Improving γ-Oryzanol and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Contents in Rice Beverage Amazake Produced with Brown, Milled and Germinated Rices.

Rice is an important source of γ-oryzanol (GO) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which are bioactive compounds that may benefit blood lipid and pressure control. Both GO and GABA can be improved by germination and fermentation. Fermentation with A. oryzae produces Koji, a rice-based starter for Amazake, a naturally sweet beverage. Germinated rice (brown and milled rice), were tested to improve those bioactive compounds during the fermentation process. The resulting Koji was optimised to GO and GABA through a response surface methodology; α-amylase activity and starch content were also assessed. The different rice matrix resulting from the germination largely impacted the biosynthesis of GABA, α-amylase and starch contents. Amazake, obtained by germinated rice, has increased GO and GABA contents when compared to the one obtained from milled rice (from a non-detectable value to 27.65 ± 0.23 mg/100 g for GO and from 163.95 ± 24.7 to 271.53 ± 5.7 mg/100 g for GABA). A panel of 136 Portuguese consumers tasted the beverage in a blind overall tasting test followed by an informed test, using 9-point scales. The consumer scores had a mean value of 4.67 ± 1.9 and 4.9 ± 1.8, meaning that cultural differences may play an important role with regard to liking and accepting Amazake.

Rice Bran Stabilisation and Oil Extraction Using the Microwave-Assisted Method and Its Effects on GABA and Gamma-Oryzanol Compounds.

Rice bran oil (RBO) is a valuable ingredient extracted from rice bran (RB), a side stream of polishing rice grain in the milling process. RBO is rich in bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits, such as gamma-oryzanol (GO) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Despite its benefits, the quality of RBO depends on the degree of stabilisation of the RB, which is easily affected by lipase enzymes, and thus needs an effective treatment prior to RBO production. To assess the potential of the microwave-assisted method for RB stabilisation and RBO extraction, three Carolino rice varieties (Ariete, Teti, Luna) were tested. The effect of RB stabilisation was evaluated via acid value, water absorption, and GO and GABA levels. The RBO yield was optimised by solvent, temperature, and solvent-to-sample ratio, and the GO and fatty acid levels were determined. The RB stabilisation for the Luna variety did not affect the GO and GABA; for the Ariete and Teti varieties, the GO decreased by 34.4% and 24.2%, and the GABA increased by 26.5% and 47.0%, respectively. The GO levels in RBO samples were not affected by RB stabilisation. The RBO nutritional value was confirmed by the suitable ratio (>2) between polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), with the Teti variety presenting the highest ratio.

Variation in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seed Quality Traits Defined by Physicochemical Functional Properties.

Pea is one of the most produced and consumed pulse crops around the world. The study of genetic variability within pea germplasm is an important tool to identify outstanding accessions with optimal functional and nutritional qualities. In the present study, a collection of 105 pea accessions was analysed for physicochemical properties, pasting viscosity, and basic composition parameters. While pasting viscosities were negatively correlated to hydration capacity, cooking time, and basic composition, a positive correlation was found between the hydration capacity and the basic composition parameters. Basic composition (protein, fibre, fat, and resistant starch) parameters were further evaluated regarding seed trait morphology, namely, seed shape, colour, and surface. Allelic characterisation at the r and rb genetic loci was performed in a subgroup of 32 accessions (3 phenotyped as smooth and 29 as rough seeded), revealing that none of the initially classified rough-seeded accessions were rb mutants, 19 were r mutants, and 13 were neither r nor rb. Despite their initial phenotypic classification, the 13 accessions genetically classified as smooth behaved differently (p < 0.05) to the 19 r mutants in terms of physicochemical properties, pasting viscosity, and basic composition parameters. Using multivariate analysis of the most discriminatory parameters for the food-related traits studied, the best-performing accessions at functional and nutritional levels were identified for future plant breeding to improve field pea production and consumption.

Exploiting the bioactive properties of γ-oryzanol from bran of different exotic rice varieties.

The rice industry is one of the most significant food industries since rice is a widely consumed cereal in the world. As a result of this substantial production, the rice industry has a significant amount of side streams, including bran, representing millions of tons of raw materials mainly designated to animal feed. Rice bran is a rich source of γ-oryzanol, a bioactive compound with substantial health benefits. In this perspective, different bran rice samples from distinct germplasm origins (Philippines, Italy and Portugal) were studied for their γ-oryzanol content by HPLC-PDA, cytotoxicity in four human tumour cell lines, hepatotoxicity in a normal cell line and for their antimicrobial effects on different bacterial and fungal strains. The Ballatinao sample presented the strongest activity against all the tumour cell lines, and was also the sample showing the highest amount of γ-oryzanol, suggesting its contribution to the exhibited cytotoxic properties. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the tested samples were able to inhibit the majority of bacterial and fungal strains, with the Portuguese Ceres sample being the one presenting the highest bacterial inhibition and the Maluit and Dinorado samples, the highest fungal inhibition. Overall, the results show that rice bran extracts may be considered as potential candidates for antimicrobial agents when incorporated into food matrices.

A reinserção social na perspectiva de egressos de penitenciárias e profissionais das Centrais de Atenção ao Egresso e Família / The social reintegration in the perspective of egresses of penitentiaries and professionals of the "Centrais de Atenção ao Egresso e Família" (Centers of Attention to the Egresses and Family

A reinserção social é um processo contínuo que pressupõe o anterior pertencimento de uma pessoa a uma sociedade, pessoa esta que, após privação dessa vida social, retornará ao seu convívio por meio de "reeducação", "reintegração" e "ressocialização". Entende-se que o processo de reinserção social do egresso do sistema penitenciário tem seu início desde o momento de aprisionamento e se estende no contexto de liberdade. Tal processo tem encontrado entraves em seu desenvolvimento, constatados no alto índice de reincidência prisional. O presente trabalho pretendeu compreender o processo de reinserção social, seus entraves e facilitadores na visão de egressos do sistema penitenciário e de técnicos das Centrais de Atenção ao Egresso e Família (CAEFs) da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo. O trabalho adotou o método de estudo qualitativo exploratório-descritivo de campo, realizado com 9 técnicos das CAEFs e 13 egressos do sistema prisional. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, nos meses de março, abril e maio de 2018 e analisados de acordo com a técnica de análise temática indutiva. A análise foi realizada sob o referencial teórico de Urie Bronfenbrenner (teoria bioecológica). Os resultados da análise temática indutiva dos egressos constituíram três categorias: 1) Os reveses da reinserção social no contexto de encarceramento na visão dos egressos; 2) Os reveses da reinserção social no contexto de liberdade na visão dos egressos; 3) Facilitadores da reinserção social na visão dos egressos. Os principais reveses em contexto de encarceramento apontados foram: abuso de poder, falta de estrutura física e humana, negligência, alianças negativas e efeitos do tempo no contexto de encarceramento. No contexto de liberdade, os reveses apontados foram: falta de direitos, de trabalho e rede social. Como facilitadores aparecem: família, religião e características pessoais. Os resultados da análise temática indutiva dos técnicos constituíram outras três categorias: 1) Os reveses da reinserção social no contexto de encarceramento na visão dos técnicos; 2) Os reveses da reinserção social no contexto de liberdade na visão dos técnicos; 3) Facilitadores da reinserção social na visão dos técnicos. Como principais achados no contexto de encarceramento, mencionaram-se os reveses: falta de recursos físicos, humanos e falta de projetos. No contexto de liberdade: A sociedade (macrossistema) produtora de violência estrutural e mantenedora do preconceito e estigma, falta de recursos físicos e humanos nos CAEFs para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Como facilitadores, foram apontados a família e o CAEF, este como um lugar em desenvolvimento. Consideramos, a partir das análises, que o processo da reinserção social não pode ser compreendido apenas em uma perspectiva, ele é multifatorial. A reinserção não acontece apenas por um microssistema - trabalho, religião ou família. Estes são facilitadores, mas a reinserção social parte de uma mudança macrossistêmica, um guarda-chuva maior que resguarda todos os outros contextos em interação

Social reintegration is a continuous process that presupposes a person's previous belonging to a society, a person who, after being deprived of that social life, will return to his or her life through "reeducation", "reintegration" and "resocialization". It is understood that the process of social reinsertion of the egress from the penitentiary system has its beginning from the moment of imprisonment and extends in the context of freedom. This process has found obstacles in its development, verified in the high rate of prison recidivism. The present work aimed to understand the process of social reintegration, its obstacles and facilitators in the view of prisoners from the penitentiary system and technicians of the Centers of Attention to the Egress and Family (CAEF) in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo. The study adopted the qualitative exploratory-descriptive field study method, carried out with 9 technicians from CAEFs and 13 graduates from the prison system. The data were collected through a semistructured interview in the months of March, April and May of 2018 and analyzed according to the technique of thematic inductive analysis. The analysis was carried out under the theoretical reference of Urie Bronfenbrenner (bioecological theory). The results of the inductive thematic analysis of the egresses constituted three categories: 1) The setbacks of social reintegration in the context of imprisonment in the view of the egresses; 2) The setbacks of social reintegration in the context of freedom in the view of the egresses; 3) Facilitators of social reintegration in the view of the egresses. The main setbacks identified were: abuse of power, lack of physical and human structure, neglect, negative alliances and the effects of time in the context of incarceration. In the context of freedom, the setbacks were: lack of rights, work and social network. As facilitators appear: family, religion and personal characteristics. The results of the inductive thematic analysis of the technicians constituted three other categories: 1) The setbacks of social reintegration in the context of imprisonment in the view of technicians; 2) The setbacks of social reintegration in the context of freedom in the view of technicians; 3) Facilitators of social reintegration in the view of technicians. The main findings in the context of incarceration were the setbacks: lack of physical resources, human resources, and lack of projects. In the context of freedom: The society (macrosystem) that produces structural violence and maintains the prejudice and stigma, lack of physical and human resources in the CAEFs for the development of the work. As facilitators, the family and the CAEF were named as a place of development. We consider, from the analysis, that the process of social reintegration cannot be understood only in one perspective, it is multifactorial. Reinsertion does not happen only through a microsystem - work, religion or family. These are facilitators, but social reinsertion is part of a macrosystemic shift, a larger umbrella that shelters all other contexts in interaction

Elucidating potential utilization of Portuguese common bean varieties in rice based processed foods.

The present study was aimed at studying the physico-chemical and functional properties of 31 Portuguese common bean varieties. In addition, the whole bean flours (WBF) and starch isolates (SI) of three representative bean varieties and their rice: bean blends (70:30; 50:50) were assessed for amylose content, thermal and pasting properties in view of supplementation in rice based processed foods. Bean varieties showed significant differences in protein content (20.78-27.10%), fat content (1.16-2.18%), hydration capacity (95.90-149.30%), unhydrated seeds (4.00-40.00%), γ tocopherol (3.20-98.05 mg/100 g fat), δ tocopherol (0.06-4.72 mg/100 g fat) and pasting behavior. Amylose content of WBF (11.4-20.2%) was significantly lower than rice flour (23.51%) whereas SI of beans (40.00-47.26%) had significantly higher amylose content than SI of rice (28.13%). DSC results showed that WBF (11.4-20.2 °C) had significantly broader and lower gelatinization temperature range (∆Tr) than corresponding SI (20.9-23.1 °C). WBF had significantly lower pasting viscosity due to low starch content and compositional matrix effect as compared to SI. Setback viscosities of WBF and rice: bean blends was lower than rice flour. Low setback viscosities of rice:bean blends may be used to prevent syneresis and stabilizing the quality of frozen foods in rice based processed foods.

Optimization of rice amylose determination by NIR-spectroscopy using PLS chemometrics algorithms.

Determining amylose content in rice with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, associated with a suitable multivariate regression method, is both feasible and relevant for the rice business to enable Process Analytical Technology applications for this critical factor, but it has not been fully exploited. Due to it being time-consuming and prone to experimental errors, it is urgent to develop a low-cost, nondestructive and 'on-line' method able to provide high accuracy and reproducibility. Different rice varieties and specific chemometrics tools, such as partial least squares (PLS), interval-PLS, synergy interval-PLS and moving windows-PLS, were applied to develop an optimal regression model for rice amylose determination. The model performance was evaluated by the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and the correlation coefficient (R). The high performance of the siPLS method (R=0.94; RMSEP=1.938; 8941-8194cm-1; 5592-5045cm-1; and 4683-4335cm-1) shows the feasibility of NIR technology for determination of the amylose with high accuracy.

The pain of existing and religion from the perspective of Catholics.

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the understanding of leaders and members of the Catholic religion on pain of existing. METHOD: 80 Catholics participated in the study. Data collection was carried out using the Religious Content Assessment Tool. The content analysis was carried out and arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated. RESULTS: the following categories emerged: length of affiliation, beginning of the religious practice and affiliation changes, responsibility for the actions and relationship with death, description of God, awareness of the existence of profound experiences, possibility of reward, increased faith in proximity to death, religion as an attempt to explain human limitations, relationship between religion and science and religion of the past and present in relation to science. On the instrument, the highest assigning items were: I believe that nature should be respected (9.96±0.19); I believe that all living beings deserve respect (9.70±0.67); make life worth living (9.70±0.78); my life is a transformation process (9.63±1.04) and I respect the diversity of people (9.56±0.91). CONCLUSION: it was observed associations between the participants' perceptions and religious constructs, highlighting the need to approach the religious phenomenon as part of the human being and potential resource for management and modulation of the pain of existing.

The pain of existing and religion from the perspective of Catholics / A dor do existir e a religião na perspectiva dos católicos / El dolor de existir y la religión desde la perspectiva de los católicos

AbstractObjective: to characterize the understanding of leaders and members of the Catholic religion on pain of existing.Method: 80 Catholics participated in the study. Data collection was carried out using the Religious Content Assessment Tool. The content analysis was carried out and arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated.Results: the following categories emerged: length of affiliation, beginning of the religious practice and affiliation changes, responsibility for the actions and relationship with death, description of God, awareness of the existence of profound experiences, possibility of reward, increased faith in proximity to death, religion as an attempt to explain human limitations, relationship between religion and science and religion of the past and present in relation to science. On the instrument, the highest assigning items were: I believe that nature should be respected (9.96±0.19); I believe that all living beings deserve respect (9.70±0.67); make life worth living (9.70±0.78); my life is a transformation process (9.63±1.04) and I respect the diversity of people (9.56±0.91).Conclusion: it was observed associations between the participants' perceptions and religious constructs, highlighting the need to approach the religious phenomenon as part of the human being and potential resource for management and modulation of the pain of existing.

ResumoObjetivo:caracterizar a compreensão de líderes e afiliados da religião católica acerca da dor do existir.Método:participaram 80 católicos. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo Instrumento de Avaliação de Conteúdos Religiosos. Foi feita análise de conteúdo e calculou-se a média aritmética e desvio-padrão.Resultados:emergiram as categorias: tempo de afiliação, início da prática religiosa e mudanças de afiliação, responsabilidade pelos atos e relação com a morte, descrição de Deus, consciência da existência de experiências profundas, possibilidade de recompensa, aumento da fé na proximidade com a morte, religião como tentativa de explicar as limitações humanas, relação entre religião e ciência e a religião do passado e do presente em relação à ciência. No instrumento, os itens de maior atribuição foram: eu acredito que a natureza deveria ser respeitada (9,96±0,19); eu acredito que todos os seres vivos merecem respeito (9,70±0,67); fazer a vida valer a pena (9,70±0,78); minha vida é um processo de transformação (9,63±1,04) e eu respeito a diversidade de pessoas (9,56±0,91).Conclusão:perceberam-se associações existentes entre a opinião dos participantes e os constructos religiosos, evidenciando a necessidade de abordagem do fenômeno religioso como parte do ser humano e potencial recurso para manejo e modulação da dor do existir.

ResumenObjetivo:caracterizar la comprensión de los líderes y miembros de la religión católica sobre el dolor de existir.Método:80 católicos participaron en el estudio. La recogida de datos se realizó a través del Instrumento de Evaluación de Contenidos Religiosos. Se ha realizado el análisis de contenido y se calculó la media aritmética y la desviación estándar.Resultados:las siguientes categorías emergieron: tiempo de afiliación, inicio de la práctica religiosa y cambios de afiliación religiosa, responsabilidad de los actos y relación con la muerte, descripción de Dios, conciencia de la existencia de experiencias profundas, posibilidad de recompensa, aumento de la fe en la proximidad con la muerte, religión como un intento de explicar las limitaciones humanas, relación entre religión y ciencia y religión del pasado y del presente en relación a la ciencia. En el instrumento, los ítems con las asignaciones más altas fueron: creo que la naturaleza debe ser respetada (9,96±0,19); creo que todos los seres vivos merecen respeto (9,70±0,67); hacer que la vida vale la pena vivir (9,70±0,78); mi vida es un proceso de transformación (9,63±1,04) y respeto de la diversidad de las personas (9,56±0,91).Conclusión:se han notado asociaciones existentes entre las percepciones de los participantes y las construcciones religiosas, destacando la necesidad de abordar el fenómeno religioso como parte del ser humano y recurso potencial para la gestión y la modulación del dolor de existir.

Pain intensity, disability and depression in individuals with chronic back pain.

OBJECTIVES: to measure the pain intensity, identify the disability and depression levels in people with chronic back pain and to correlate these variables. A cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was undertaken at the Pain Treatment Clinic of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Hospital das Clínicas, between February and June 2012, after receiving approval from the Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. METHOD: sixty subjects with chronic back pain participated. The instruments used were: the 11-point Numerical Category Scale, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. To analyze the data, the arithmetic means, standard deviations and Spearman's correlation coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: the findings show that the participants presented high pain, disability and depression levels. The correlation between pain intensity and disability and between pain intensity and depression was positive and weak and, between disability and depression, positive and moderate. CONCLUSION: the study variables showed moderate and weak indices and the mutual correlations were positive.

Pain intensity, disability and depression in individuals with chronic back pain / Intensidade de dor, incapacidade e depressão em indivíduos com dor lombar crônica / Intensidad del dolor, incapacidad y depresión en individuos con dolor lumbar crónico

OBJECTIVES: to measure the pain intensity, identify the disability and depression levels in people with chronic back pain and to correlate these variables. A cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was undertaken at the Pain Treatment Clinic of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Hospital das Clínicas, between February and June 2012, after receiving approval from the Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing. METHOD: sixty subjects with chronic back pain participated. The instruments used were: the 11-point Numerical Category Scale, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. To analyze the data, the arithmetic means, standard deviations and Spearman's correlation coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: the findings show that the participants presented high pain, disability and depression levels. The correlation between pain intensity and disability and between pain intensity and depression was positive and weak and, between disability and depression, positive and moderate. CONCLUSION: the study variables showed moderate and weak indices and the mutual correlations were positive. .

OBJETIVOS: mensurar a intensidade dolorosa, identificar a incapacidade e os níveis de depressão em pessoas com dor lombar crônica e correlacionar essas variáveis. Trata-se de estudo transversal descritivo-exploratório, realizado na Clínica para o Tratamento da Dor do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, entre fevereiro e junho de 2012, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto - USP. MÉTODO: participaram 60 sujeitos com dor lombar crônica. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: a Escala de Categoria Numérica de 11 pontos, o Questionário Roland Morris de Incapacidade e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Para análise dos dados, foram calculadas as médias aritméticas, os desvios-padrões e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: os achados mostraram que os participantes apresentaram elevados níveis de dor, de incapacidade e de depressão. A correlação entre intensidade de dor e incapacidade e entre intensidade de dor e depressão foi positiva fraca, e entre incapacidade e depressão foi positiva moderada. CONCLUSÃO: as variáveis estudadas apresentam índices moderados e fracos e as correlações foram positivas entre si. .

OBJETIVOS: medir la intensidad del dolor, identificar la incapacidad y los niveles de depresión en personas con dolor lumbar crónico y correlacionar estas variables. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio realizado en la Clínica para Tratamiento del Dolor del Hospital de las Clínicas de Ribeirao Preto, entre febrero y junio de 2012, después de la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirao Preto - USP. MÉTODO: participaron 60 sujetos con dolor lumbar crónico. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: la Escala de Categoría Numérica de 11 puntos, el Cuestionario Roland Morris de Incapacidad y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck. Para analizar los datos, fueron calculados los promedios aritméticos, las desviaciones estándar y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: los hallazgos mostraron que los participantes presentaron elevados niveles de dolor, de incapacidad y de depresión. La correlación entre la intensidad del dolor e incapacidad y entre intensidad del dolor y depresión fue positiva débil y entre incapacidad y depresión fue positiva moderada. CONCLUSIÓN: las variables estudiadas presentan índices moderados y débiles y las correlaciones fueron positivas entre sí. .

A formação do leitor: aspectos afetivos e cognitivos / The reader development: affective and cognitive aspects

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar de que maneira elementos afetivos e cognitivos interagem na formação do leitor; mais especificamente, qual a relação entre a leitura ser um valor central dentro da hierarquia de valores do sujeito - e por isso configurar-se como elemento positivo de suas representações de si - e o desenvolvimento, por parte desse sujeito, de estratégias mais elaboradas de leitura. Participaram desta pesquisa 48 crianças, às quais foi solicitada a leitura e recontagem oral de um conto e com as quais foi realizada uma entrevista sobre a história, sobre seus hábitos de leitura e de lazer e sobre a leitura em si a fim de colher as representações de si ligadas à leitura. Os resultados obtidos indicam que aqueles, dentre os participantes, que se diferenciam dos demais por sua leitura fluente e recontagem interpretativa coincidem, quase sempre, com aqueles que se descrevem como leitores ou que citam a leitura entre as coisas que mais gostam de fazer. Os resultados encontrados também indicam que a presença da leitura na hierarquia de valores pessoais, ou seja, o fato do sujeito possuir representações de si ligadas à leitura, atua como mobilizadora do desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas de leitura, pois a presença dessas representações também precede a construção de uma maior habilidade de leitura, sendo encontrada numa proporção menor de crianças, indicando, possivelmente, a existência de um movimento de formação (AU)