain. This review studies the effects of high blood pressure (HBP) on the choroid plexuses and brain barriers. DEVELOPMENT: The choroid plexuses (ChP) are structures located in the cerebral ventricles, and are highly conserved both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The ChPs develop during embryogenesis, forming a functional barrier during the first weeks of gestation. They are composed of highly vascularised epithelial tissue covered by microvilli, and their main function is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB). While the BBB is formed by endothelial cells of the microvasculature of the CNS, the BCSFB is formed by epithelial cells of the choroid plexuses. Chronic hypertension induces vascular remodelling. This prevents hyperperfusion at HBPs, but increases the risk of ischaemia at low blood pressures. In normotensive individuals, in contrast, cerebral circulation is self-regulated, blood flow remains constant, and the integrity of the BBB is preserved. CONCLUSIONS: HBP induces changes in the choroid plexuses that affect the stroma, blood vessels, and CSF production. HBP also exacerbates age-related ChP dysfunction and causes alterations in the brain barriers, which are more marked in the BCSFB than in the BBB. Brain barrier damage may be determined by quantifying blood S-100ß and TTRm levels.
RESUMEN
The p73 proteins are present in different kinds of cells of the central nervous system, such as the choroid plexus, circumventricular structures and neuroepithelium. It has been reported that spontaneously hypertensive rats show ventricular dilation, changes in cerebrospinal fluid proteins and variations in the circumventricular structures such as the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the choroid plexus, which are altered in ventricular dilation. The aim of the present work is to study p73 expression in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the choroid plexus and its variations in high blood pressure. Brains from control Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats were used. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the choroid plexus were processed by immunohistochemistry and western blot with anti-TAp73. We found weaker markings in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and stronger markings in the choroid plexus of the hypertensive than the control rats. Therefore, hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rats produces alterations in choroid plexus protein p73 expression that is similar to that described for other circumventricular organs, but it is different in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. We can conclude that the functional balance between p73, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and choroid plexus, which is probably necessary to maintain the normal functioning of these structures, is altered by the hypertension found in these rats.
Asunto(s)
Plexo Coroideo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Animales , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Immunoblotting , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Proteína Tumoral p73RESUMEN
Reissner's fibre (RF) is formed by the polymerization of the glycoprotein secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO). The SCO also secretes soluble glycoprotein into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); variations in RF and SCO have been reported in hydrocephalus. On the other hand, hydrocephalus and other brain alterations have been described in p73 mutant mice. The p73 belongs to the tumour suppressor p53 protein family and has two isoforms: the TAp73 with apoptotic activity and DeltaNp73 with anti-apoptotic function. Moreover, the TAp73 isoform is glycosylated and secreted into the CSF. In the present work, we analysed the variations in RF and p73 proteins in the CSF and SCO of spontaneously hydrocephalic rats. Brains from control rats and spontaneously hydrocephalic rats of 12 months of age were used. The SCO sections were immunohistochemically processed with anti-TAp73 and anti-Reissner fibre (AFRU). The spontaneous hydrocephalus presents a decrease in the AFRU immunoreactive material in the SCO and an absence of RF. The anti-TAp73 was also present, slightly decreased, in the hydrocephalic SCO. AFRU and p73 bands were also detected in the CSF by western blot and six AFRU and p73 protein bands of a similar molecular weight were found in the CSF of the control rats. The number of AFRU and p73 bands was lower in the hydrocephalic rats than in the control rats. In conclusion, hydrocephalus produces a decrease in the secretions of the SCO and an absence of RF and a decrease in p73 and RF proteins in the CSF.
Asunto(s)
Moléculas de Adhesión Celular Neuronal/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Hidrocefalia/veterinaria , Proteínas Nucleares/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Enfermedades de los Roedores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Órgano Subcomisural/metabolismo , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Western Blotting/veterinaria , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular Neuronal/análisis , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/análisis , Hidrocefalia/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Hidrocefalia/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Proteínas Nucleares/análisis , Ratas , Enfermedades de los Roedores/metabolismo , Órgano Subcomisural/química , Proteína Tumoral p73 , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/análisisRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to analyze the proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of spontaneously hypertensive rats and to study their possible role in the relationship between hydrocephalus, arterial hypertension and variations in the subfornical organ. Brains and cerebrospinal fluid from control Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats sacrificed with chloral hydrate were used. Cerebrospinal fluid and extract of subfornical organ were processed by protein electrophoresis. Antisera against protein bands of 141, 117 and 48 kDa and Concanavalin A were used for immunohistochemical and western blot study of the subfornical organ, adjacent circumventricular structures and cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricular dilation in the spontaneously hypertensive rats and the presence of quite a lot of protein bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of the hypertensive rats, which were either not observed or scarcely present in the cerebrospinal fluid of the Wistar-Kyoto rats, were confirmed. The subfornical organ, third ventricle ependyma and choroideus plexus showed immunoreactive material for antibodies against 141kDa, 117 and 48 kDa proteins band (anti-B1, anti-B2 and anti-B3). The larger amount of the immunoreactive material was found in the subfornical organ of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Our results and the alterations observed by other authors in the subfornical organ in hydrocephalic and hypertensive rats support the possibility that this circumventricular organ, some proteins of the cerebrospinal fluid and ventricular dilation could be connected with the physiopathology of this type of hypertension.
Asunto(s)
Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Órgano Subfornical/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica , Hipertensión/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKYRESUMEN
The aim of this work was to analyze the proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of spontaneously hypertensive rats, to study their possible role in the relationship between hydrocephalus, arterial hypertension and alterations in the subcommissural organ. Brains from control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) sacrificed with chloral hydrate were used. Antiserums against some cerebrospinal fluid protein bands and Reissner's fiber (RF) were used for immunohistochemical study of the SCO. Ventricular dilation was observed in the lateral and third ventricle of the SHR. Third ventricle ependyma showed immunoreactive material (IRM) for antibody against 141 kDa protein band anti-B1 and 117 protein band anti-B2 and the SCO of the SHR showed a decrease of the IRM when compared with WKY rats. An alteration in the expression of anti-RF was found to compare the SCO of the WKY and SHR groups. Our results demonstrate that hydrocephalus and hypertension are interconnected in this kind of rat which produce alterations in SCO secretions and some proteins of the CSF.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/análisis , Hidrocefalia/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Hipertensión/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Órgano Subcomisural/metabolismo , Animales , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular Neuronal/análisis , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Hidrocefalia/patología , Hidrocefalia/fisiopatología , Hipertensión/patología , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Órgano Subcomisural/química , Órgano Subcomisural/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Subcommissural organ (SCO) secretory activity of the goat (variations of Capra hircus, that live in arid conditions) was examined during the postnatal development, using specific antibodies against the Reissner's fibre (AFRU) and angiotensin II (AAGII). The SCO was strongly stained with the anti-glycoproteins that form the Reissner's fibre and lightly marked with the anti-angiotensin II. The AFRU-immunoreactivity (ir) was found in the ependymal and hypendymal cells and in the ventricular and peripheral secretory routes of the goat SCO. The amount AFRU increases at 6 months and decreases at adult age. In contrast, the anti-angiotensin II-ir was mainly found in the adult age, not being practically observed at one postnatal month. The AAGII-ir was mainly found in ependymal cells in which AFRU-ir was downregulated. In addition, we detected the presence of double immunostained for AFRU and AAGII in ependymocytes of the pre-commissural and subcommissural parts. In conclusion the present results may suggest a functional interrelation between AAGII and the secretory activity of the SCO of this kind of goat.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/análisis , Fibras Nerviosas/inmunología , Órgano Subcomisural/citología , Órgano Subcomisural/metabolismo , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Angiotensina II/inmunología , Animales , Glicoproteínas/inmunología , Cabras , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Órgano Subcomisural/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
We studied the effects of spontaneous high blood pressure and the captopril treatment on the subfornical organ (SFO) of rats. The brains of control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), WKY rats treated with captopril (WKY-T), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR rats treated with captopril (SHR-T) were processed immunohistochemically using anti-angiotensin II as primary antibody. Immunorective material (IRM) for angiotensin II was observed in a group of neurons and some cells of the ependymal layer of the SFO in WKY rats. The angiotensin II immunoreactive (AGII-ir) in the SHR rats was decreased, showing positive reaction only in a few neurons, while captopril treatment induced an increase in immunoreactive material in hypertensive rats, but contrarily, the expression of AGII-ir in the WKY-T group was scarce. The variations of the angiotensin II observed in the SFO could be owing to an interaction between the hypertension and its captopril treatment.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Captopril/farmacología , Órgano Subfornical/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Citoplasma/efectos de los fármacos , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Órgano Subfornical/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to perform an immunohistochemical study of the, angiotensinergic pathway from the arcuate nucleus (AN) to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PLH) of 10-week-old matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), using our own policlonal antibody raised in mice against Angiotensin II (mouseantiangiotensin II, MAAII). Cells and fibers in the rostroventral and dorsocaudal parts of the AN, the internal zone of the median eminence and PLH showed immunoreactive material for antiangiotensin II. Angiontensin II fibers originating in the anteroventral part of the AN, crossing median eminence (ME) and infundibular stem and arriving at the PLH were also observed (AU)
No disponible
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Animales , Ratas , Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/anatomía & histología , Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/inmunología , Neurohipófisis/anatomía & histología , Neurohipófisis/inmunología , Angiotensina II/inmunología , Inmunohistoquímica/instrumentación , Inmunohistoquímica , Hipotálamo/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
La mayoría de las modalidades de lucha clasifican a los practicantes agrupándolos por peso. En Lucha Canaria los mejores luchadores son denominados "puntales" (A, B y C), sin considerar sus pesos. Existen pocos trabajos morfológicos sobre luchadores de la modalidad canaria, lo que supone una falta de información científica que podría limitar su rendimiento. No existe un Somatotipo de Referencia (SR) para éstos luchadores, de ahí que el principal objetivo de este trabajo sea establecer el citado somatotipo. Se han medido doscientos diecinueve (219) luchadores siguiendo las directrices de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) y el Grupo Español de Cincantropometría (GREC). Con ellos se hicieron cuatro grupos (A, B, C y NC) atendiendo a la clasificación establecida por su rendimiento en competición. El grupo A lo constituyeron 5 luchadores puntales A, que es la categoría más alta en este deporte. El grupo B lo fonnaron 9 luchadores puntales B, el grupo C 28 luchadores puntales C y, finalmente, los luchadores No Clasificados (grupo NC) que fueron 177 individuos tomados al azar. Estos últimos fueron además divididos en 5 subgrupos atendiendo a su peso: 60K, 70K, 8OK, 90K y mas de 1OOK.El SR se calculó utilizando el Método Antropométrico de Heath- Carter. Nuestro estudio puso de manifiesto que los luchadores más viejos eran los puntales B, y los no clasificados los más jóvenes. Los puntales A eran los más altos y los más pesados. Todos ellos fueron endo-mesomorfos, con la excepción de¡ subgrupo 60K de no clasificados (ecto-mesomorfo). Globalmente, el componente mesomorfo fue dominante, y la endomorfj'a mayor que la ectomorfia. Podemos concluir que, sin considerar el éxito en competición, la fonna actual de clasificación otorga el rango de punta¡ a aquellos luchadores con un somatotipo de (5.9-8.9-0. l). En ambos casos, puntales y no clasificados, la distribución de los somatotipos según el componente dominante reveló no ser muy similares, como se desprende del SDD y de¡ SAD. Sin embargo, se requieren nuevos estudios para detemiinar el SR de los no clasificados (AU)
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Masculino , Humanos , Lucha/fisiología , Somatotipos/fisiología , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Deportes/fisiología , Distribución por EdadRESUMEN
We studied immunohistochemically the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PL) of 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), by using our own polyclonal antibody raised in mice against Angiotensin II (mouse-antiangiotensin II, MAAII). The blood pressure, water intake and volume of the PL were also recorded. The SHR rats were hypertensive, drank more water and showed a clear hypertrophy of their hypophysial PL. Also the PL of the SHR animals showed an increase in the immunoreactivity to the anti-angiotensin II antibody in the fibres arriving at the PL, with respect to the PL of WKY rats. This increase is compatible with the hyperactivity of the brain RAS, depletion of vasopressin content in the PL and increase in plasmatic levels of vasopressin described in SHR rats with respect to normotensive animals, as angiotensin II could locally stimulate vasopressin release to plasma from the neurohypophysis.
Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/análisis , Hipertensión/patología , Fibras Nerviosas/patología , Neurohipófisis/patología , Animales , Anticuerpos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Ratones , Adenohipófisis/patología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKYRESUMEN
The present study analyses the effects of hypertension and/or its oral treatment with captopril (angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitor) on the rat median eminence (ME) and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (PL). After an immunohistochemical reaction using an antibody against arginine-vasopressin, we compared by densitometry the amount of vasopressin immunoreactive material (vasopressin-ir) of these centers in 4 groups of animals: control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), WKY rats treated with captopril (WKY-T) and SHR rats also treated with the same drug (SHR-T). Captopril was administrated at a dosage of 0.1 mg/ml in the drinking water from the 8th to the 15th weeks. We have found that the rats showing the lowest level of vasopressin-ir, in both ME and PL, were those from the SHR group, the concentration increasing after oral captopril treatment (SHR-T), although without reaching the values of WKY rats. Then, ACE inhibition by captopril influences vasopressin content in brain areas where the hormone is concentrated before being released, which supports the hypothesis that suggests a central modulatory effect of ACE inhibitors, contributing to their therapeutic action on hypertension.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Arginina Vasopresina/análisis , Captopril/farmacología , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Eminencia Media/química , Neurohipófisis/química , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/administración & dosificación , Animales , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Densitometría , Ingestión de Líquidos , Hipertensión/patología , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Eminencia Media/patología , Neurohipófisis/patología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKYRESUMEN
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a glandular circumventricular organ secreting glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid. The SCO of 15-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and of matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) was studied immunocytochemically by using an antibody against the glycoproteins secreted by the SCO. The blood pressure, water intake and volume of brain ventricles of SHR and WKY rats were also recorded. The SHR were hypertensive, drank more water and did not display dilatation of the brain ventricles. The SCO of the SHR rats showed a drastic decrease of the immunoreactive material stored in the rough endoplasmic reticulum whereas the amount of immunoreactive apical secretory granules did not vary with respect to the SCO of WKY rats. These changes are compatible with an increased secretory activity of the SCO of the SHR rats. It is suggested that the changes in the SCO of SHR rats, and their hypertensive state, are interrelated phenomena.
Asunto(s)
Órgano Subcomisural/metabolismo , Órgano Subcomisural/fisiología , Animales , Anticuerpos/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Ingestión de Líquidos/fisiología , Glicoproteínas/inmunología , Hipertensión/etiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Cloruro de Sodio/metabolismo , Órgano Subcomisural/citología , Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We have studied the morphometric changes of the neurons of the cingular area 24 and frontal area 6 of the mouse, produced by age and/or chronic alcohol intake. The parameters analyzed were nuclear area of these cortical neurons and cellular density (cell/neuropil coefficient). We detected a decrease in the number of neurons with age in practically all layers of the control animals. In the animals that chronically ingested the alcoholic solution, we also detected a decrease in the number of neurons with age, but only in layer V of the frontal cortex and in layer VI of the cingular area 24. The comparison between the control and the alcoholic group showed that alcohol intake caused an increase in the nuclear area of the neurons in layer II-III of the frontal cortex at 180 days, while in the cingular cortex the increase in nuclear area of its neurons was significative at 180 days in layer II-III and at 35 and 180 days in layers V and VI. We think that these changes are the expression of the neuronal plasticity in both cortical areas in response to the alcohol exposure.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Alcoholismo/patología , Alcoholes/toxicidad , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Lóbulo Frontal/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Animales , Peso Corporal , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Lóbulo Frontal/patología , Ratones , Actividad MotoraRESUMEN
The effects of Captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) on the median eminence (ME) of the male albino mouse have been examined using morphometric and immunohistochemical procedures. We measured the nuclear area of the ependymocytes of the ME and of the glial cells of the reticular external zone of the ME. We also determined the cell/neuropil coefficient (CNC), which expresses the relation between cellular area and neuropil of the ME, and the global volume of the ME in each animal. For the immunohistochemical study we used rabbit antiarginine-vasopressin, and compared the results in the different groups of mice. We detected an increased in the immunoreactive material (arginine-vasopressin, A-V) and an increase in the global volume of the organ and also an increase of the neuropil of the ME after the longest exposure to the drug. These alterations could be related to the inhibition of the brain angiotensin II by captopril and the accumulation of vasopressin in the fibrous tract that runs from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to the neurohypophysis.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/administración & dosificación , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Eminencia Media/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Animales , Arginina/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Esquema de Medicación , Epéndimo/efectos de los fármacos , Epéndimo/metabolismo , Epéndimo/ultraestructura , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Eminencia Media/metabolismo , Eminencia Media/ultraestructura , Ratones , Neuroglía/efectos de los fármacos , Neuroglía/metabolismo , Conejos , Vasopresinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study analyses the response of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SPO) nuclei of the hypothalamus of the male mouse to chronic alcohol intake by immunohistochemical and morphometric methods. We relate the intensity of the reaction to A-V with the vasopressin content of the nucleus, as all the slides, from the control and experimental groups, were processed at the same time and with the same solutions of the antibodies. We suggest that the accumulation of vasopressin, observed in the alcohol-treated animals, of both hypothalamic nuclei could be related to an inhibition of vasopressin release and/or transport from the SPO and PVN to the neurohypophysis and to an increase in vasopressin synthesis in the SPO as this nucleus shows an increase in its nuclear sizes, an index of the function of the neurons.