Proteomic profile of the venom of three dark-colored Tityus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the tropical rainforests of Costa Rica.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to elucidate the potential differences in the venom peptide sequences of three Tityus species from Costa Rican rainforests: T. jaimei, T. championi and T. dedoslargos, compared to T. cf. asthenes from Colombia, which could explain the low level of scorpionism in Costa Rica, evidenced by the lack of epidemiological data. METHODOLOGY: We applied venom proteomics of peptides purified by RP-HPLC and compared the obtained sequences from venoms of these Tityus species to the sequences previously identified from Tityus inhabiting other Central and South American regions. RESULTS: Venom proteome analysis evidences that most of the putative peptide toxins identified in Costa Rican dark-colored Tityus are very similar to those present in other T. (Atreus) from the region. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that, in the case of potential envenomation by Tityus in Costa Rica, the same level of toxicity should be observed, compared to other cases caused by members of the subgenus from other geographical localities. On the other hand, compared to countries with more accelerated urban expansion, Costa Rican Tityus still inhabit secondary rainforests and do not commonly share the same spaces with humans, so the lack of epidemiological evidence of medical emergencies caused by envenoming by this scorpion group could be more related to ecological and demographic factors and less attributed to the characteristics of the venom.

Modeling Self-Rollable Elastomeric Films for Building Bioinspired Hierarchical 3D Structures.

In this work, an innovative model is proposed as a design tool to predict both the inner and outer radii in rolled structures based on polydimethylsiloxane bilayers. The model represents an improvement of Timoshenko's formula taking into account the friction arising from contacts between layers arising from rolling by more than one turn, hence broadening its application field towards materials based on elastomeric bilayers capable of large deformations. The fabricated structures were also provided with surface topographical features that would make them potentially usable in different application scenarios, including cell/tissue engineering ones. The bilayer design parameters were varied, such as the initial strain (from 20 to 60%) and the bilayer thickness (from 373 to 93 µm). The model matched experimental data on the inner and outer radii nicely, especially when a high friction condition was implemented in the model, particularly reducing the error below 2% for the outer diameter while varying the strain. The model outperformed the current literature, where self-penetration is not excluded, and a single value of the radius of spontaneous rolling is used to describe multiple rolls. A complex 3D bioinspired hierarchical elastomeric microstructure made of seven spirals arranged like a hexagon inscribed in a circumference, similar to typical biological architectures (e.g., myofibrils within a sarcolemma), was also developed. In this case also, the model effectively predicted the spirals' features (error smaller than 18%), opening interesting application scenarios in the modeling and fabrication of bioinspired materials.

Intraspecific variability of the Central American rattlesnake (Crotalus simus) venom and its usefulness to obtain a representative standard venom.

Snake venoms are mixtures of proteins whose physicochemical features confer them toxicity and immunogenicity. Animals (e.g., horses or sheep) immunized with snake venoms produce antibodies towards the venom proteins. Since these antibodies can neutralize the venom toxicity, they have been used to formulate snake antivenoms. The efficacy of the antivenoms is widely accepted, and standard venoms are expected to be representative of the snake's population that inhabit in the region where the antivenom is intended to be used. The representativeness of a single venom collected from a Crotalus simus snake, and its usefulness as standard venom to produce an antivenom is evaluated. The use of an "average venom" might be as representative of the population intended to be used, as the standard venom composed by many venom samples. Variations in the relative abundance concentration of crotoxin in the C. simus leads to different clinical manifestations, as well as differences in the neutralization efficacy of the antivenoms. A monovalent anti-Cs antivenom was produced from a single venom C. simus specimen, and its efficacy in neutralizing the lethal activity of 30 C. simus snakes was tested. Despite the variations in the relative abundance content of crotoxin found in the proteomes, the monovalent anti-Cs antivenom was successful in neutralize the toxicity caused by the variations on the venom composition of three different snake population used. Interestingly, it seems that the sex is not a key factor in the lethality of the venoms tested. The concept of representative venom mixtures for immunization should be revised for the case of C. simus on the populations found in Costa Rica, since it might use as less as one representative individual whose venom covers the mainly toxic enzymes.

Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution.

Plastic pollution is a pervasive and growing problem. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce plastic pollution, we modeled stocks and flows of municipal solid waste and four sources of microplastics through the global plastic system for five scenarios between 2016 and 2040. Implementing all feasible interventions reduced plastic pollution by 40% from 2016 rates and 78% relative to "business as usual" in 2040. Even with immediate and concerted action, 710 million metric tons of plastic waste cumulatively entered aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To avoid a massive build-up of plastic in the environment, coordinated global action is urgently needed to reduce plastic consumption; increase rates of reuse, waste collection, and recycling; expand safe disposal systems; and accelerate innovation in the plastic value chain.

Impacts of food contact chemicals on human health: a consensus statement.

Food packaging is of high societal value because it conserves and protects food, makes food transportable and conveys information to consumers. It is also relevant for marketing, which is of economic significance. Other types of food contact articles, such as storage containers, processing equipment and filling lines, are also important for food production and food supply. Food contact articles are made up of one or multiple different food contact materials and consist of food contact chemicals. However, food contact chemicals transfer from all types of food contact materials and articles into food and, consequently, are taken up by humans. Here we highlight topics of concern based on scientific findings showing that food contact materials and articles are a relevant exposure pathway for known hazardous substances as well as for a plethora of toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals, both intentionally and non-intentionally added. We describe areas of certainty, like the fact that chemicals migrate from food contact articles into food, and uncertainty, for example unidentified chemicals migrating into food. Current safety assessment of food contact chemicals is ineffective at protecting human health. In addition, society is striving for waste reduction with a focus on food packaging. As a result, solutions are being developed toward reuse, recycling or alternative (non-plastic) materials. However, the critical aspect of chemical safety is often ignored. Developing solutions for improving the safety of food contact chemicals and for tackling the circular economy must include current scientific knowledge. This cannot be done in isolation but must include all relevant experts and stakeholders. Therefore, we provide an overview of areas of concern and related activities that will improve the safety of food contact articles and support a circular economy. Our aim is to initiate a broader discussion involving scientists with relevant expertise but not currently working on food contact materials, and decision makers and influencers addressing single-use food packaging due to environmental concerns. Ultimately, we aim to support science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Notably, reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated chronic diseases in the human population.

Recubrimiento radicular / Root Coverage

Introducción: existen varias alternativas de tratamiento para el recubrimiento radicular provocado por la recesión periodontal, la cual se caracteriza por el desplazamiento en sentido apical del margen gingival, con ello queda expuesta la raíz dental al medio bucal, lo que puede provocar sensibilidad dentinaria, caries dental y afectación de la estética. Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico donde se empleó una técnica quirúrgica para el recubrimiento radicular. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino de 32 años, acudió a la consulta por molestias a los cambios térmicos en el 23 y preocupado por su estética ya que presenta la raíz expuesta al medio bucal. Al examen físico se observó alteración de la morfología gingival caracterizado solamente por cambio de la posición gingival en sentido apical en el 23, que no alcanza a la línea mucogingival. Se decidió en el plan de tratamiento correctivo no quirúrgico, tratar la hiperestesia dentinaria aplicar el desensibilizante dentinario (laca fluorada: Profilac), y en el tratamiento correctivo quirúrgico realizar un colgajo deslizante lateral para cubrir la raíz expuesta y tratar la afectación estética. Conclusión: el procedimiento empleado tuvo los resultados previsibles y constituye una alternativa terapéutica cuando exista compromiso estético del paciente(AU)

Introduction: there are several treatment options for root coverage caused by periodontal recession, which is characterized by displacement toward apically gingival margin, thereby dental root is exposed to the oral environment, which may cause dentine sensitivity, dental cavities, and aesthetic affectation. Objective: present a clinical case where a surgical technique was used to root coverage. Case report: a 32 year-old male patient came to consultation due to nuisance to thermal changes in tooth 23 and he was concerned about aesthetics since he had his root exposed to the oral environment. On physical examination, altered gingival morphology was observed. It was characterized only by changing the apical gingival position in tooth 23, which does not reach the mucogingival line. It was decided a corrective plan of nonsurgical treatment, treating dentin hyperesthesia by applying dentin desensitizing (fluoridated lacquer: Profilac), and corrective surgical treatment to make a lateral sliding flap to cover the exposed root, and treating aesthetic condition. Conclusion: the used procedure had the expected results and it represents an alternative therapy when there is patient aesthetic compromise(AU)

Recubrimiento radicular / Root Coverage

INTRODUCCIÓN: existen varias alternativas de tratamiento para el recubrimiento radicular provocado por la recesión periodontal, la cual se caracteriza por el desplazamiento en sentido apical del margen gingival, con ello queda expuesta la raíz dental al medio bucal, lo que puede provocar sensibilidad dentinaria, caries dental y afectación de la estética. OBJETIVO: presentar un caso clínico donde se empleó una técnica quirúrgica para el recubrimiento radicular. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: paciente masculino de 32 años, acudió a la consulta por molestias a los cambios térmicos en el 23 y preocupado por su estética ya que presenta la raíz expuesta al medio bucal. Al examen físico se observó alteración de la morfología gingival caracterizado solamente por cambio de la posición gingival en sentido apical en el 23, que no alcanza a la línea mucogingival. Se decidió en el plan de tratamiento correctivo no quirúrgico, tratar la hiperestesia dentinaria aplicar el desensibilizante dentinario (laca fluorada: Profilac), y en el tratamiento correctivo quirúrgico realizar un colgajo deslizante lateral para cubrir la raíz expuesta y tratar la afectación estética. CONCLUSIÓN: el procedimiento empleado tuvo los resultados previsibles y constituye una alternativa terapéutica cuando exista compromiso estético del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: there are several treatment options for root coverage caused by periodontal recession, which is characterized by displacement toward apically gingival margin, thereby dental root is exposed to the oral environment, which may cause dentine sensitivity, dental cavities, and aesthetic affectation. OBJECTIVE: present a clinical case where a surgical technique was used to root coverage. CASE REPORT: a 32 year-old male patient came to consultation due to nuisance to thermal changes in tooth 23 and he was concerned about aesthetics since he had his root exposed to the oral environment. On physical examination, altered gingival morphology was observed. It was characterized only by changing the apical gingival position in tooth 23, which does not reach the mucogingival line. It was decided a corrective plan of nonsurgical treatment, treating dentin hyperesthesia by applying dentin desensitizing (fluoridated lacquer: Profilac), and corrective surgical treatment to make a lateral sliding flap to cover the exposed root, and treating aesthetic condition. CONCLUSION: the used procedure had the expected results and it represents an alternative therapy when there is patient aesthetic compromise.

Conocimientos sobre el cáncer bucal en pacientes de Estomatología / Knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients

Introducción: el cáncer bucal se puede detectar precozmente, si la población se educa para identificar los síntomas tempranos de la enfermedad, por ser la cavidad bucal una de las regiones del organismo que puede examinarse directamente. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes sobre el cáncer bucal. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal mediante una entrevista individual. El universo estuvo conformado por 460 pacientes que acudieron a Consulta de Estomatología. Resultados: se observó que 246 pacientes (53,5 por ciento) tuvieron nivel medio de escolaridad, 288 (62,6 por ciento) no conocían los factores de riesgo del cáncer bucal y solo el 2,2 por ciento fue evaluado de bien, en su nivel de conocimientos sobre cáncer bucal. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimientos sobre el cáncer bucal de la mayor parte de la población encuestada fue evaluado de regular y mal(AU)

Introduction: it is possible to detect oral cancer at an early stage provided that the population is trained to identify the initial symptoms of the disease, since the oral cavity is one of the sections of the human body which may be examined directly. Objective: evaluate the level of knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on an individual interview. The study universe was composed of 460 patients seeking dental care. Results: It was found that 246 patients (53.5 percent) had completed high school, 288 (62.6 percent) were not aware of the risk factors for oral cancer, and a mere 2.2 percent had adequate knowledge about oral cancer. Conclusions: The level of knowledge about oral cancer among most of the population surveyed was evaluated as either fair or poor(AU)

Conocimientos sobre el cáncer bucal en pacientes de Estomatología / Knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: el cáncer bucal se puede detectar precozmente, si la población se educa para identificar los síntomas tempranos de la enfermedad, por ser la cavidad bucal una de las regiones del organismo que puede examinarse directamente. OBJETIVO: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de los pacientes sobre el cáncer bucal. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal mediante una entrevista individual. El universo estuvo conformado por 460 pacientes que acudieron a Consulta de Estomatología. RESULTADOS: se observó que 246 pacientes (53,5 %) tuvieron nivel medio de escolaridad, 288 (62,6 %) no conocían los factores de riesgo del cáncer bucal y solo el 2,2 % fue evaluado de "bien", en su nivel de conocimientos sobre cáncer bucal. CONCLUSIONES: el nivel de conocimientos sobre el cáncer bucal de la mayor parte de la población encuestada fue evaluado de "regular" y "mal".

INTRODUCTION: it is possible to detect oral cancer at an early stage provided that the population is trained to identify the initial symptoms of the disease, since the oral cavity is one of the sections of the human body which may be examined directly. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the level of knowledge about oral cancer among dental patients. METHODS: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on an individual interview. The study universe was composed of 460 patients seeking dental care. RESULTS: It was found that 246 patients (53.5 %) had completed high school, 288 (62.6 %) were not aware of the risk factors for oral cancer, and a mere 2.2 % had adequate knowledge about oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge about oral cancer among most of the population surveyed was evaluated as either fair or poor.

Granuloma Piógeno. Presentación de un caso / Pyogenic Granuloma. Case presentation

Introducción: el Granuloma Piógeno es un tumor benigno que se presenta en la cavidad bucal y en diferentes zonas de la piel, asociado a la presencia de irritantes locales. Se considera una respuesta exagerada frente a estímulos de baja intensidad. Se puede establecer diagnóstico diferencial con diferentes entidades como el hemangioma, granuloma periférico de células gigantes, tumor en el embarazo. Objetivo: exponer un caso de Granuloma Piógeno de encía ante la comunidad científica. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 47 años, con antecedente de salud, acude a consulta por aumento de volumen entre 32 y 33 por vestibular, 8 meses de evolución, sangramiento espontáneo y abundante al cepillado siendo doloroso el mismo. Se decidió su escisión y biopsia para el diagnóstico definitivo, la cual se realizó bajo anestesia local sin complicaciones, con una evolución postoperatoria favorable. Conclusiones: el Granuloma Piógeno es una respuesta exagerada de los tejidos gingivales a pequeños estímulos, el examen histológico corrobora el diagnóstico clínico presuntivo(AU)

Introduction: the pyogenic granuloma is a benign tumor that is shown at the buccal cavity and at the skin's different zones, associated to the presence of irritating locales. An answer exaggerated in front of low-intensity stimuli is considered. Diagnostic differential with different entities like the hemangioma, peripheric granuloma of giant cells, and tumor in the pregnancy can be established. Objective: to expose a case of granuloma gum pyogenic before the scientific community. Case presentation: patient BRP, he assists to consultation for increase of volume among 32 and 33 feminine of 47 years, with antecedent of health for vestibular, 8 months of evolution, spontaneous and ample bleeding to the brushing being painful the same one. His scission and biopsy for the definitive diagnosis were decided, which as local anesthesia without complications, with a postoperative favorable evolution came true softly. Conclusions: Pyogenic Granuloma is made an exaggerated answer from the gingival tissue to small stimuli, the exam histological corroborates the clinical presumptive diagnosis(AU)

Granuloma Piógeno. Presentación de un caso / Pyogenic Granuloma. Case presentation

Introducción: el Granuloma Piógeno es un tumor benigno que se presenta en la cavidad bucal y en diferentes zonas de la piel, asociado a la presencia de irritantes locales. Se considera una respuesta exagerada frente a estímulos de baja intensidad. Se puede establecer diagnóstico diferencial con diferentes entidades como el hemangioma, granuloma periférico de células gigantes, tumor en el embarazo. Objetivo: exponer un caso de Granuloma Piógeno de encía ante la comunidad científica. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina de 47 años, con antecedente de salud, acude a consulta por aumento de volumen entre 32 y 33 por vestibular, 8 meses de evolución, sangramiento espontáneo y abundante al cepillado siendo doloroso el mismo. Se decidió su escisión y biopsia para el diagnóstico definitivo, la cual se realizó bajo anestesia local sin complicaciones, con una evolución postoperatoria favorable. Conclusiones: el Granuloma Piógeno es una respuesta exagerada de los tejidos gingivales a pequeños estímulos, el examen histológico corrobora el diagnóstico clínico presuntivo.

Introduction: the pyogenic granuloma is a benign tumor that is shown at the buccal cavity and at the skin's different zones, associated to the presence of irritating locales. An answer exaggerated in front of low-intensity stimuli is considered. Diagnostic differential with different entities like the hemangioma, peripheric granuloma of giant cells, and tumor in the pregnancy can be established. Objective: to expose a case of granuloma gum pyogenic before the scientific community. Case presentation: patient BRP, he assists to consultation for increase of volume among 32 and 33 feminine of 47 years, with antecedent of health for vestibular, 8 months of evolution, spontaneous and ample bleeding to the brushing being painful the same one. His scission and biopsy for the definitive diagnosis were decided, which as local anesthesia without complications, with a postoperative favorable evolution came true softly. Conclusions: Pyogenic Granuloma is made an exaggerated answer from the gingival tissue to small stimuli, the exam histological corroborates the clinical presumptive diagnosis.

[Association between unplanned pregnancy and adolescence onset asthma]. / Asociación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia.

BACKGROUND: The association between asthma and pregnancy has been documented previously. The relationship between unplanned pregnancy and onset asthma in adolescence has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between unplanned pregnancy and adolescence onset asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done gathering information about asthma, unplanned pregnancy, family atopy and active or passive smoking in 3,130 adolescents aged 13-19 years. Asthma diagnosis was established through a selfquestionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Odds ratios for asthma were determined using logistic regression model and chi-squared test. RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 16.37 ± 1.93 years. The prevalence of active smoking was 16.1%, of passive smoking 40% and of family atopy 9.8%. From the pregnant adolescents (785), 59.5% reported had planned not to have a child before pregnancy. Prevalence of wheezing during the year prior to the study was 9.3% and of wheezing during the pregnancy 2%. The prevalence of adolescence onset asthma was 5.4%. The age of initiation of asthma in the adolescence was 14.75 ± 1.60 years. The analysis showed that unplanned pregnancy has a slight risk for the development of asthma during adolescence. (Crude OR=1.03; CI 95% 1.02-1.05; p=0.000). CONCLUSION: Unplanned pregnancy, family atopy, active smoking and smoking friends are associated with the onset-asthma in the adolescence.

ANTECEDENTES: la asociación entre embarazo y asma se ha documentado previamente. La relación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia no se ha estudiado. OBJETIVO: determinar la asociación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio transversal en el que se recogió información de asma, embarazo no planeado, atopia familiar y tabaquismo activo o pasivo en 3,130 adolescentes de 13-19 años de edad. El asma se diagnosticó mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado basado en el utilizado en el Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergia en Niños (ISAAC por sus siglas en inglés). Se determinó la razón de momios para asma mediante regresión logística y chi cuadrada. RESULTADOS: la edad media de las participantes fue 16.37 ± 1.93 años. La prevalencia del tabaquismo activo fue 16.1%, del pasivo 40% y la atopia familiar 9.8%. De las adolescentes embarazadas (785), 59.5% anotó que no había planeado tener un hijo antes del embarazo. La prevalencia de sibilancias durante el último año fue 9.3% y de sibilancias durante el embarazo 2%. La prevalencia de asma de inicio en la adolescencia fue 5.4%. La edad de inicio de asma en la adolescencia fue 14.75 ± 1.60 años. El análisis muestra que el embarazo no planeado tiene un ligero riesgo de padecer asma de inicio en la adolescencia (RM cruda=1.03; IC 95% 1.02-1.05). CONCLUSIONES: el embarazo no planeado, la atopia familiar, el tabaquismo activo y el tabaquismo de las amigas se asocian con el asma de inicio en la adolescencia.

Papel de los herpes virus en la enfermedad periodontal. Revisión de literatura / Role of herpes virus in the periodontal disease. Consultation of literature

Introducción: La periodontitis es una enfermedad multifactorial, donde las bacterias no tienen un papel único en su origen y desarrollo. Con el avance de los estudios microbiológicos se ha demostrado la presencia de los herpes virus en las diferentes manifestaciones clínicas de la misma. Objetivo: mostrar diferentes elementos en los cuales se relaciona la infección por herpes virus con el inicio y desarrollo de las periodontopatías. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante la consulta de bases de datos de los sistemas referativos, como MEDLINE, PubMed y Scielo, con la utilización de descriptores como herpes virus, citomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, periodontal disease, pathogenesis. Conclusiones: Se llegó a la conclusión que las células inflamatorias infectadas con virus herpéticos provocan la producción de citocinas que destruyen los tejidos periodontales y pueden disminuir la capacidad de defensa frente a la exposición bacteriana.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactor disease where bacteria do not play a unique role in its origin and development. The progress of microbiological studies have proved the presence of Herpes virus in the different clinical manifestations of this disease. Objective:The aim of this research is to show different elements that place the infection by Herpes virus and the beginning and development of periodontitis very close related one to another. Material and Methods: Reference systems such as MEDLINE, PUBMED, and SCIELO were consulted. It was also made a revision of descriptions like herpes virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and periodontal disease. Conclusion: It was concluded that the inflammatory cells infected by herpetic virus promote the production of Cytokines that destroyed the periodontal tissues decreasing the capacity of defence against bacteria presence.

Papel de los herpes virus en la enfermedad periodontal: revisión de literatura / Role of herpes virus in the periodontal disease: consultation of literature

Introducción: La periodontitis es una enfermedad multifactorial, donde las bacterias no tienen un papel único en su origen y desarrollo. Con el avance de los estudios microbiológicos se ha demostrado la presencia de los herpes virus en las diferentes manifestaciones clínicas de la misma. Objetivo: mostrar diferentes elementos en los cuales se relaciona la infección por herpes virus con el inicio y desarrollo de las periodontopatías. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante la consulta de bases de datos de los sistemas referativos, como MEDLINE, PubMed y Scielo, con la utilización de descriptores como herpes virus, citomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, periodontal disease, pathogenesis. Conclusiones: Se llegó a la conclusión que las células inflamatorias infectadas con virus herpéticos provocan la producción de citocinas que destruyen los tejidos periodontales y pueden disminuir la capacidad de defensa frente a la exposición bacteriana(AU)

Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactor disease where bacteria do not play a unique role in its origin and development. The progress of microbiological studies have proved the presence of Herpes virus in the different clinical manifestations of this disease. Objective:The aim of this research is to show different elements that place the infection by Herpes virus and the beginning and development of periodontitis very close related one to another. Material and Methods: Reference systems such as MEDLINE, PUBMED, and SCIELO were consulted. It was also made a revision of descriptions like herpes virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and periodontal disease. Conclusion: It was concluded that the inflammatory cells infected by herpetic virus promote the production of Cytokines that destroyed the periodontal tissues decreasing the capacity of defence against bacteria presence(AU)

El DSM-V. Luces y sombras de un manual no publicado. Retos y expectativas para el futuro / DSM-V. Lights and shadows of an unpublished manual. Challenges and expectations for the future

Throughout its history, one of the most fascinating topics of psychiatry has been that of the causes and consequences of mental disorders. The desire to strengthen the reliability of diagnosis in this area has led to significant advances in two important fields: psychopathological description and the formulation of an integral diagnosis. Classifications allow the definition of categories and in the case of the two most read taxonomies in the field of mental health, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), these provide the most commonly used criteria for diagnosis. The revised fourth edition of the DSM is now insufficient to cover the ever greater clinical challenges and research. For over ten years, work has been carried out on the structure of DSM-V (the fifth edition), but despite the planning, organization, prediction, and the contributions of guest experts, it is feared that all the requirements of modern psychiatry will not be met. The first edition of DSM was published in the 1950s. It was based on the terminology developed by William Meninger. This version of the manual and the following, published several years later, reflected the psychodynamic psychiatry which prevailed at the time. The third edition was published in 1980 and its revised edition seven years later. The emphasis here was on descriptive and syndromatic considerations. The fourth edition appeared several years later. The most striking change in this edition was the inclusion of variables resulting from empirical studies. A later edition was published in the year 2000. The first attempts to put together DSM-V started in 1999. From 1999 until 2007 work was done on the planning of the investigation and technical documentation of DSM-V and the inclusion of the so called investigation schedules. The second phase of the project, known as «the refinement of the research program for DSM-V¼, was carried out between 2004 and 2007. A pilot test was undertaken between January and May 2010, among different segments of the population and different settings, to evaluate the revisions proposed by the working teams. Between March and April 2011, as a result of the field tests, the proposed criteria for diagnosis were reviewed. The dimensional measurements and the criteria for diagnosis will be reviewed again during the rest of 2011. The year 2012 will see the preparation of the final version of the text, and finally, in May 2013, DSM-V will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco, California. Several external and independent authors have offered numerous proposals on topics related to psychopathology in general to the working groups formed for the preparation of DSM-V. Only some of these are mentioned below. One of the first factors to be taken into consideration in the revision of the manual is the need to distinguish between empirical questions or approaches and those of a more conceptual or philosophical nature, which should, by no means, be excluded. Another point to be evaluated is the advisability of defining phases according to the development of the condition, which would ideally create a schema focused on prevention. One of the expectations of psychiatry is that eventually laboratory criteria of diagnosis could be established, which could be measurable and would lead to clear statistics of psychiatric pathologies. As far as somatomorphic disorders are concerned, many practitioners agree that the current terminology and the systems of classification are inaccurate. One proposal is that this category should be eliminated altogether and that diagnoses should be made using an additional multidimensional description. One of the most interesting features of DSM is that it has had to accommodate changes brought about by new technologies. These advances go hand in hand with a new series of pathologies which need to be classified, as is the addiction to Internet. Undoubtedly, one of the greatest dilemmas facing DSM is how to classify eating disorders, as many people feel that the rather simplistic distinction between nervous anorexia and bulimia is not altogether convincing. There are two interesting proposals to consider in DSM-V: one is known as night eater syndrome and obesity, as in this case there is a compulsive consumption of food and an inability to limit this intake, in spite of a desire to do so. With regard to the compulsive, obsessive disorder, most experts believe that it is necessary to see the disorder as a spectrum, but defining criteria. Undeniably, a grave current problem which makes no distinctions is suicide. Different researchers recommend that suicidal behavior be considered and documented as a separate diagnosis in a sixth axis of the multiaxis schema. Another important aspect concerns the giving of quality attention to patients. This has led to the proposal to expand DSM-V to include indicators for situations which could eventually be a cause for treatment. The proposal is to structure something different from what can be found in axis I V. In the case of paraphilias, it is deemed necessary that DSM-V should deal not only with the strictly descriptive aspect, but also with the semantic and linguistic. The importance of post-traumatic stress has been described, but there exists the doubt whether it is necessary to experience an adverse incident for this to be triggered. There has been a suggestion that the term «pre-traumatic¼ stress disorder be included in DSM-V to diagnose this condition. In the case of anxiety disorders, some authors advise the creation of a category known as «disorders caused by stress and fear¼, which would allow linking the diagnostic classification with etiology and thus define a «true¼ anxiety nosology. It would be advisable that the DSM-V included a category for «seasonal affective disorder¼ as such, and not simply as a variant in the «specification of the seasonal pattern¼ of depression. In the field of substance consumption, it has been argued that it is necessary to establish a classification which is not only categoric but also dimensional so as to improve its taxonomic usefulness. The organization of mental disorders in DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 (tenth edition) is complex and this has led to exploring the feasibility of developing a meta-structural system of classification based on risk and clinical factors. For disorders originated in infancy, childhood and adolescence, it has been suggested that the disorder known as «temperament disorder by disphoria¼ be included in the forthcoming taxonomy, as well as the use of the terms insensitive/emotionless for behavioral disorders, among others. In the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the current criteria are considered insufficient and it has been suggested that the starting age for this disorder be increased from 7 to 12 years of age. It is suggested that autism be considered autistic spectrum, thus eliminating the other disorders covered in this section, including Asperger syndrome. The question as to whether this taxonomic-diagnostic system, to be implemented world-wide, will be both valid and reliable enough to cover all variations and particular characteristics of different cultures, ethnic groups, social groups and geographical regions in Mexico is another matter of concern, due to the lack of tools available for daily clinical work, except for the International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization. There are, at present, a number of doubts and queries which will need to be laid open and evaluated in all seriousness in order to obtain concrete and integral answers, given that the manual will continue to be used for clinical purposes in different parts of the world. The challenge will be to find the best way to apply diagnostic criteria, avoiding omissions and oversimplifications and taking into account the cultural and social context worked in.

Un tema de gran interés a lo largo de la historia de la psiquiatría, ha sido el relacionado a los sistemas diagnósticos. El Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM por sus siglas en inglés) y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE), integran los criterios diagnósticos comúnmente utilizados en la práctica psiquiátrica. El DSM en su cuarta edición revisada, es ya insuficiente para el trabajo clínico actual, por lo que se ha estado trabajando en la configuración de lo que será el DSM-V (quinta edición); no obstante, aún y con toda la planeación, se teme que no se logren cubrir todas las necesidades de la psiquiatría moderna. La primera edición del DSM fue publicada en la década de 1950; esta versión del manual, y la subsiguiente, reflejaban la psiquiatría psicodinámica de esa época. En la década de 1980 se publicó la tercera edición y su versión revisada, en las que predominaban las consideraciones descriptivas y sindromáticas. Años después fue publicada la cuarta versión y una revisión posterior de este manual en el año 2000. Los primeros esfuerzos para iniciar el proceso de integración del DSM-V se iniciaron desde 1999. Desde ese año, hasta el 2007, se planificó la investigación y la documentación técnica por medio de un programa de investigación. Del año 2004 al 2007 se llevó a cabo la segunda fase del proyecto denominada «perfeccionamiento del programa de investigación para el DSM-V¼. De enero a mayo del 2010 se efectuó una prueba piloto con diferentes poblaciones y las revisiones propuestas por los grupos de trabajo. En el 2011 se revisarán los criterios diagnósticos propuestos y las medidas dimensionales. En el año 2012 se preparará el proyecto de texto final, y en mayo del 2013 se planea presentar el DSM-V en la Reunión Anual de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana, en San Francisco, California. Han sido numerosas las propuestas de autores externos e independientes para el desarrollo del DSM-V, como es el caso de la conveniencia de definir estadios de acuerdo a la progresión de la enfermedad o bien establecer criterios diagnósticos de laboratorio, e incluso favorecer una estadificación clara de las patologías psiquiátricas. En cuanto a los trastornos somatomorfos, muchos clínicos están de acuerdo en eliminar esta entidad y elaborar los diagnósticos con una descripción multidimensional adicional. Algunos expertos proponen integrar un diagnóstico denominado «adicción al Internet¼. Diferentes investigadores recomiendan que el comportamiento suicida sea considerado como un diagnóstico separado y documentado en un sexto eje del esquema multiaxial. Hay dos propuestas interesantes para el DSM-V, una es el síndrome del comedor nocturno y la otra la obesidad, al existir en estos casos un consumo compulsivo de alimentos y una dificultad para restringirlos, lo que podría tener implicaciones adictivas. En el caso de las parafilias se plantea la necesidad de que se trabaje en el aspecto descriptivo, semántico y lingüístico. Se ha descrito la importancia del estrés postraumático, pero se sugiere también un trastorno de estrés «pre-traumático¼ como diagnóstico en el DSM-V. En los trastornos de inicio en la infancia, niñez y adolescencia, se ha planteado incluir en la próxima taxonomía el denominado «trastorno por disregulación del temperamento con disforia¼. En lo referente al trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se considera que los criterios actuales son insuficientes, y se propone incrementar la edad de inicio del trastorno. Para el autismo se sugiere considerarlo como espectro autista, eliminando el trastorno de Asperger. Finalmente en opinión de los autores de este trabajo, existe por el momento una diversidad de cuestionamientos que deberá valorarse con seriedad, toda vez que el manual evidentemente seguirá siendo de uso clínico continuo en diferentes latitudes. El desafío será establecer la mejor forma de aplicar los criterios diagnósticos tomando en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se trabaja, lo que, por lo revisado, sigue siendo un punto pendiente para los encargados de revisar la próxima versión del manual.

Ciberbullying: forma virtual de intimidación escolar / Cyberbullying: a virtual way of bullying

Introducción: Con el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías, la interacción entre las personas es cada vez más rápida y efectiva. Infortunadamente, estas herramientas han favorecido que el bullying (acoso) tradicional haya sobrepasado los límites del plantel escolar de forma virtual y que hayan dado lugar al ciberbullying. Objetivo: Describir y precisar sus diversas características, señalar algunos aspectos inherentes al bullying tradicional y revisar las diferencias entre ambos fenómenos. Métodos: Búsqueda computarizada de información utilizando bases de datos electrónicas. Resultados: Cerca del 40% de los alumnos han tenido algún tipo de contacto con el ciberbullying y se estima que uno de cada cuatro estudiantes está involucrado en este problema. El riesgo de ser cibervictimizado se duplica al tener un perfil en una red social electrónica. El 50% de las víctimas no comunica a nadie sobre la problemática o rara vez lo hacen, lo que implica un riesgo mayor de volver a ser ciberintimidado. Las consecuencias más graves generadas por el ciberbullying son depresión, ideación suicida y, en el peor de los casos, intentos suicidas u homicidas. Conclusiones: La práctica del ciberbullying representa en los hogares y las escuelas una problemática de actualidad y de suma importancia que debe tratarse integralmente. Se debe dar prioridad a la prevención e identificación oportuna...

Introduction: With the development of new technologies interactions between people are becoming faster and more effective. Unfortunately, this means that traditional bullying has moved from the schoolyard to a virtual form giving rise to cyberbullying. Objective: To describe and define the characteristics of cyberbullying, to show some aspects inherent in traditional bullying, and to review the differences between the two phenomena. Methods: Computerized search of information using electronic databases. Results: About 40% of students have had some contact with cyberbullying and it is estimated that one in four students is involved in this problem. The risk of being cyberbullied is doubled if they have a profile on a social network. 50% of victims do not tell anybody about the problem, which means a higher risk of being cyberbullied again. The most severe consequences produced by cyberbullying are depression, suicidal ideation, and suicidal or homicidal attempts. Conclusions: The practice of cyberbullying is currently an important problem in homes and schools that must be treated in an integral manner, giving priority to prevention and early identification...

Determinación de la necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en jóvenes de una escuela militar / Determination of the need of periodontal treatment in the young from a military school

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 250 alumnos de uno y otro sexos, comprendidos entre 19 y 23 años de edad, pertenecientes al Instituto Técnico Militar José Martí, en Ciudad de La Habana, con el objetivo de identificar sus necesidades de tratamiento periodontal. Se tomó una muestra simple aleatoria, se utilizó el índice de necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en la comunidad. Los resultados expresaron que el 67,6 por ciento de los examinados estaban afectados periodontalmente, el promedio de sextantes sanos fue de 4,54 y necesitó tratamiento periodontal básico el 47,2 por ciento. Se confeccionaron gráficos estadísticos. Se llegó a la conclusión que la condición de sano periodontal disminuyó con la edad y que la instrucción de higiene bucal constituyó la necesidad de tratamiento más frecuente, seguido de la necesidad de tratamiento periodontal básico.

A descriptive cross-sectional study of 250 students of both sexes aged 19-23 from José Martí Military Technical Institute, in Havana city, was conducted in order to identify their needs of periodontal treatment. A simple randomized sample was taken, and the index of necessity of periodontal treatment in the community was used. The results showed that 67.6 percent of those who were examined were periodontally affected. The average of healthy sextans was 4.54, whereas 47.2 percent needed basic periodontal treatment. Statistical graphics were made. It was concluded that the condition of periodontally sound decreased with age and that the oral hygiene instruction was the most frequent need of treatment, followed by the need of basic periodontal treatment.

Determinación de la necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en jóvenes de una escuela militar / Determination of the need of periodontal treatment in the young from a military school

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 250 alumnos de uno y otro sexos, comprendidos entre 19 y 23 años de edad, pertenecientes al Instituto Técnico Militar José Martí, en Ciudad de La Habana, con el objetivo de identificar sus necesidades de tratamiento periodontal. Se tomó una muestra simple aleatoria, se utilizó el índice de necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en la comunidad. Los resultados expresaron que el 67,6 por ciento de los examinados estaban afectados periodontalmente, el promedio de sextantes sanos fue de 4,54 y necesitó tratamiento periodontal básico el 47,2 por ciento. Se confeccionaron gráficos estadísticos. Se llegó a la conclusión que la condición de sano periodontal disminuyó con la edad y que la instrucción de higiene bucal constituyó la necesidad de tratamiento más frecuente, seguido de la necesidad de tratamiento periodontal básico(AU)

A descriptive cross-sectional study of 250 students of both sexes aged 19-23 from José Martí Military Technical Institute, in Havana city, was conducted in order to identify their needs of periodontal treatment. A simple randomized sample was taken, and the index of necessity of periodontal treatment in the community was used. The results showed that 67.6 percent of those who were examined were periodontally affected. The average of healthy sextans was 4.54, whereas 47.2 percent needed basic periodontal treatment. Statistical graphics were made. It was concluded that the condition of periodontally sound decreased with age and that the oral hygiene instruction was the most frequent need of treatment, followed by the need of basic periodontal treatment(AU)

Uso del Inmunoferón en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente en niños / Use of Immunoferon in the treatment of aphthous recurrent stomatitis in children

Se realizó un ensayo clínico terapeútico aleatorizado, controlado, fase III a 40 pacientes de 1 a 18 años, con estomatitis aftosa recurrente que acudieron al Departamento de Periodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología del ISCM-H y a la consulta externa del Hospital William Soler, de septiembre del 2003 a septiembre del 2004. Se aleatorizaron en 2 grupos de tratamiento: grupo A (control) vitaminas más colutorios de clorhexidina, y grupo B (estudio) tratamiento anterior más Inmunoferón. Las lesiones se clasificaron en menor, mayor, o herpetiforme. La forma menor de la enfermedad fue la más frecuente. Los niños de mayor edad se correspondían con la forma mayor y los de menor edad con la variedad herpetiforme. La duración de la enfermedad disminuyó de 10,5 días a 6,2 días en el grupo estudio y de 10,6 a 8,3 en el control. El 42,1 por ciento de los casos en el grupo A tuvo buena evolución contra el 73,7 por ciento en el grupo B. La forma mayor fue la de mejor evolución y la posibilidad de mejoría clínica fue 7 veces mayor en el grupo B. En general, el porcentaje de pacientes que se agrupó en la categoría de recidiva por encima de los 3 meses, fue muy superior en el grupo B con respecto al A (57,9 por ciento vs. 15,8 por ciento). No hubo reacciones adversas al medicamento(AU)