Durabilidad a largo plazo de la cirugía reparadora de la válvula mitral con insuficiencia de tipo degenerativo / Long-term Durability of Mitral Valve Repair Surgery for Degenerative Regurgitation

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los resultados alejados de la reparación de la válvula mitral (VM) con insuficiencia de tipo degenerativo. Material y Métodos: Entre enero 2008 y diciembre 2019 se efectuó cirugía reparadora de la VM en 457 pacientes con insuficiencia mitral grave (IM). La edad promedio fue 64,9 ± 12,2 años, y 61,1% eran de sexo masculino. El seguimiento clínico mediana 3,0 (RIC 4,1 años) se completó en el 98,7% de los pacientes. Se efectuaron estudios ecocardiográficos de seguimiento en forma periódica, se analizó la sobrevida, la recurrencia de IM moderada-grave en forma global y según el tipo de valva afectada, y la necesidad de re intervención en el seguimiento alejado. Resultados: A 10 años de seguimiento la sobrevida alejada fue elevada sin diferencias significativas según la valva afectada: valva posterior 95 ± 2,1%, y valva anterior 94 ± 2,2% (p=0,54). El grupo de pacientes con clase funcional preoperatoria III/IV (n = 142) presentó mayor mortalidad al seguimiento: 13,9 ± 4,1% vs. 2,7% ± 1,2% (p = 0,001). El porcentaje de recurrencia de IM moderada-grave al finalizar el seguimiento para el grupo total de pacientes fue del 14,6 ± 4,3% y el periodo de libertad de recurrencia según valva afectada fue elevado sin diferencia significativas: valva posterior 90 ± 3,4% y valva anterior 80 ± 8,5 (p = 0,97). Por último, la necesidad de reintervención en el seguimiento post reparación fue del 4,7 ± 3,3 % Conclusiones: la sobrevida alejada post reparación de IM es elevada y la necesidad de reintervención poco frecuente. Existe un aumento progresivo en la recurrencia de IM en el seguimiento alejado.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term results of degenerative mitral valve regurgitation (MR) repair. Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2019, 457 patients (mean age 64.9±12.2 years; 61.1% men) with severe MR underwent MV repair surgery. Median follow-up was 3.0 years (IQR 4.1 years) and was completed in 98.7% of patients. Periodic echocardiographic studies were performed, and long-term survival, the recurrence rate of moderate-severe MR and the need for reintervention were analyzed. Results: At 10-year follow-up, long-term survival was high without significant differences according to the affected leaflet: between posterior leaflet 95±2.1%, and anterior leaflet 94±2.2% (p=0.54). Patients with preoperative functional class III/IV (n=142) presented higher mortality at follow-up: 13.9±4.1% vs. 2.7%±1.2% (p=0.001). The risk of recurrence for moderatesevere MR at the end of follow-up for the total group of patients was 14.6±4.3% and freedom from recurrence according to the affected leaflet was high without significant difference: posterior leaflet 90±3.4% and anterior leaflet 80 ± 8.5 (p=0.97). Finally, the need for reoperation in post-repair follow-up was 4.7±3.3% Conclusions: Long-term survival after MV repair is high and the need for reoperation is infrequent. There is a progressive increase in MR recurrence at the long-term follow-up.

Estimation of Prevalence of the Left Ventricular Noncompaction Among Adults.

The prevalence of left ventricular noncompacted myocardium (LVNC) is not clearly defined yet. The goal of this study was to prospectively assess the prevalence of LVNC in a population of patients assessed for cardiovascular disease and to analyze the coincidence between observers using the echocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of LVNC. We included patients prospectively during a 1-year period. To analyze the concordance between different observers, we performed a blind analysis of 50 patients between 7 operators to calculate Kappa index for each criteria. The analysis of concordance for final diagnosis of LVNC was free-marginal kappa: 0.94. A total of 10,857 patients underwent echocardiography; 2,931 (27%) were normal. LVNC was found in 26 patients (prevalence = 0.24%), 16 patients were women, mean age of 52.6 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups; group A: ejection fraction (EF) <50% (n = 20) and group B: normal systolic function (n = 6). Among abnormal studies, 294 (2.7%) were dilated cardiomyopathies (DCs) Patients with LVNC and EF <50% comprised 6.8% of DC (20 of 294) and 24% (20 of 75) of patients with idiopathic DC (p <0.0001). Group A patients were older and with less presence of women (both p <0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of LVNC in a population assessed for cardiovascular diseases is low. In contrast, it is very high in the subgroup of patients with idiopathic DC. The group of patients with LVNC and normal LVEF is younger and with a higher presence of women than those with LVNC and depressed LVEF. Coincidence between operators is very good for the identification of echocardiographic criteria.

Resultados a largo plazo de la plástica mitral en enfermedad degenerativa: prolapso posterior versus anterior o bivalvar / Long-Term Outcomes of Mitral Valve Repair in Degenerative Valve Disease: Comparison Between Posterior and Anterior or Bileaflet Mitral Valve Prolapse

Objetivo: Comparar la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica de la plástica mitral secundaria a insuficiencia mitral degenerativa en pacientes con prolapso de la valva posterior versus prolapso anterior o bivalvar. Material y métodos: Entre abril de 1997 y julio de 2013 fueron intervenidos 255 pacientes por insuficiencia mitral moderada/ grave degenerativa. De ellos, 175 tenían compromiso de la valva posterior exclusivamente (Grupo 1) y 80 de la valva anterior 0 bivalvar (Grupo 2). No hubo diferencias en edad ni predominio de sexo entre los grupos. El seguimiento clínico se completó en el 95% de los casos con un promedio de 5,6 ± 3,8 años y el ecocardiográfico en el 77% con un promedio de 4,8 ± 3,7 años. Resultados: El éxito del procedimiento se alcanzó en el 87% de los casos (33 conversiones intraoperatorias a reemplazo valvular) (Grupo 1: 98% vs. Grupo 2: 62,5%; p < 0,01). La mortalidad hospitalaria global fue del 2,3% (6/255). La sobrevida a los 10 años fue del 92,0 ± 2,1% (Grupo 1: 94,4% ± 2,2% vs. Grupo 2: 86,3 ± 5,1%; p = 0,036). La libertad de reoperación a 10 años de seguimiento fue del 95,6 ± 1,6% (Grupo 1: 97,1 ± 1,4% vs. Grupo 2: 89,7 ± 5,0%; p = 0,035). La libertad de insuficiencia mitral moderada/grave en el ecocardiograma a los 10 años fue del 79,0 ± 4,4% (Grupo 1: 80,8 ± 4,8% vs. Grupo 2: 71,9 ± 9,6%; p = 0,14). El 91,2% de los pacientes se encontraban libres de síntomas a los 10 años (92% Grupo 1 vs. 89,3% Grupo 2; p = 0,5). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con plástica mitral secundaria a enfermedad degenerativa de la valva posterior tuvieron mayor sobrevida y una incidencia menor de reoperación en el seguimiento alejado. No hubo diferencias en libertad de insuficiencia mitral moderada/grave entre ambos grupos a 10 años de seguimiento.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and echocardiographic outcome of mitral valve repair secondary to degenerative mitral valve regurgitation in patients with posterior versus anterior or bileaflet mitral valve prolapse. Methods: Between April 1997 and July 2013, 255 patients underwent surgery for moderate to severe degenerative mitral valve regurgitation: 175 had posterior mitral valve prolapse (Group 1) and 80 had anterior or bileaflet mitral valve prolapse (Group 2). There were no differences in age or sex between the groups. Clinical follow-up was completed in 95% of the cases with a mean follow-up period of 5.6 ± 3.8 years and 77% completed echocardiographic follow-up with a mean of 4.8 ± 3.7 years. Results: The procedure was successful in 87% of cases (33 intraoperative conversions to mitral valve replacement) (Group 1: 98% vs. Group 2: 62.5%; p < 0.01). Overall in-hospital mortality was 2.3% (6/255), and 10-year survival was 92.0 ± 2.1% (Group 1: 94.4% ± 2.2% vs. Group 2: 86.3 ± 5.1%; p = 0.036). At 10-year follow-up, 95.6 ± 1.6% of patients were free from reoperation (Group 1: 97.1 ± 1.4% vs. Group 2: 89.7 ± 5.0%; p = 0.035), 79.0 ± 4.4% remained free from moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (Group 1: 80.8 ± 4.8% vs. Group 2: 71.9 ± 9.6%; p = 0.14) and 91.2% were asymptomatic (92% Group 1 vs. 89.3% Group 2; p = 0.5). Conclusions: Patients undergoing mitral valve repair secondary to degenerative posterior mitral valve prolapse had higher survival and lower incidence or reoperation in the long-term follow-up. There were no differences in freedom from moderate to severe mitral regurgitation between both groups at 10-year follow-up.

Resultados a largo plazo de la plástica mitral en enfermedad degenerativa: prolapso posterior versus anterior o bivalvar / Long-Term Outcomes of Mitral Valve Repair in Degenerative Valve Disease: Comparison Between Posterior and Anterior or Bileaflet Mitral Valve Prolapse

Objetivo: Comparar la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica de la plástica mitral secundaria a insuficiencia mitral degenerativa en pacientes con prolapso de la valva posterior versus prolapso anterior o bivalvar. Material y métodos: Entre abril de 1997 y julio de 2013 fueron intervenidos 255 pacientes por insuficiencia mitral moderada/ grave degenerativa. De ellos, 175 tenían compromiso de la valva posterior exclusivamente (Grupo 1) y 80 de la valva anterior 0 bivalvar (Grupo 2). No hubo diferencias en edad ni predominio de sexo entre los grupos. El seguimiento clínico se completó en el 95% de los casos con un promedio de 5,6 ± 3,8 años y el ecocardiográfico en el 77% con un promedio de 4,8 ± 3,7 años. Resultados: El éxito del procedimiento se alcanzó en el 87% de los casos (33 conversiones intraoperatorias a reemplazo valvular) (Grupo 1: 98% vs. Grupo 2: 62,5%; p < 0,01). La mortalidad hospitalaria global fue del 2,3% (6/255). La sobrevida a los 10 años fue del 92,0 ± 2,1% (Grupo 1: 94,4% ± 2,2% vs. Grupo 2: 86,3 ± 5,1%; p = 0,036). La libertad de reoperación a 10 años de seguimiento fue del 95,6 ± 1,6% (Grupo 1: 97,1 ± 1,4% vs. Grupo 2: 89,7 ± 5,0%; p = 0,035). La libertad de insuficiencia mitral moderada/grave en el ecocardiograma a los 10 años fue del 79,0 ± 4,4% (Grupo 1: 80,8 ± 4,8% vs. Grupo 2: 71,9 ± 9,6%; p = 0,14). El 91,2% de los pacientes se encontraban libres de síntomas a los 10 años (92% Grupo 1 vs. 89,3% Grupo 2; p = 0,5). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con plástica mitral secundaria a enfermedad degenerativa de la valva posterior tuvieron mayor sobrevida y una incidencia menor de reoperación en el seguimiento alejado. No hubo diferencias en libertad de insuficiencia mitral moderada/grave entre ambos grupos a 10 años de seguimiento.(AU)

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and echocardiographic outcome of mitral valve repair secondary to degenerative mitral valve regurgitation in patients with posterior versus anterior or bileaflet mitral valve prolapse. Methods: Between April 1997 and July 2013, 255 patients underwent surgery for moderate to severe degenerative mitral valve regurgitation: 175 had posterior mitral valve prolapse (Group 1) and 80 had anterior or bileaflet mitral valve prolapse (Group 2). There were no differences in age or sex between the groups. Clinical follow-up was completed in 95% of the cases with a mean follow-up period of 5.6 ± 3.8 years and 77% completed echocardiographic follow-up with a mean of 4.8 ± 3.7 years. Results: The procedure was successful in 87% of cases (33 intraoperative conversions to mitral valve replacement) (Group 1: 98% vs. Group 2: 62.5%; p < 0.01). Overall in-hospital mortality was 2.3% (6/255), and 10-year survival was 92.0 ± 2.1% (Group 1: 94.4% ± 2.2% vs. Group 2: 86.3 ± 5.1%; p = 0.036). At 10-year follow-up, 95.6 ± 1.6% of patients were free from reoperation (Group 1: 97.1 ± 1.4% vs. Group 2: 89.7 ± 5.0%; p = 0.035), 79.0 ± 4.4% remained free from moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (Group 1: 80.8 ± 4.8% vs. Group 2: 71.9 ± 9.6%; p = 0.14) and 91.2% were asymptomatic (92% Group 1 vs. 89.3% Group 2; p = 0.5). Conclusions: Patients undergoing mitral valve repair secondary to degenerative posterior mitral valve prolapse had higher survival and lower incidence or reoperation in the long-term follow-up. There were no differences in freedom from moderate to severe mitral regurgitation between both groups at 10-year follow-up.(AU)

Lateral left ventricular wall rupture following acute myocardial infarction: pathophysiological interpretation by multimodality imaging approach.

Lateral left ventricular wall rupture (LVWR) is a rare complication following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) less than 1%. After cardiogenic shock, LVWR constitutes the most common cause of in-hospital death in AMI patients. Around 40% of all LVWR occurred during the first 24 hours and 85% within the first week. In the present case, 76 hours following the intervention, LVWR was observed likely due to a small infarction at the lateral left ventricular wall possibly due to the marginal lesion. Our patient refused surgery and was followed clinically. Eighteen months later, real time three-dimensional echocardiography showed a pseudoaneurysm.

Papillary muscle rupture associated to essential thrombocytosis.

Essential thrombocytosis (ET) falls under the umbrella of myeloproliferative disorders, which also includes chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Essential thrombocytosis results from a clonal proliferation of megakaryocites within the bone marrow, leading to an absolute elevation of platelets that can cause both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications.

Sobrevivência a médio prazo e estado funcional de pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica grave submetidos a implante transcateter da válvula aórtica / Medium-term survival and functional status of patients with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation

INTRODUÇÃO: O procedimento de implante transcateter da válvula aórtica (TAVI, do inglês transcatheter aortic valve implantation) representa opção de tratamento em pacientes com estenose valvar aórtica (EA) com risco cirúrgico elevado ou proibitivo. Relatamos nossa experiência usando o sistema autoexpansível Medtronic CoreValve®. MÉTODOS: No período de 2009 a 2013, 51 pacientes consecutivos com EA grave sintomática e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo foram submetidos ao TAVI. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com os critérios Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTADOS: A média de idades dos pacientes foi 82 ± 6 anos, 49% eram do sexo feminino, 19% diabéticos, 21% tinham insuficiência renal e o EuroSCORE logístico foi 17,4 ± 11,4%. O sucesso do dispositivo foi alcançado em 84,3%. Todos os pacientes tiveram diminuição significativa dos gradientes transaórticos, que foi mantida ao longo do tempo. A internação hospitalar foi de 6 dias (intervalo interquartil: 5-8,8). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar e aos 30 dias foi 7,8% e 9,8%, respectivamente. Implante de marca-passo permanente foi necessário em 32,6% dos casos; acidente cerebrovascular isquêmico ocorreu em 3,9%; e complicações vasculares maiores em 6% dos pacientes. A sobrevivência aos 6 meses e em 1 ano foi 86,3% e 84,4%, respectivamente. A classe funcional NYHA melhorou significativamente após o TAVI e permaneceu baixa no seguimento de médio prazo. CONCLUSÕES: Nesta experiência preliminar, o tratamento de pacientes com EA e risco cirúrgico alto ou proibitivo com TAVI, usando o sistema autoexpansível CoreValve®, foi considerado viável e seguro, e levou à melhoria sustentável dos sintomas cardíacos. Após a superação dos riscos iniciais de morte e de acidente cerebrovascular, o procedimento garantiu um bom resultado clínico, no longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a treatment option for patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS) and high or prohibitive surgical risk. We report our experience using the Medtronic CoreValveTM self-expending system. METHODS: From 2009 to 2013, 51 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk were submitted to TAVI. Results were analyzed according to the criteria of the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) -2. RESULTS: Mean age was 82 ± 6 years, 49% were female, 19% were diabetic, 21% had renal failure and the logistic EuroScore was 17.4 ± 11.4%. The success rate of the device was 84.3%. All of the patients had a significant decrease of transaortic gradients, which was maintained over time. Hospitalization time was 6 days (interquartile range: 5-8,8). In-hospital mortality at 30 days was 7.8% and 9.8%, respectively. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 32.6% of the cases, ischemic stroke was observed in 3.9% and major vascular complications in 6% of the patients. Survival at 6 months and 1 year was 86.3% and 84.4%, respectively. NYHA functional class improved significantly after TAVI and remained low in the medium-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary experience, the treatment of patients with AS and high or prohibitive surgical risk with TAVI, using the CoreValveTM self-expanding system was feasible and safe and led to sustained improvement of cardiac symptoms. After overcoming the initial risks of death and stroke, the procedure guaranteed good long-term clinical outcomes.

The short peritoneal equilibration test in pediatric peritoneal dialysis.

The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is the gold standard method for defining peritoneal membrane permeability and for prescribing peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy on an individual basis. However, it is laborious, consumes nursing time, and requires many hours to be performed. Therefore, several authors have attempted to validate a short PET protocol, with controversial results. To evaluate the concordance between the 2-h (short) and 4-h (classical) peritoneal equilibrium test, a prospective observational protocol was applied in three PD centers (Mexico, Chile, and Uruguay) between July 1, 2008 and July 31 2009. PET protocol: the night prior to the test, each patient received five exchanges, 1 h each, at the same glucose concentration as previously used. Afterwards, a 2.5% glucose dialysis solution was used for a dwell time of 4 h. Exchange fill volume was 1,100 ml/m2 body surface area. The next morning, the 4-h dwell was drained, and Dianeal 2.5% was infused. Three dialysate samples at 0, 2, and 4 h were obtained. A single blood sample was obtained at 120 min. Creatinine D/P and glucose D/D0 ratios were calculated at hours 0, 2, and 4. Patients were categorized as low, low average, high average, or high transporters according creat D/P and gluc D/D0 results. Pearson and Kappa test were used for numerical and categorical correlations, respectively, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Eighty-seven PET studies were evaluated in 74 patients, 33 males, age 11.1+/-5.05 years old. A positive linear correlation of 92% between 2 and 4-h creat D/P and 80% between 2 and 4-h gluc D/D0 (p<0.001) was founded. The Kappa test showed a significant concordance between creat D/P and gluc D/D0 categories at 2 and 4 h (p<0.001). When analyzing cut-off-value categories, creat D/P was founded to be lower and gluc D/D0 higher than other experiences. This multicentric prospective study strongly suggests that PET obtained at 2 h and 4 h, based on either creatinine or glucose transport, provides identical characterization of peritoneal membrane transport capacity in PD children.