RESUMEN
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) restores glucose homeostasis in obese mice and humans. In addition, the increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15/19 circulating level postsurgery has been implicated in this effect. However, the impact of FGF15/19 on pancreatic islets remains unclear. Using a diet-induced obese mice model, we demonstrate that VSG attenuates insulin hypersecretion in isolated pancreatic islets, likely due to morphological alterations in the endocrine pancreas such as reduction in islet, ß-cell, and α-cell mass. In addition, VSG relieves gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation markers in islets from obese mice. Incubation of INS-1E ß-cells with serum from obese mice induced dysfunction and cell death, whereas these conditions were not induced with serum from obese mice submitted to VSG, implicating the involvement of a humoral factor. Indeed, VSG increased FGF15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor ß-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E cells treated with the serum from these mice. Moreover, exposing INS-1E cells to an FGFR inhibitor abolished the effects of VSG serum on insulin secretion and cell death. Also, recombinant FGF19 prevents INS-1E cells from dysfunction and death induced by serum from obese mice. These findings indicate that the amelioration of glucose-insulin homeostasis promoted by VSG is mediated, at least in part, by FGF15/19. Therefore, approaches promoting FGF15/19 release or action may restore pancreatic islet function in obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) decreases insulin secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation in pancreatic islets from obese mice. In addition, VSG increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor ß-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E ß-cells treated with the serum from these mice. Serum from operated mice protects INS-1E cells from dysfunction and apoptosis, which was mediated by FGF15/19.
Asunto(s)
Células Secretoras de Insulina , Insulina , Ratones , Humanos , Animales , Insulina/metabolismo , Ratones Obesos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Gastrectomía , Inflamación/metabolismo , HomeostasisRESUMEN
O ciclo glicose-ácido graxo explica a preferência do tecido muscular pelos ácidos graxos durante atividade moderada de longa duração. Em contraste, durante o exercício de alta intensidade, há aumento na disponibilidade e na taxa de oxidação de glicose. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) durante a atividade muscular sugere que o balanço redox intracelular é importante na regulação do metabolismo de lipídios/carboidratos. As EROs diminuem a atividade do ciclo de Krebs e aumentam a atividade da proteína desacopladora mitocondrial. O efeito oposto é esperado durante a atividade moderada. Assim, as questões levantadas nesta revisão são: Por que o músculo esquelético utiliza preferencialmente os lipídios no estado basal e de atividade moderada? Por que o ciclo glicose-ácido graxo falha em exercer seus efeitos durante o exercício intenso? Como o músculo esquelético regula o metabolismo de lipídios e carboidratos em regime envolvendo o ciclo contração-relaxamento.
The glucose-fatty acid cycle explains the preference for fatty acid during moderate and long duration physical exercise. In contrast, there is a high glucose availability and oxidation rate in response to intense physical exercise. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during physical exercise suggests that the redox balance is important to regulate of lipids/carbohydrate metabolism. ROS reduces the activity of the Krebs cycle, and increases the activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. The opposite effects happen during moderate physical activity. Thus, some issues is highlighted in the present review: Why does skeletal muscle prefer lipids in the basal and during moderate physical activity? Why does glucose-fatty acid fail to carry out their effects during intense physical exercise? How skeletal muscles regulate the lipids and carbohydrate metabolism during the contraction-relaxation cycle?.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chronic administration of glucocorticoids induces insulin resistance that is compensated by an increase in p-cell function and mass. Since insulin signaling is involved in the control of p-cell function and mass, we investigated the content of insulin pathway proteins in pancreatic islets. Rats were made insulin resistant by daily administration of dexamethasone (1mg/kg, b.w., i.p.) for 5 consecutive days (DEX), whilst control rats received saline (CTL). Circulating insulin and insulin released from isolated islets were measured by radioimmunoassay whereas the content of proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. DEX rats were hyperinsulinemic and exhibited augmented insulin secretion in response to glucose (P < 0.01). The IRa-subunit, IRS-1, Shc, AKT, p-p70S6K, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and glucocorticoid receptor protein levels were similar between DEX and CTL islets. However, the IRp-subunit, p-IRp-subunit, IRS-2, PI3-K, p-AKT and p70S6K protein contents were increased in DEX islets (P < 0.05). We conclude that IRS-2 may have a major role, among the immediate substrates of the insulin receptor, to link activated receptors to downstream signaling components related to islet function and growth in this insulin-resistant rat model.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Dexametasona/efectos adversos , Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Ratas Wistar , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Adaptadoras de la Señalización Shc/metabolismoRESUMEN
During pregnancy and the perinatal period of life, prolactin (PRL) and other lactogenic substances induce adaptation and maturation of the stimulus-secretion coupling system in pancreatic â-cells. Since the SNARE molecules, SNAP-25, syntaxin 1, VAMP-2, and synaptotagmins participate in insulin secretion, we investigated whether the improved secretory response to glucose during these periods involves alteration in the expression of these proteins. mRNA was extracted from neonatal rat islets cultured for 5 days in the presence of PRL and from pregnant rats (17th-18th days of pregnancy) and reverse transcribed. The expression of genes was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. The expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. Transcription and expression of all SNARE genes and proteins were increased in islets from pregnant and PRL-treated neonatal rats when compared with controls. The only exception was VAMP-2 production in islets from pregnant rats. Increased mRNA and protein expression of synaptotagmin IV, but not the isoform I, also was observed in islets from pregnant and PRL-treated rats. This effect was not inhibited by wortmannin or PD098059, inhibitors of the PI3-kinase and MAPK pathways, respectively. As revealed by confocal laser microscopy, both syntaxin 1A and synaptotagmin IV were immunolocated in islet cells, including the insulin-containing cells. These results indicate that PRL modulates the final steps of insulin secretion by increasing the expression of proteins involved in membrane fusion.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Ratas , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/genética , Insulina , Islotes Pancreáticos , Prolactina/farmacología , Proteínas SNARE/genética , Sinaptotagminas/genética , Animales Recién Nacidos , Western Blotting , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Immunoblotting , Inmunoquímica , Insulina/genética , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/embriología , Microscopía Confocal , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Proteínas SNARE/metabolismo , /genética , /metabolismo , Sinaptotagminas/metabolismo , Sintaxina 1/genética , Sintaxina 1/metabolismo , /genética , /metabolismoRESUMEN
Distúrbios nutricionais estao relacionados ao desenvolvimento de diabetes (DM). Em países subdesenvolvidos milhares de indivíduos apresentam um tipo de DM relacionado à alimentaçao pobre em proteína e calorias. Existem indícios de que dietas hipoprotéicas e hipocalóicas induzam a uma perda funcional da célula beta pancreática e, conseqüentemente, levem a um desequilíbrio na homeostase da glicose. Outra possibilidade seria uma potencializaçao, pelo quadro de desnutriçao, de efeitos diabetogênicos ambientais, imunológicos ou genéticos preexistentes. Finalmente, a carência nutricional protéico-calórica poderia simplesmente modular o curso de um quadro preexistente de DM. Outro aspecto importante da influência do padrao nutricional sobre o controle dos níveis sangüíneos da glicose pode ser observado em indivíduos submetidos à carência nutricional durante as primeiras fases de vida, e que a seguir passam a se alimentar com dietas hipercalóricas. Tal mudança no padrao alimentar leva muitas vezes à obesidade e a uma maior incidência de diabetes. Em humanos e modelos animais de desnutriçao protéico-calórica observa-se uma reduzida secreçao de insulina em resposta a um estímulo de glicose. Aparentemente a carência de insulina é compensada, ao menos em parte, por uma maior sensibilidade periférica ao hormônio pancreático, a qual se deve a uma modulaçao nas etapas iniciais da sinalizaçao da insulina. Tal compensaçao garante a homeostase da glicose na maior parte dos indivíduos, entretanto diversos fatores podem romper este equilíbrio e desencadear o aparecimento de DM.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/inducido químicamente , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucosa/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Glicose provoca a secreçao de insulina através do aumento da relaçao ATP/ADP no citoplasma das células beta. Isto leva ao bloqueio de canais de K+ sensíveis ao ATP (KATP), reduçao da saída deste cátion da célula, despolarizaçao celular, ativaçao da permeabilidade ao Ca2+ sensível à voltagem, entrada e acúmulo deste cátion nas células e consequente secreçao de insulina. O canal KATP parece ser composto por duas unidades distintas; uma delas, denominada Kir6,2, constitui o canal propriamente dito, por onde fluem as correntes de K+. A outra é o receptor de sulfoniluréias (SUR1), que é provida de sítios de ligaçao para o referido fármaco, para ATP, MgADP e diazoxida, atuando como unidade regulatória. Neste artigo, fazemos uma breve revisao da fisiologia dos canais KATP, considerando também sua importância na fisiopatologia do processo secretório.