Thromboinflammatory challenges in stroke pathophysiology.

Despite years of encouraging translational research, ischemic stroke still remains as one of the highest unmet medical needs nowadays, causing a tremendous burden to health care systems worldwide. Following an ischemic insult, a complex signaling pathway emerges leading to highly interconnected thrombotic as well as neuroinflammatory signatures, the so-called thromboinflammatory cascade. Here, we thoroughly review the cell-specific and time-dependent role of different immune cell types, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, T and B cells, as key thromboinflammatory mediators modulating the neuroinflammatory response upon stroke. Similarly, the relevance of platelets and their tight crosstalk with a variety of immune cells highlights the relevance of this cell-cell interaction during microvascular dysfunction, neovascularization, and cellular adhesion. Ultimately, we provide an up-to-date overview of therapeutic approaches mechanistically targeting thromboinflammation currently under clinical translation, especially focusing on phase I to III clinical trials.

Clinical relevance of cyclic GMP modulators: A translational success story of network pharmacology.

Therapies that modulate cyclic guanosine-3'-5'-monophosphate (cGMP) have emerged as one of the most successful areas in recent drug discovery and clinical pharmacology. Historically, their focus has been on cardiovascular disease phenotypes; however, cGMP's relevance is likely to go beyond this rather limited organ-based set of indications. Moreover, the multitude of targets and their apparent interchangeability is a proof-of-concept of network pharmacology.