Unravelling epigenetic mechanisms in Cerastoderma edule genome: a comparison of healthy and neoplastic cockles.

Cancer is a multifaceted genetic disease characterized by the acquisition of several essential hallmarks. Notably, certain cancers exhibit horizontal transmissibility, observed across mammalian species and diverse bivalves, the latter referred to as hemic neoplasia. Within this complex landscape, epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications and cytosine methylation emerge as fundamental contributors to the pathogenesis of these transmissible cancers. Our study delves into the epigenetic landscape of Cerastoderma edule, focusing on whole-genome methylation and hydroxymethylation profiles in heathy specimens and transmissible neoplasias by means of Nanopore long-read sequencing. Our results unveiled a global hypomethylation in the neoplastic specimens compared to their healthy counterparts, emphasizing the role of DNA methylation in these tumorigenic processes. Furthermore, we verified that intragenic CpG methylation positively correlated with gene expression, emphasizing its role in modulating transcription in healthy and neoplastic cockles, as also highlighted by some up-methylated oncogenic genes. Hydroxymethylation levels were significantly more elevated in the neoplastic samples, particularly within satellites and complex repeats, likely related to structural functions. Additionally, our analysis also revealed distinct methylation and activity patterns in retrotransposons, providing additional insights into bivalve neoplastic processes. Altogether, these findings contribute to understanding the epigenetic dynamics of bivalve neoplasias and shed light on the roles of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis. Understanding these epigenetic alterations holds promise for advancing our broader understanding of cancer epigenetics.

Treatment of mammary gland tumors in bitches: effects of sodium dichloroacetate as neoadjuvant therapy.

Mastectomy is the standard treatment for mammary gland tumors in dogs. In addition to traditional therapy, sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) can act as target therapy, as it may promote autophagy, reduce metastatic potential, and tumor proliferation in mammary tumor cell lines. This study aimed to analyze the effects of DCA as preoperative therapy for mammary tumors in bitches. Nineteen animals were selected, and they received DCA at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally every 12 hr, for 15 days. The periodic evaluation included hematological analysis (complete blood count and biochemical markers), evaluation of gastrointestinal adverse effects, evaluation of tumor volume, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical evaluation (Ki67 and cyclooxygenase-2/COX-2 markers). After treatment, there was a significant reduction in hematocrit (P=0.02) and leukocyte (P=0.04) means. Despite the variations for these two hematological parameters, the means remained within the reference range for the species. There were two cases of vomiting and one case of diarrhea. Most cases were classified as carcinoma in mixed tumor (n=7, 36.8%), followed by solid carcinoma (n=6, 31.6%). Nine cases (47.4%) showed reduced tumor volume, nine (47.4%) had stable disease, and one showed progressive disease. While there was no sample with a COX-2 score higher than 6, tumor samples with COX-2 scores 3 and 4 were significantly associated with stable disease or progression. DCA preoperative treatment for bitches with mammary gland tumors showed safety and potential cytoreduction in some cases.

Biological activity of lyophilized chitosan scaffolds with inclusion of chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles.

The constant demand for biocompatible and non-invasive materials for regenerative medicine in accidents and various diseases has driven the development of innovative biomaterials that promote biomedical applications. In this context, using sol-gel and ionotropic gelation methods, zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs-ZnO) and chitosan nanoparticles (NPs-CS) were synthesized with sizes of 20.0 nm and 11.98 nm, respectively. These nanoparticles were incorporated into chitosan scaffolds through the freeze-drying method, generating a porous morphology with small (<100 µm), medium (100-200 µm), and large (200-450 µm) pore sizes. Moreover, the four formulations showed preliminary bioactivity after hydrolytic degradation, facilitating the formation of a hydroxyapatite (HA) layer on the scaffold surface, as evidenced by the presence of Ca (4%) and P (5.1%) during hydrolytic degradation. The scaffolds exhibited average antibacterial activity of F1 = 92.93%, F2 = 99.90%, F3 = 74.10%, and F4 = 88.72% against four bacterial strains: K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, S. enterica, and S. aureus. In vivo, evaluation confirmed the biocompatibility of the functionalized scaffolds, where F2 showed accelerated resorption attributed to the NPs-ZnO. At the same time, F3 exhibited controlled degradation with NPs-CS acting as initiation points for degradation. On the other hand, F4 combined NPs-CS and NPs-ZnO, resulting in progressive degradation, reduced inflammation, and an organized extracellular matrix. All the results presented expand the boundaries in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by highlighting the crucial role of nanoparticles in optimizing scaffold properties.

Site percolation threshold of composite square lattices and its agroecology applications.

We analyze the percolation threshold of square lattices comprising a combination of sites with regular and extended neighborhoods. We found that the percolation threshold of these composed systems smoothly decreases with the fraction of sites with extended neighbors. This behavior can be well-fitted by a Tsallis q-Exponential function. We found a relation between the fitting parameters and the differences in the gyration radius among neighborhoods. We also compared the percolation threshold with the critical susceptibility of nearest and next-to-nearest neighbor monoculture plantations vulnerable to the spread of phytopathogen. Notably, the critical susceptibility in monoculture plantations can be described as a linear combination of two composite systems. These results allow the refinement of mathematical models of phytopathogen propagation in agroecology. In turn, this improvement facilitates the implementation of more efficient computational simulations of agricultural epidemiology that are instrumental in testing and formulating control strategies.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial, Anti-Cervical Cancer Capacity, and Biocompatibility of Different Graphene Oxides.

Cancer stands as one of the deadliest diseases in human history, marked by an inferior prognosis. While traditional therapeutic methods like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation have demonstrated success in inhibiting tumor cell growth, their side effects often limit overall benefits and patient acceptance. In this regard, three different graphene oxides (GO) with variations in their degrees of oxidation were studied chemically and tissue-wise. The accuracy of the synthesis of the different GO was verified by robust techniques using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as conventional techniques such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), RAMAN spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The presence of oxygenated groups was of great importance. It affected the physicochemical properties of each of the different graphene oxides demonstrated in the presence of new vibrational modes related to the formation of new bonds promoted by the graphitization of the materials. The toxicity analysis in the Hep-2 cell line of graphene oxide formulations at 250 µg/mL on the viability and proliferation of these tumor cells showed low activity. GO formulations did not show high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. However, the different graphene oxides showed biocompatibility in the subdermal implantation model for 30, 60, and 90 days in the biomodels. This allowed healing by restoring hair and tissue architecture without triggering an aggressive immune response.

Analysis and Bayesian estimation of a model for Chikungunya dynamics with relapse: An outbreak in Acapulco, Mexico.

Chikungunya is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. It does not have any specific treatment, and there is no vaccine. Recent epidemiological data have indicated that a relapse of the infection can occur within three months of the initial infection; however, until now, mathematical models for the spread of the disease have not considered this factor. We propose a mathematical model for the transmission of the Chikungunya virus that considers relapse. We calculated the basic reproductive number $ (R_0) $ of the disease by using the next-generation operator method. We proved the existence of a forward bifurcation. We determined the existence and the global stability of the equilibrium points by using the Lyapunov function method. We fitted the model to data from an outbreak in 2015 in Acapulco, Mexico to estimate the model parameters and $ R_0 $ with the Bayesian approach via a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method. In the local sensitivity analysis, we found that the fraction of infected individuals who become asymptomatic has a strong impact on the basic reproductive number and makes some control measures insufficient. The impact of the fraction of infected individuals who become asymptomatic should be considered in Chikungunya control strategies.

Somatic evolution of marine transmissible leukemias in the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule.

Transmissible cancers are malignant cell lineages that spread clonally between individuals. Several such cancers, termed bivalve transmissible neoplasia (BTN), induce leukemia-like disease in marine bivalves. This is the case of BTN lineages affecting the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule, which inhabits the Atlantic coasts of Europe and northwest Africa. To investigate the evolution of cockle BTN, we collected 6,854 cockles, diagnosed 390 BTN tumors, generated a reference genome and assessed genomic variation across 61 tumors. Our analyses confirmed the existence of two BTN lineages with hemocytic origins. Mitochondrial variation revealed mitochondrial capture and host co-infection events. Mutational analyses identified lineage-specific signatures, one of which likely reflects DNA alkylation. Cytogenetic and copy number analyses uncovered pervasive genomic instability, with whole-genome duplication, oncogene amplification and alkylation-repair suppression as likely drivers. Satellite DNA distributions suggested ancient clonal origins. Our study illuminates long-term cancer evolution under the sea and reveals tolerance of extreme instability in neoplastic genomes.

Premature Ventricular Complexes: Benign versus Malignant - How to approach?

Premature Ventricular Complexes (PVCs) refer to electrical activity arising from ventricles resulting in ventricular contraction independent of the native rhythm. PVCs by themselves are common in the general population but based on the origin of the PVCs, either related to anatomical or electrical substrate, the disease process has a widely varied presentation and prognosis. The clinical presentation of symptoms may vary from being extremely benign, or very severe (malignant). Benign PVCs include those that are asymptomatic or induce very mild symptoms including palpitations, lightheadedness, chest discomfort, or the sensation of skipped beats. The middle range of PVCs present as heart failure or heart failure complicated by PVCs. The malignant variety may present as syncope, or sudden cardiac death. In this review we describe the multiple facets of PVC presentation and strategies of clinical management.

Biocompatibility Assessment of Polycaprolactone/Polylactic Acid/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Composites under In Vivo Conditions for Biomedical Applications.

The increasing demand for non-invasive biocompatible materials in biomedical applications, driven by accidents and diseases like cancer, has led to the development of sustainable biomaterials. Here, we report the synthesis of four block formulations using polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for subdermal tissue regeneration. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the composition of the composites. Additionally, the interaction of ZnO-NPs mainly occurred with the C=O groups of PCL occurring at 1724 cm-1, which disappears for F4, as evidenced in the FT-IR analysis. Likewise, this interaction evidenced the decrease in the crystallinity of the composites as they act as crosslinking points between the polymer backbones, inducing gaps between them and weakening the strength of the intermolecular bonds. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses confirmed that the ZnO-NPs bind to the carbonyl groups of the polymer, acting as weak points in the polymer backbone from where the different fragmentations occur. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the increase in ZnO-NPs facilitated a more compact surface due to the excellent dispersion and homogeneous accumulation between the polymeric chains, facilitating this morphology. The in vivo studies using the nanocomposites demonstrated the degradation/resorption of the blocks in a ZnO-NP-dependant mode. After degradation, collagen fibers (Type I), blood vessels, and inflammatory cells continue the resorption of the implanted material. The results reported here demonstrate the relevance and potential impact of the ZnO-NP-based scaffolds in soft tissue regeneration.

Ultrafast Anisotropy Decay Reveals Structure and Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Aggregates.

Chlorosomes from green bacteria perform the most efficient light capture and energy transfer, as observed among natural light-harvesting antennae. Hence, their unique functional properties inspire developments in artificial light-harvesting and molecular optoelectronics. We examine two distinct organizations of the molecular building blocks as proposed in the literature, demonstrating how these organizations alter light capture and energy transfer, which can serve as a mechanism that the bacteria utilize to adapt to changes in light conditions. Spectral simulations of polarization-resolved two-dimensional electronic spectra unravel how changes in the helicity of chlorosomal aggregates alter energy transfer. We show that ultrafast anisotropy decay presents a spectral signature that reveals contrasting energy pathways in different chlorosomes.

Chitosan (CS)/Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Tricalcium Phosphate (ß-TCP)-Based Composites as a Potential Material for Pulp Tissue Regeneration.

This research focused on developing new materials for endodontic treatments to restore tissues affected by infectious or inflammatory processes. Three materials were studied, namely tricalcium phosphate ß-hydroxyapatite (ß-TCP), commercial and natural hydroxyapatite (HA), and chitosan (CS), in different proportions. The chemical characterization using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the composition of the composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the design and origin of the HA, whether natural or commercial, did not affect the morphology of the composites. In vitro studies using Artemia salina (A. salina) indicated that all three experimental materials were biocompatible after 24 h, with no significant differences in mortality rate observed among the groups. The subdermal implantation of the materials in block form exhibited biocompatibility and biodegradability after 30 and 60 days, with the larger particles undergoing fragmentation and connective tissue formation consisting of collagen type III fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. The implanted material continued to undergo resorption during this process. The results obtained in this research contribute to developing endodontic technologies for tissue recovery and regeneration.

Using Bar Velocity to Assess Post-match Neuromuscular Fatigue in Young Soccer Players.

This study aimed to investigate the recovery of neuromuscular performance using mechanical parameters collected during jump (vertical and horizontal) and strength-power exercises in youth soccer players after official soccer matches. Twenty-one outfield highly trained youth male soccer athletes (age: 18.23 ± 0.73 years; weight: 72.12 ± 6.99 kg; height: 1.78 ± 0.08 m) from two teams competing in the 1st division of U-19 Portuguese National Championship participated in this study. Players completed a battery of physical tests at -2h, +30 min, +24h, and +48h in relation to the match. Countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, and bar velocity during the half-squat, bench press, and hip-thrust exercises, at fixed loads, were recorded. Countermovement jump was impaired until 24h post-match (-1.7% from pre to 24h post, p=0.050; ES=-0.82). Half-squat bar velocity was reduced immediately following the match (-6.8 % from pre- p=0.004; ES=-0.64) but recovered at +24h (+2.9%, p=1.00; ES=0.02). Hip-thrust bar velocity was reduced for up to 48h post-match (-7.4% from pre to 48h post, p<0.001; ES=-0.80). No impairments were found in the horizontal jump and bench press at any moment. Our findings show prolonged decrements in strength of the posterior chain following a soccer match, measured in the hip-thrust exercise, while the other exercises displayed faster recovery dynamics.

Mecanismos de acción y tratamiento del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico por COVID-19 / Mechanisms of action and treatment of ischemic stroke by COVID-19 / Mecanismos de ação e tratamento do AVC isquêmico pela COVID-19

Diversos mecanismos inflamatorios y protrombóticos pueden contribuir al aumento del riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares y accidentes cerebrovasculares en pacientes con COVID-19, afectando el enfoque del tratamiento y manejo de la enfermedad. La evidencia relacionada con los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del COVID-19 y su asociación con los accidentes cerebrovasculares son relevantes para guiar el tratamiento y el manejo de los pacientes, considerados como desafíos terapéuticos que surgen durante períodos de contagio masivo. Objetivo. Describir el mecanismo de acción y tratamiento del evento cerebro vascular isquémico por COVID-19. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura mediante una revisión sistemática, en conformidad con las directrices establecidas por la declaración PRISMA. Se recopiló información de múltiples bases de datos científicas, utilizando términos y palabras clave ("Mecanismos de acción" OR "Mecanismos fisiopatológicos") AND ("Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico" OR "ACV isquémico") relacionados con los mecanismos de acción y tratamiento del accidente cerebrovascular isquémico asociado al COVID-19. Resultados. En total se obtuvo 41 entre PubMed y Science direct, previo a criterios 12 fueron seleccionados. Conclusión. Se determinaron los mecanismos de acción desencadenados por el COVID-19 para la formación de trombos y su relación con los accidentes cerebrovasculares. Además, se comprendió cómo el tratamiento de los accidentes cerebrovasculares afectaba a los pacientes que también padecían COVID-19. Se encontró que la tormenta de citocinas era un mecanismo influyente en la fisiopatología del COVID-19. En cuanto al tratamiento, la identificación de la enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 resultó crucial en la gestión de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular.

Various inflammatory and prothrombotic mechanisms may contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular events and stroke in patients with COVID-19, affecting the approach to treatment and management of the disease. Evidence regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 and its association with stroke are relevant to guide the treatment and management of patients, considered as therapeutic challenges arising during periods of massive contagion. Objective. To describe the mechanism of action and treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular event by COVID-19. Methodology. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed by means of a systematic review, in accordance with the guidelines established by the PRISMA statement. Information was collected from multiple scientific databases, using terms and keywords ("Mechanisms of action" OR "Pathophysiological mechanisms") AND ("Ischemic stroke" OR "Ischemic stroke") related to the mechanisms of action and treatment of COVID-19-associated ischemic stroke. Results. A total of 41 were obtained between PubMed and Science direct, prior to criteria 12 were selected. Conclusion. The mechanisms of action triggered by COVID-19 for thrombus formation and its relation to stroke were determined. In addition, we gained insight into how stroke treatment affected patients who also had COVID-19. Cytokine storm was found to be an influential mechanism in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. In terms of treatment, identification of infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus proved crucial in the management of stroke patients.

Vários mecanismos inflamatórios e pró-trombóticos podem contribuir para o aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com COVID-19, afetando a abordagem do tratamento e o manejo da doença. As evidências sobre os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da COVID-19 e sua associação com o AVC são relevantes para orientar o tratamento e o manejo dos pacientes, considerados como desafios terapêuticos que surgem durante períodos de contágio em massa. Objetivo. Descrever o mecanismo de ação e o tratamento do evento cerebrovascular isquêmico devido à COVID-19. Metodologia. Uma revisão abrangente da literatura foi realizada por meio de uma revisão sistemática, de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pela declaração PRISMA. As informações foram coletadas de vários bancos de dados científicos, usando termos e palavras-chave ("Mechanisms of action" OR "Pathophysiological mechanisms") AND ("Ischaemic stroke" OR "Ischaemic stroke") relacionados aos mecanismos de ação e tratamento do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico associado à COVID-19. Resultados. Foram obtidos 41 artigos no PubMed e no Science direct, e 12 foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios. Conclusão. Foram determinados os mecanismos de ação desencadeados pela COVID-19 para a formação de trombos e sua relação com o AVC. Além disso, entendemos como o tratamento do AVC afetou os pacientes que também tinham COVID-19. Descobriu-se que a tempestade de citocinas é um mecanismo influente na fisiopatologia da COVID-19. Em termos de tratamento, a identificação da doença infecciosa causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 foi crucial no tratamento de pacientes com AVC.

Composite Fibrin/Carbon Microfiber Implants for Bridging Spinal Cord Injury: A Translational Approach in Pigs.

Biomaterials may enhance neural repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) and testing their functionality in large animals is essential to achieve successful clinical translation. This work developed a porcine contusion/compression SCI model to investigate the consequences of myelotomy and implantation of fibrin gel containing biofunctionalized carbon microfibers (MFs). Fourteen pigs were distributed in SCI, SCI/myelotomy, and SCI/myelotomy/implant groups. An automated device was used for SCI. A dorsal myelotomy was performed on the lesion site at 1 day post-injury for removing cloths and devitalized tissue. Bundles of MFs coated with a conducting polymer and cell adhesion molecules were embedded in fibrin gel and used to bridge the spinal cord cavity. Reproducible lesions of about 1 cm in length were obtained. Myelotomy and lesion debridement caused no further neural damage compared to SCI alone but had little positive effect on neural regrowth. The MFs/fibrin gel implant facilitated axonal sprouting, elongation, and alignment within the lesion. However, the implant also increased lesion volume and was ineffective in preventing fibrosis, thus precluding functional neural regeneration. Our results indicate that myelotomy and lesion debridement can be advantageously used for implanting MF-based scaffolds. However, the implants need refinement and pharmaceuticals will be necessary to limit scarring.

Heterologous Expression of an Insecticidal Peptide Obtained from the Transcriptome of the Colombian Spider Phoneutria depilate.

Spider venoms are composed, among other substances, of peptide toxins whose selectivity for certain physiological targets has made them powerful tools for applications such as bioinsecticides, analgesics, antiarrhythmics, antibacterials, antifungals and antimalarials, among others. Bioinsecticides are an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agrochemicals. In this paper, the primary structure of an insecticidal peptide was obtained from the venom gland transcriptome of the ctenid spider Phoneutria depilata (Transcript ID PhdNtxNav24). The peptide contains 53 amino acids, including 10 Cys residues that form 5 disulfide bonds. Using the amino acid sequence of such peptide, a synthetic gene was constructed de novo by overlapping PCRs and cloned into an expression vector. A recombinant peptide, named delta-ctenitoxin (rCtx-4), was obtained. It was expressed, folded, purified and validated using mass spectrometry (7994.61 Da). The insecticidal activity of rCtx-4 was demonstrated through intrathoracic injection in crickets (LD50 1.2 µg/g insect) and it was not toxic to mice. rCtx-4 is a potential bioinsecticide that could have a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture.

Use of liposomal amphotericin B in disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in a pediatric patient with Down syndrome. / Uso de anfotericina B liposomal en leishmaniasis cutánea diseminada causada por Leishmania braziliensis en un paciente pediátrico con síndrome de Down.

We present a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis with extensive manifestation in a pediatric patient with Down syndrome. The case was confirmed by parasitological and immunological tests. The species was identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP). The immune deficit that occurs as part of Down syndrome may have been the reason for the aggressive and prolonged clinical manifestations as well as the poor response to stibogluconate and deoxycholate amphotericin. The patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and at the end of therapy, showed clinical improvement of the lesions. This report highlights the challenges of the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed pediatric patients, especially under difficult social, economic and geographic conditions. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis when treating atypical chronic dermatologic ulcers; the use of liposomal amphotericin in immunocompromised patients should also be considered in these cases.

Se presenta un caso de leishmaniasis selvática cutánea diseminada con manifestación extensa en una paciente pediátrica con síndrome de Down. El caso se confirmó a través de estudios parasitológicos e inmunológicos, mientras que la identificación se realizó mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa-polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (PCR-RFLP, por sus siglas en inglés), determinándose la especie como Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. La manifestación clínica agresiva y prolongada con poca respuesta a estibogluconato y anfotericina desoxicolato pueden deberse al déficit inmunológico que se presenta como parte del síndrome de Down. La paciente eventualmente recibió tratamiento con anfotericina B liposomal y al término de la terapia, mostró mejoría clínica de las lesiones. El presente reporte ilustra los desafíos tanto de diagnóstico como tratamiento de leishmaniasis cutánea en pacientes pediátricos inmunosuprimidos, especialmente en un entorno de difícil acceso social, económico y geográfico, a los servicios de salud. Se recomienda considerar a la leishmaniasis en el diagnóstico diferencial cuando se atienda ulceras crónicas dermatológicas atípicas; así como tener en cuenta el uso de anfotericina liposomal en pacientes inmunocomprometidos.

High-throughput microbead assay system with a portable, cost-effective Wi-Fi imaging module, and disposable multi-layered microfluidic cartridges for virus and microparticle detection, and tracking.

In recent years biomedical scientific community has been working towards the development of high-throughput devices that allow a reliable, rapid and parallel detection of several strains of virus or microparticles simultaneously. One of the complexities of this problem lies on the rapid prototyping of new devices and wireless rapid detection of small particles and virus alike. By reducing the complexity of microfluidics microfabrication and using economic materials along with makerspace tools (Kundu et al. 2018) it is possible to provide an affordable solution to both the problems of high-throughput devices and detection technologies. We present the development of a wireless, standalone device and disposable microfluidics chips that rapidly generate parallel readouts for selected, possible virus variants from a nasal or saliva sample, based on motorized and non-motorized microbeads detection, and imaging processing of the motion tracks of these beads in micrometers. Microbeads and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Delta variant were tested as proof-of-concept for testing the microfluidic cartridges and wireless imaging module. The Microbead Assay (MA) system kit consists of a Wi-Fi readout module, a microfluidic chip, and a sample collection/processing sub-system. Here, we focus on the fabrication and characterization of the microfluidic chip to multiplex various micrometer-sized beads for economic, disposable, and simultaneous detection of up to six different viruses, microparticles or variants in a single test, and data collection using a commercially available, Wi-Fi-capable, and camera integrated device (Fig. 1).

Facilitators of and Barriers to Integrating Digital Mental Health Into County Mental Health Services: Qualitative Interview Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) represent a promising solution to address the growing unmet mental health needs and increase access to care. Integrating DMHIs into clinical and community settings is challenging and complex. Frameworks that explore a wide range of factors, such as the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework, can be useful for examining multilevel factors related to DMHI implementation efforts. OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to identify the barriers to, facilitators of, and best practice recommendations for implementing DMHIs across similar organizational settings, according to the EPIS domains of inner context, outer context, innovation factors, and bridging factors. METHODS: This study stems from a large state-funded project in which 6 county behavioral health departments in California explored the use of DMHIs as part of county mental health services. Our team conducted interviews with clinical staff, peer support specialists, county leaders, project leaders, and clinic leaders using a semistructured interview guide. The development of the semistructured interview guide was informed by expert input regarding relevant inner context, outer context, innovation factors, and bridging factors in the exploration, preparation, and implementation phases of the EPIS framework. We followed a recursive 6-step process to conduct qualitative analyses using inductive and deductive components guided by the EPIS framework. RESULTS: On the basis of 69 interviews, we identified 3 main themes that aligned with the EPIS framework: readiness of individuals, readiness of innovations, and readiness of organizations and systems. Individual-level readiness referred to the extent to which clients had the necessary technological tools (eg, smartphones) and knowledge (digital literacy) to support the DMHI. Innovation-level readiness pertained to the accessibility, usefulness, safety, and fit of the DMHI. Organization- and system-level readiness concerned the extent to which providers and leadership collectively held positive views about DMHIs as well as the extent to which infrastructure (eg, staffing and payment model) was appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: The successful implementation of DMHIs requires readiness at the individual, innovation, and organization and system levels. To improve individual-level readiness, we recommend equitable device distribution and digital literacy training. To improve innovation readiness, we recommend making DMHIs easier to use and introduce, clinically useful, and safe and adapting them to fit into the existing client needs and clinical workflow. To improve organization- and system-level readiness, we recommend supporting providers and local behavioral health departments with adequate technology and training and exploring potential system transformations (eg, integrated care model). Conceptualizing DMHIs as services allows the consideration of both the innovation characteristics of DMHIs (eg, efficacy, safety, and clinical usefulness) and the ecosystem around DMHIs, such as individual and organizational characteristics (inner context), purveyors and intermediaries (bridging factor), client characteristics (outer context), as well as the fit between the innovation and implementation settings (innovation factor).

Relación de triglicéridos y estimación de riesgocardiovasculares en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Triglyceride ratio and cardiovascular risk estimation inpostmenopausal women

Objetivo: Determinar la relación de triglicéridos basales, con el riesgo a desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares en mujeres posmenopáusicas. Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, donde a 31 pacientes posmenopáusicas y sin antecedentes de enfermedades cardiometabólicas, se les determinó parámetros antropométricos (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal -IMC-); perfil lipídico en ayunas (colesterol total, triglicéridos o TG, lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad -LDL, HDL-), por método enzimático colorimétrico, apolipoproteína B 100 (Apo B-100) por inmunodifusión radial, índices matemáticos LDL/Apo B-100y TG/HDL y cálculo de colesterol no-HDL. Resultados: los promedio y desviación de las variables fueron: edad:59±5 años con tiempo de posmenopausia: 8,77±3,92 años; IMC:27,6±4,4 kg/m.; colesterol total: 194±36 mg/dl; triglicéridos: 85±35 mg/dl; HDL: 33±8 mg/dl; LDL: 144±33 mg/dl; no-HDL: 159±37 mg/dl; Apo B-100: 172±246 mg/dl; LDL/Apo B-100: 1,15±0,03 y TG/HDL: 4,46±1,28. Discusión: Las pacientes se encontraron con sobrepeso, triglicéridos normales, colesterol total y LDL aumentado y las HDL bajas. El LDL-C/Apo B-100-100, que se relaciona con el tamaño y densidad de LDL, estuvo por debajo de 1,3 indicando la presencia de partículas pequeñas-densas, mientras TG/HDL, que se usa para estimar riesgo cardiovascular, estuvo por encima del corte establecido de 3,5. Conclusiones: Al relacionar los triglicéridos basales con LDL/Apo B-100 y TG/HDL, se observa que a partir del valor de triglicéridos de 100 mg/dl, se observa la presencia de partículas de lipoproteínas pequeñas-densas, y un alto riesgo cardiovascular, por lo que es necesario en mujeres posmenopáusicas el seguimiento a partir del valor de triglicéridos en 100 mg/dL ya que pudiera implicar el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, en esta población(AU)

Objective: To determine the relationship of basal triglycerides with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Method: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study, where 31 postmenopause patients with no history of cardiometabolic disease were determined anthropometric parameters (weight, height, BMI); fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides or TG, LDL,HDL, by colorimetric enzymatic method), Apo B-100 (byradial immunodiffusion), LDL/Apo B-100 and TG/HDL mathematical indices and calculation of non-HDL cholesterol. Results: the mean and deviation of the variables were: age:59±5 years with postmenopause time: 8.77±3.92 years; BMI:27.6±4.4 kg/m2; total cholesterol: 194±36 mg/dl; triglycerides:85±35 mg/dl; HDL: 33±8 mg/dl; LDL: 144±33 mg/dl; non-HDL: 159±37 mg/dl; Apo B-100: 172±246 mg/dl; LDL/Apo B-100: 1.15±0.03 and TG/HDL: 4.46±1.28. Discussion: Patients were found to be overweight, normal triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol high, and low HDL. LDL-C/ApoB-100-100, which is related to LDL size and density, was below 1.3 indicating the presence of small-dense particles, while TG/HDL, which is used to estimate cardiovascular risk, was above the established cut-off of 3.5. Conclusions: When relating the basal triglycerides with LDL/Apo B-100 and TG/HDL, it is observed that from the triglyceride value of 100mg/dl, the presence of small-dense lipoprotein particuals anda high cardiovascular risk is observed, so it is necessary in postmenopausal women to follow up from the triglycerid evalue in 100 mg/dL since it could imply the development of cardiovascular diseases, in this population(AU)