A new ring nematode, Xenocriconemella costaricense sp. nov., (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Costa Rica.

During nematode surveys of natural vegetation in forests of La Cima de Copey de Dota, San José, San José province, Costa Rica, a Xenocriconemella species closely resembling X. macrodora and related species was found. Integrative taxonomical approaches demonstrated that it is a new species described herein as X. costaricense sp. nov. The new species is parthenogenetic (only females have been detected) and characterised by a short body (276-404 µm); lip region with two annuli, not offset, not separated from body contour; first lip annulus partially covering the second lip annulus. Stylet thin, very long (113-133 µm) and flexible, occupying 30.5-47.8% of body length. Excretory pore located from one or two annuli anterior to one or two annuli posterior to level of stylet knobs, at 42 (37-45) µm from anterior end. Female genital tract monodelphic, prodelphic, outstretched, and occupying 35-45% of body length, with vagina slightly ventrally curved (14-18 µm long). Anus located 6-11 annuli from the tail terminus. Tail conoid and bluntly rounded terminus, the last 2-3 annuli oriented dorsally. Results of molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS, and partial 18S rRNA, as well as cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 gene sequences further characterised the new species and clearly separated it from X. macrodora and other related species (X. iberica, X. paraiberica, and X. pradense).

Development of a visible-light-active-NiTiO3 coating for the efficient removal of the persistent herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) from drinking water.

In the present research work, the photocatalytic evaluation of NiTiO3 nanoparticles immobilized on glass plates by the spin-coating procedure was carried out in the degradation of the recalcitrant herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM). The concentrations of Ni employed to synthesize NiTiO3 nanoparticles were 1 wt% (1TESNi) and 2 wt% (2TESNi). The stability of coatings was evaluated by several washings and thermal treatments, which were verified by UV-vis analyses. The morphology of the coatings was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). The coatings displayed thickness values of 1.35 and 2.56 µm for TiO2 and 1TESNi, respectively. The crystalline phases of the coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the presence of NiTiO3 and other phases related to TiO2. The bandgap of 1TESNi, compared with the bare TiO2, was reduced from 2.96 to 2.40 eV as a consequence of Ni addition. The TiO2, 1TESNi and 2TESNi coatings were evaluated in the photodegradation of BAM using visible-light for 240 min. The highest effectiveness was displayed by the 1TESNi coating, obtaining degradation of 92.56% after 240 min. Also, the photocatalytic efficiency of the 1TESNi coating was only reduced 1.99% after 3 reuse cycles in the BAM degradation. The scavenger tests revealed that the main oxidizing species involved in the reaction were the •OH- and •O2- radicals. The 1TESNi coating showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency because of its absorption in the visible-light region, valuable surface area and electronic charge separation. Thus, these advantageous features guarantee that NiTiO3 coatings are an efficient method for degrading recalcitrant herbicides from drinking water using a practical way to recover and reuse photocatalysts.

An eco-friendly and sustainable support of agave-fibers functionalized with graphene/TiO2:SnO2 for the photocatalytic degradation of the 2,4-D herbicide from the drinking water.

In this research, we evaluated the photocatalytic performance of biodegradable composites for the removal of the 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide. The composite was composed by agave fibers (AgF), graphene-microplates (GM) and titanium dioxide TiO2/SnO2 (TSn) nanoparticles (NPs) and was named TSn + AgF/GM. Both, the TSn NPs and the GM were deposited on the AgF using the Dip-coating method. According to the analysis by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), the crystalline phase for the TiO2 and SnO2 was anatase and tetragonal-rutile, respectively. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that the AgF were completely saturated by the GM (which had average dimensions of 15 µm × 22 µm) and by conglomerations of TSn NPs with average size of 642 nm. The TSn NPs and the TSn + AgF/GM composite were evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of the 2,4-D herbicide under ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) light and found a maximum degradation of 98.4 and 93.7% (after 4 h) for the TSn NPs and the TSn + AgF/GM composite, respectively. Reuse cycles were also performed and the degradation percentage decreased by 13.1% and by 7.8% (after 3 cycles of reuse) when the TSn NPs and the TSn + AgF/GM composite are employed, respectively. Scavenger experiments were also carried out and found that the oxidizing agents are mainly produced in the order of: •OH>•O2- > h+; then, the main oxidizing agents generated during the photocatalytic reaction were the hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the photocatalytic system studied in this work for the degradation of 2,4-D could pave the way for the development of new eco-friendly/floatable photocatalysts, which can be applied in wastewater-treatment plants.

Diseño y validación de un ensayo de minisecuenciación múltiple para detectar polimorfismos asociados con Síndrome Metabólico / Design and validation of a multiple minisequencing assay to detect polymorphisms associated with Metabolic Syndrome

Resumen Introducción: Es importante identificar los polimorfismos de interés clínico en patologías complejas como el Síndrome Metabólico. Por esto, las metodologías para su evaluación deben estar diseñadas y validadas correctamente, esto permite optimizar recursos y tiempo en la genotipificación y detección correcta de los alelos presentes en los individuos. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una PCR múltiple, seguida de detección por minisecuenciación, para la genotipificación de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido simple ubicados en el gen del Receptor Beta 3-Adrenérgico (rs4994 y rs4998), gen de la Apolipoproteina A5 (rs3135506 y rs2075291), gen de la Adiponectina (rs1501299 y rs2241766) y gen del Receptor Activador de la Proliferación de los Peroxisomas tipo gamma (rs1801282 y rs1800571), asociados con el síndrome metabólico. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñaron 24 cebadores para la amplificación y detección de ocho polimorfismos de nucleótido sencillo ubicados en cuatro genes candidatos a estar asociados con el síndrome metabólico, usando el software Primer3®. Dieciséis fueron diseñados para amplificar los polimorfismos y ocho para detectarlos por minisecuenciación. Las estructuras secundarias entre los cebadores se verificaron con el software Autodimer. Los polimorfismos se amplificaron simultáneamente y los fragmentos amplificados se acoplaron a las sondas diseñadas para detectar por minisecuenciación el alelo presente, por medio de bases marcadas con fluorocromos. Finalmente, los alelos fueron detectados por electroforesis capilar en un analizador genético ABI 310 y se interpretaron con el software GeneMapper®. La validación del multiplex se realizó genotipando 20 muestras de individuos, cada uno de ellos autorizó este procedimiento por medio del consentimiento informado. Resultados: Se obtuvieron los perfiles genéticos de los 20 controles genotipados, a partir de la amplificación múltiple, seguida de minisecuenciación, diseñada y validada para detectar los ocho polimorfismos. Conclusión: Se diseñó y validó un ensayo para la detección simultánea de los polimorfismos, ubicados en cuatro genes asociados con el Síndrome metabólico. Los cuales pueden ser empleados como referencia para futuros estudios poblacionales.

Abstract Introduction: It is important to identify the polymorphisms of clinical interest in complex pathologies such as Metabolic Syndrome. Therefore, the methodologies for its evaluation must be designed and validated correctly, this permits optimization of resources and time in genotyping and correct detection of the alleles present in individuals. Objective: To design and validate a multiplex PCR, followed by detection by minisequencing, for the genotyping of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the Beta 3-Adrenergic Receptor gene (rs4994 and rs4998), Apolipoprotein A5 gene (rs3135506 and rs2075291), Adiponectin gene (rs1501299 and rs2241766) and gamma-type Peroxisome Proliferation Activating Receptor gene (rs1801282 and rs1800571), associated with metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: Twenty-four primers were designed for the amplification and detection of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms located in four candidate genes to be associated with the metabolic syndrome, using the Primer3® software. Sixteen were designed to amplify the polymorphisms and eight to detect them by minisequencing. The secondary structures between the primers were verified with Autodimer software. The polymorphisms were simultaneously amplified, and the amplified fragments were coupled to probes designed to minisequence the present allele using fluorochrome-labeled bases. Finally, the alleles were detected by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI 310 genetic analyzer and analyzed with the GeneMapper® software. The validation of the multiplex was performed by genotyping 20 individual samples, each of them authorized this procedure through informed consent. Results: The genetic profiles of the 20 genotyped controls were obtained, from multiple amplification, followed by minisequencing, designed and validated to detect the eight polymorphisms. Conclusion: An essay was designed and validated for the simultaneous detection of polymorphisms, located in four genes associated with metabolic syndrome, and can used as a reference for future population studies.

Pseudacanthus alani, a New Species of Mesoamerican Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae) of Oaxaca, Mexico and Nomenclatural Notes for the Genus.

A new species, Pseudacanthus alani n. sp., is described from cloud forest in Oaxaca, Mexico. This species is similar to Pseudacanthus junctistriatus Kuwert 1891 in size, shape of antennal lamella, and the absence of pubescence on abdominal terga, but has larger internal tubercles, an apex of central tubercle that is not free, glabrous elytral humerus, pubescent mesepisternum and mesepimeron and mesosternal scar, and male sexual characters. Photographs are provided of the head, male and female genitalia, and plectrum. Additionally, a taxonomic key to species of Pseudacanthus Kaup 1869 is provided, complemented with photographs of diagnostic characters. Finally, we propose two junior synonyms: Pseudacanthus solidus (Arrow 1907) n. syn. of Pseudacanthus junctistriatus and Pseudacanthus truquii Kuwert 1891 n. syn. of Pseudacanthus mexicanus (Truqui 1857).

Determinación de talla y peso en escolares del área urbana y periurbana / Determination of height and weight in schoolchildren in urban and peri-urban areas

El presente trabajo tuvo como objeto determinar el peso y la talla de los escolares de las áreas urbana, se realizó el estudio en 380 escolares de 6 a 12 años de diferentes establecimientos Educativos de la ciudad de Sucre del área urbana y periurbana. Se obtuvo las medidas antropométricas con una báscula, cinta métrica y tallímetro, para la recolección de datos se usó un registro antropométrico y se vació los datos a una tabla de Excel, para el cálculo de OR se usó la aplicación epidat 3.1. Los datos obtenidos en las dos áreas nos indican que el mayor porcentaje de los niños del área periurbana presentan algún tipo de desnutrición (severa, leve) y se constituyen en el 24,74% de los escolares, en el área urbana presentan un 15,79% desnutrición (leve). La obesidad en es más frecuente en el área urbana con 9,47%, en el área periurbana con un menor porcentaje 0.26%. Con respecto a la talla el 5,26% de los niños del área periurbana no presentan una talla adecuada para la edad, en el área urbana el mayor porcentaje de los escolares presenta talla adecuada con 28,42%, demostrando de esta manera las diferencias entre las dos áreas urbana y periurbana de la ciudad de Sucre con respecto a la talla y peso; con un porcentaje bajo en la talla y el peso ideal en el área periurbana a diferencia del área urbana donde esta presenta mayor porcentaje. Según los cálculos hay más probabilidad de presentar obesidad, sobrepeso y talla alta en el área urbana, mientras que en el área periurbana tiene más probabilidad de presentar desnutrición y talla baja.

The purpose of this study was to determine the weight and size of schoolchildren in urban areas, the study was carried out in 380 schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years of different educational establishments in the city of Sucre in urban and peri-urban areas. The anthropometric measurements were obtained with a scale, measuring tape and height meter, for the data collection an anthropometric record was used and the data was emptied to an Excel table, for the calculation of OR the epidat 3.1 application was used. The data obtained in the two areas indicate that the highest percentage of children in the peri-urban area have some type of malnutrition (severe, mild) and constitute 24.74% of schoolchildren, in the urban area they have 15, 79% malnutrition (mild). Obesity is more frequent in the urban area with 9.47%, in the peri-urban area with a lower percentage of 0.26%. With respect to size, 5.26% of children in the peri-urban area do not have a suitable size for age, in the urban area the highest percentage of schoolchildren has adequate size with 28.42%, thus demonstrating the differences between the two urban and peri-urban areas of the city of Sucre with respect to size and weight; with a low percentage in size and ideal weight in the peri-urban area unlike the urban area where it has a higher percentage. According to calculations, there is a greater probability of being obese, overweight and tall in the urban area, while in the peri-urban area it is more likely to have malnutrition and short stature.

Experiencias y creencias de madres sobre la lactancia materna exclusiva en una región de México / Experiences and beliefs of mothers about exclusive breastfeeding in a region of Mexico

Objetivo: explorar las experiencias y creencias sobre la lactancia materna exclusiva de madres que acuden a consulta nutricional a un hospital público. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo en la ciudad de Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, México. Participaron 31 madres lactantes en cuatro grupos focales. Se realizó análisis de contenido convencional. Resultados: las participantes reconocen la lactancia materna como la alimentación ideal para sus hijos, no obstante, señalan carencias de información en materia de lactancia y abogan por una orientación más completa y veraz. Diversas circunstancias comprometen el amamantamiento y hacen la lactancia poco placentera en términos de sensación física. Las mujeres resaltan el papel de la madre y abuela como principal fuente de apoyo e información a diferencia del personal de salud. Consideraciones finales: la educación en lactancia humana debe fortalecerse. El personal sanitario debe incrementar su papel y presencia para promover la lactancia materna exclusiva.

Objetivo: explorar as experiências e crenças sobre a amamentação exclusiva de mães que chegam a um hospital público para consulta nutricional. Método: um estudo qualitativo foi realizado na cidade de Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, no México. 31 mães lactantes participaram de quatro grupos focais. A análise do conteúdo convencional foi realizada. Resultados: os participantes reconhecem a amamentação como a dieta ideal para seus filhos, no entanto, apontam a falta de informação sobre a amamentação e defendem uma orientação mais completa e verdadeira. Diversas circunstâncias comprometem a amamentação e tornam a amamentação desagradável em termos de sensação física.As mulheres destacam o papel da mãe e da avó como principal fonte de apoio e informação, diferentemente do pessoal de saúde. Considerações finais: a educação em lactação humana deve ser fortalecida. O pessoal de saúde deve aumentar seu papel e presença para promover o aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Objective: explore the experiences and beliefs about exclusive breastfeeding of mothers who come to a public hospital for nutritional consultation. Methods: a qualitative study was carried out in the city of Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, Mexico. 31 lactating mothers participated in four focus groups. Analysis of conventional content was carried out. Results: the participants recognize breastfeeding as the ideal diet for their children, however, they point out the lack of information on breastfeeding and they advocate a more complete and truthful orientation. Various circumstances compromise breastfeeding and make breastfeeding unpleasant in terms of physical sensation. Women highlight the role of the mother and grandmother as the main source of support and information unlike the health personnel. Final consideration: the education in human lactation should be strengthened. Health personnel should increase their role and presence to promote exclusive breastfeeding.

A New Species of Vindex Kaup (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Passalidae: Passalinae: Proculini) from Oaxaca, Mexico.

Vindex chimalapensis Ariza-Marín, Reyes-Castillo, Moctezuma & Sánchez-Huerta, a new species, is described from the cloud forest in Oaxaca, México. Vindex chimalapensis is like V. sculptilis Bates in the form of lateral elytral punctures and glabrous epipleura, but has dorsal punctures in the pronotum and the form of the aedeagus differs on the basal piece. Male genitalia, female genitalia, and head are shown in photographs. Vindex chimalapensis is the only species known from this genus with dorsal punctures on the pronotum. Ecology, distribution, and biogeography of Vindex and the Mountain Mesoamerican distribution pattern are discussed, with emphasis on V. chimalapensis.

Passalidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) of the Biogeographical Province of Chocó and the West Andean Region of Colombia, with the Description of Two New Species.

We present a synopsis of the Passalidae of the Chocó biogeographical province and the western slopes of the Western Andean range of Colombia as a result of field collections, examination of entomological collections, and review of the literature. We record a total of 41 species, provide an identification key, and, for the 39 species for which we were able to examine specimens, include a diagnosis and collecting data. Two new species of Passalus (Pertinax) are described and illustrated. The species of this region compose 42% of the passalid species known for Colombia. The richness of species and the high degree of endemism (34%) indicate the faunistic importance of this area, which is closely related to the fauna of lowland Central America.

Excessive daytime somnolence is associated with hypoglycemia in adult Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of sleep disorders in hypoglycemic diabetic patients and possible relationships with scores of sleep disorders and restless legs syndrome in mestizo population in Guayaquil, Ecuador. METHODS: A multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted at an outpatient endocrinology clinic in urban and rural Ecuador regions, included 290 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe hypoglycemic episodes, completed, validated, and culturally adapted sleep questionnaires to assess daytime sleepiness, risk of sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with severe hypoglycemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of EDS was 56.8%, RLS prevalence of 46.2%, and 38.6% prevalence of high risk Berlin score. Multivariate logistic regression indicated hypoglycemic T2DM in the range of 56-75 years old were more likely to have high ESS (p 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of sleep disorders in diabetic Latinos living in Ecuador was evidenced. The presence of somnolence in patients older than 56 years and high HbA1c levels should alert the clinician for the occurrence of hypoglycemic episodes.

Insectos de importancia forense en cadáveres de cerdo (sus scrofa ) en La Paz Bolivia / Forensic insects in pig carcasses (sus scrofa) in La Paz Bolivia

Resumen:La Entomología Forense es una ciencia que implica el estudio de las especies antropofágicas que practican un ciclo vital en el cadáver. Contribuye en la determinación del Intervalo posmortem. Los insectos de importancia forense que se estudiaron pertenecen a la orden Dípteros y Coleópteros. En el estudio realizado en el municipio de Pucarani, ubicado en la provinciaLos Andes del Departamento La Paz a 3852 m.s.n.m. entre otoño e invierno, se obtuvo dos ejemplares de cerdo S. scrofa, en dos ambientes: abierto (cerdo A) y cerrado: (cerdo B). Se identificó 339 especímenes entre dípteros y coleópteros. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la sucesión de entomofauna entre ambos ambientes, sin embargo predominó la familia Fannide sp. en el lugar cerrado por ser un ambiente húmedo. Los dípteros de mayor importancia son: Sarconesia Chlorogaster, Clorobrachycoma splendida, que pertenecen a la familia Calliphoridae, que se mantuvo en constante actividaden su estadio larval y su forma adulta en los cuatro estados de descomposición a temperaturas de 14 - 16°C, humedad relativa de 30%; no se encontró a Calliphora nigribasis en la descomposición avanzada; Sarconesiopsis magellánica solo se presenta en la etapa Fresco. Entre los Coleópteros: Oxelitrum apicale apareció desde la etapa hinchado. La sucesión de entomofauna cadavérica y su particularidad en cada etapa de descomposición, es el elemento que nos ayudaría a determinar el IPM, que dependerá de las condiciones climáticas a gran altitud como Bolivia.

Abstract:Forensic entomology is a science that involves the study of the cannibalistic species that plays a vital cycle in the body. It helps to determinate the postmortem interval. Insects with forensic importance that were studied belong to the order Diptera and Coleoptera. In the study conducted in the Municipality of Pucarani, located in the province of Los Andes La Paz Department at 3852 meters between autumn and winter, two copies of pork S. scrofa was obtained in two environments: open (pork A), closed (pig B). 339 specimens between Diptera and Coleoptera were identified. No significant differences were found in the entomofauna sequence between the two environments, however the Fannide sp. In the place closed for being a humid environment. The most important dipterans are: Sarconesia Chlorogaster, Clorobrachycoma splendida, belonging to the family Calliphoridae, which remained in constant activity in its larval stage and its adult form in the four decaying states at temperatures of 14 - 16 ° C, humidity Relative to 30%; Calliphora nigribasis was not found in advanced decomposition; Magellanic sarconesiopsis only occurs in the Fresco stage. Among the Coleoptera: Oxelitrum apicale appeared from the swollen stage. The succession of cadaveric entomofauna and its particularity in each stage of decomposition is the element that would help us determine the MPI, which will depend on high altitude climatic conditions like Bolivia.

Polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) de la APOA5 y su relación con la hipertrigliceridemia en una población de Colombia / S19W polymorphism (Ser19Ter) of APOA5 and its relationship with hypertriglyceridemia in a Colombian population

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son responsables del 29,69% de las muertes en Colombia. Se ha encontrado la hipertrigliceridemia, en diversos estudios como factor de riesgo independiente para la ECV. El polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) de la ApoA5 se ha asociado en algunas poblaciones con la hipertrigliceridemia. Sin embargo, en Colombia esto ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre el polimorfismo S19W y la hipertrigliceridemia en población colombiana. Metodología: Estudio tipo Corte Transversal, con 400 individuos provenientes de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se cuantificó los TAG y se genotipificaron mediante la técnica de SNaPshot y mini secuenciación. Los resultados fueron analizados utilizando el software de análisis genético Arlequín 3.5.1.2. Resultados: El polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) mostró tres perfiles, CC, GG y CG. El polimorfismo S19W se caracterizó tanto en afectados como en no afectados, mostrando que no existen diferencias significativas en esta distribución cuando se comparan los dos grupos. Discusión: Diversos mecanismos se han propuesto para sustentar la hipertrigliceridemia como un factor de riesgo para ECV, entre los que se cuenta la APOA5. El estudio comprobó que la población estudiada se encuentra en equilibrio de Hardy Weinberg y al genotipo CC como el más frecuente. Los genotipos GG y el GC presentaron valores significativos en el grupo de sujetos afectados, (p<0,01 y p=0,03; respectivamente). Se demostró la existencia de una estrecha relación entre el polimorfismo Ser19Trp y la hipertrigliceridemia (p<0,01). Conclusión: Se pudo demostrar la existencia de una relación entre el polimorfismo Ser19Trp de la Apo A5 con los niveles elevados de TAG (p<0,01).

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for 29.69% of the deaths in Colombia. Several studies have shown that hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. ApoA5 gene S19W (Ser19Ter) polymorphism has been associated with hypertriglyceridemia in some populations; however, their influence in Colombia is unknown. Objective: To determine the relationship between S19W polymorphism and hypertriglyceridemia in Colombian population. Methodology: Transversal crossover Studio, included a total of 400 individuals. TAG was quantified and genotyped using the technique SnapShot and mini sequencing. The results were analyzed using genetic analysis software Arlequin 3.5.1.2. Results: S19W (Ser19Ter) polymorphism showed three profiles, CC, GG and CG. The S19W polymorphism was characterized both affected and not affected. There wasn´t significant differences in the distribution when the two groups are compared. Discussion: Various mechanisms have been proposed to support hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for CVD, including the APOA5 counted. The study found that the study population is in Hardy Weinberg and CC genotype as the most frequent. The GG and GC genotypes showed significant values in the group of affected subjects (p = 0.002 and 0.03). It demonstrated the existence of a close relationship between the Ser19Trp polymorphism and hypertriglyceridemia (p<0,01). Conclusion: It was possible to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between polymorphism Ser19Trp of ApoA5 with elevated levels of TAG (p<0,01).

[Degenerative espondylolisthesis. Body mass index influence on the post-surgical evolution]. / Espondilolistesis degenerativa. Influencia del índice de masa corporal en la evolución postquirúrgica.

Spondylolisthesis is the sliding of a vertebral body with respect to the adjacent one. According to the degree of slippage it is classified into 4 Meyerding grades. Patients with spondylolisthesis who underwent surgery with lumbar instrumentation were included. They were divided into two groups based on their body mass index: obese and non-obese. The functional capacity Oswestry score was calculated preoperatively and at one year, and it was correlated with the BMI. A total of 46 patients, 26 females and 20 males, were included, from 2010 to 2013, all of them with a diagnosis of degenerative spondylolisthesis with lumbar stenosis. Mean age was 58.9 years. The mean preoperative Oswestry disability index was 41% in non-obese patients and 47% in obese patients. At the one-year postoperative assessment the disability index was 12.30% in non-obese patients and 23.84% in obese patients. Non-obese patients had a more favorable clinical course compared to the group of obese patients.

La espondilolistesis es el desplazamiento de un cuerpo vertebral en relación con el adyacente, el cual se clasifica en cuatro grados según Meyerding. Se incluyeron pacientes con espondilolistesis sometidos a manejo quirúrgico con instrumentación lumbar, mismos que se dividieron en dos grupos de acuerdo con su índice de masa corporal en obesos y no obesos. Se les aplicó un cuestionario Oswestry de capacidad funcional de forma prequirúrgica y al año de evolución se midió la correlación entre éste y el IMC. Se incluyeron 46 pacientes, 26 mujeres y 20 hombres de 2010 a 2013, con diagnóstico de espondilolistesis degenerativa con canal lumbar estrecho. La edad promedio fue de 58.9 años. El promedio del índice de discapacidad de Oswestry prequirúrgico en los pacientes no obesos fue 41% y en los pacientes obesos fue 47% con un año de seguimiento postquirúrgico con índice de discapacidad en no obesos de 12.30% y en obesos de 23.84%. El grupo de pacientes no obesos presentó una evolución clínica más favorable comparado con el grupo de pacientes con obesidad.

Passipassalus brevicornis n. sp.: a New Passalidae (Coleoptera) from Brazilian Amazonian, with a Key to the Species of Passipassalus Reyes-Castillo & Fonseca.

Passipassalus brevicornis n. sp. is described from two specimens from Tefé and Coari, Amazonas, Brazil. This species represents the fifth species recognized of Passipassalus and differs from the other species of the genus mainly by having an apex of central tubercle of median frontal structure not free, frontal fossae with some scarce setae, metasternal fossae with scarce setae, humeri fully pubescent, and marginal groove over anterior ventral edge of femur I marked and complete. Additionally, a key to the species of Passipassalus is given.

Hígado graso no alcohólico: principal causa de enfermedad hepática ambulatoria en un centro privado en Chile: estudio prospectivo marzo-julio 2010 / Non alcoholic fatty liver disease: main cause of outpatient liver disease in a private center in Chile: prospective study March-July 2010

The epidemiology of liver diseases has been changing over the time, with increasing importance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: To investigate the principal diagnosis of liver diseases in a reference center. Material and Methods: Prospective study of 405 consecutive patients attending theClinica Las Condes Gastroenterology Department, between March and July 2010. Results: 207 (51 percent) were men and 198 (49 percent) women, with a mean age of 54 years old (Range 14-89). From these, 134 (33 percent) had NAFLD, 40 (10 percent) autoimmune hepatitis, 36 (9 percent) primary biliary cirrhosis, 25 (9 percent) chronic hepatitis C, 26 (6,5 percent) Gilbert syndrome, 23 (5,5 percent) acute or chronic hepatitis B, 22 (5 percent) liver transplantation and 87 (65 percent) others diagnosis. From 134 NAFLD cases, 88 (66 percent) were men and 46 (34 percent) women, 72 (54 percent) had overweight, 39 (29 percent) obesity, 100 (75 percent) dyslipidemia and 87 (65 percent) glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and/or diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: NAFLD is currently the main cause of liver disease in a reference center, associated to well known risk factors, increasingly presented in Chile.

La epidemiología de las enfermedades hepáticas ha cambiado a través del tiempo, adquiriendo crecienteimportancia el hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA). Objetivo: Investigar los principales diagnósticoshepatológicos en un centro de referencia. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de 405 pacientes consecutivos ambulatorios, consultantes entre marzo y julio de 2010, al Departamento de Gastroenterología de Clínica Las Condes. Resultados: 207 (51 por ciento) eran hombres y 198 (49 por ciento) mujeres, con edad promedio de 54 años (rango 14-89). De éstos, 134 (33 por ciento) tenían HGNA, 40 (10 por ciento) hepatitis autoinmune, 36 (9 por ciento) cirrosis biliar primaria, 25 (9 por ciento) hepatitis crónica C, 26 (6,5 por ciento) Síndrome de Gilbert, 23 (5,5 por ciento) hepatitis aguda o crónica B, 22 (5 por ciento) trasplante hepático y 89 (22 por ciento) otros diagnósticos. De los 134 casos de HGNA, 88 (66 por ciento) eran hombres y 46 (34 por ciento) mujeres, 72 (54 por ciento) tenían sobrepeso, 39 (29 por ciento) obesidad, 100 (75 por ciento) dislipidemia y 87 (65 por ciento) intolerancia a hidratos de carbono, resistencia a insulina y/o diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: El HGNA constituye en la actualidad la principal enfermedad hepática en un centro privado en Chile, asociado a factores de riesgo conocidos, cada vez más presentes en nuestro medio.

Ausencia de correlación de variables clínicas con estudio etiológico en faringoamigdalitis aguda: estudio prospectivo de casos y controles / Absence of correlation between clinical variables and etiology of acute pharyngotonsillitis: prospective study of cases and controls

Introducción: La faringoamigdalitis aguda (FAA) es un cuadro infeccioso producido por numerosos agentes etiológicos, siendo Streptococcus pyogenes (SP) el más frecuentemente involucrado y el principal responsable de potenciales complicaciones. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de éste y otros microorganismos en una muestra de población pediátrica y adulta. Material y método: Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo de casos y controles en pacientes que consultaron en forma consecutiva por odinofagia con signos de inflamación faringoamigdalina. Resultados: Se obtuvo un examen completo incluyendo un cultivo faríngeo en 159 pacientes entre 3 y 55 años. Entre los síntomas relevantes destacaron: cefalea, fiebre, adenopatíasy exudado. En adultos, 29 por ciento de las FAA fueron causadas por SP, mientras que en niños sólo 17 por ciento. En ningún paciente control se objetivó la presencia de SP. Conclusión: No existió correlación entre las características clínicas y la presencia de SP. De acuerdo a estos resultados se sugiere la realización rutinaria de un estudio etiológico al enfrentarse a una FAA.

Acute pharyngotonsillitis (APT) is an infectious disease that can be caused by numerous etiologic agents, with Streptococcus pyogenes (SP) being the most frequently involved and the main cause of potential complications. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of this and other microorganisms in a sample of a pediatric and adult population. A prospective study of cases and controls was designed in patients that presented consecutively with odynophagia and pharyngotonsilar inflammation. A complete exam was performed, including pharyngeal culture in 159 patients between 3 and 55 years of age. Among relevant symptoms we found: headache, fever, lymphadenopathy and tonsilar exúdate. 29 percentofAPTs were caused by SP in adults, and only 17 percent In children. Conclusions: There was no correlation between clinical characteristics and SP presence. According to these results, a routine etiologic study is suggested when facing an APT.

Autoevaluación en prácticas clínicas de alumnos del departamento de medicina: carrera de medicina: UMSA gestión 2005-2007 / Self-assessment of students in clinical practice department of medicine carrera de medicina - UMSA management 2005-2007

Objective: To develop a process of self – evaluation in the pre-graduate education during the period of practical work that the students carry out in the different hospital sections and/orin the faculty environment. Research design: Cross sectional design. Location: The study was carried out in the different hospital and faculty sections according to the practical work that the teacher of the Medical School does at the various levels of the third, fourth and fi fth year. Study population:The population of this study were students of the Medical School who did practical work in the 3rd, 4 th and 5th years of the Medical Schools I, II, and III, and by calculation of the sample size for descriptive designs in Epi Info, the result was 180 university students. Due to the feasibility, however, for carrying out this study and in order to increase the power, a total sample of 407 students was used. Methods: The instrument of self – evaluation was applied in the university students after having consulted previously and obtained the acceptance to participate in the study. The method of fi lling out the instrument was explained and fi nally the points of grading were obtained that each student had given himself. Results: The reported results are shown by the answers that were obtained on the qualitative scale for each one of the questions of the applied instrument, and that can be seen according to the order of the questions and their scale inpercentages as can be observed in the fi gures in the text. In the item of preference of key themes as well as in the integration of knowledge in the present specialty, and in the responsible preparation of the activities in the present specialty, the use of adequate resources, demonstration of self- learning abilities like active participation in the practical work and recognition of ways to overcome the weaknesses, they showed a high frequency on the scale of “frequent and...

Pregunta de investigación¿Cuales serán los resultados obtenidos a través de la implementación de un método de auto evaluación en la educación de pregrado en el proceso de prácticas que se realiza en las cátedras de Medicina I, II y III en sus distintos capítulos, durante la gestión 2005 -2006 en la Facultad de Medicina de la UMSA? Objetivo: Desarrollar un proceso de autoevaluación en la educación de pregrado durante el periodo de prácticas que realizan los alumnos en los distintos servicios hospitalarios y/o ambientes facultativos. Diseño de la investigación: Diseño de Corte Transversal. Lugar: Se realiza en los distintos servicios hospitalarios y facultativos de acuerdo al trabajo práctico que realiza el docente de la Carrera de Medicina en los distintos niveles de tercer, cuarto y quinto año. Población: La población de estudio son alumnos de la Carrera de Medicina que realizan prácticas clínicas de 3ro, 4to y 5to de las Cátedras de Medicina I, II y III y por cálculo de tamaño de muestra para diseños descriptivos en Epi Info, resultó 180 estudiantes universitarios, pero por la factibilidad de realizar el estudio y aumentar el poder, se tiene una muestra total de 407 alumnos. Métodos: Se aplicó el instrumento de autoevaluación a los alumnos universitarios previa consulta y confi rmación de aceptación en participar del estudio. Se explicó la forma de llenar el instrumento y fi nalmente se obtuvo la nota de califi cación que ellos mismos se pusieron. Resultados Los resultados reportados se muestran a través de las respuestas obtenidas por la escala cualitativa para cada una de las preguntas del instrumento aplicado, las cuales pueden ser vistas según el orden de las preguntas y su escala en porcentajes, como se observa en las fi guras del texto. En el item de priorización de temas claves...

Diagnosis and Molecular Variability of an Argentinean Population of Nacobbus aberrans with Some Observations on Histopathology in Tomato.

Diagnosis of an Argentinean population of Nacobbus sp. infecting sweet pepper (lamuyo) was carried out including morphology, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular studies. In light of our morphometric, molecular and host-range results, we consider the studied population to belong to N. aberrans s. l., and by host range tests the population is assigned to the "sugar beet group." ITS-PCR analysis on individual male and immature female specimens of this population yielded amplification products of approximately 922 bp. RFLP profiles and sequencing of the ITS region revealed that, in addition to the host group, the present population can be assigned to the "Argentina 2" group. Disease development and histopathology were investigated with glasshouse observations using tomato, pepper, sugar beet and potato seedlings exposed to nematode infection for 45 days at 28 +/- 2 degrees C. Histopathology of tomato roots confirmed that all immature stages and young females and males are migratory, whereas mature females are obligate sedentary endoparasites. Rather than syncytia, large regions of cortical necrosis and cavities were detected in tomato swellings infected by juveniles. However, syncytia were associated only with adult females. Large root galls, hyperplasia, abnormal proliferation of lateral roots and asymmetry of root structure were common anatomical changes induced by the nematode feeding in tomato roots.