Losartan impairs HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast migration through inhibition of angiotensin II-induced pro-inflammatory profile in human endometrial stromal cells.

A deep interaction between the endometrium and the invading trophoblast occurs during implantation in humans, with the acquisition of uterine receptivity to the invading embryo promoted by an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the endometrium, and the invasiveness of decidualizing endometrial stromal cells, augmented by trophoblast-derived signals. Considering that usage of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers, among other renin-angiotensin system (RAS) antagonists, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, here we aim to analyse the involvement of AT1 receptor in the reciprocal dialogue occurring between endometrial stroma and trophoblast cells. In human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESC) pre-incubated with a decidualization cocktail, angiotensin (Ang) II increased protein expression of prolactin and FOXO1, markers of endometrial decidualization, while promoting nuclear translocation of FOXO1. In addition, Ang II treatment increased CXCL8, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 levels in T-HESC. Incubation with the AT1 receptor blocker losartan or with an NFAT signalling inhibitor, decreased Ang II-induced secretion of prolactin, CXCL8, and MMP-2 in T-HESC. In a wound healing assay, conditioned medium (CM) obtained from Ang II-treated T-HESC, but not CM from losartan-pre-incubated T-HESC, increased migration of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts, effect that was inhibited in the presence of a CXCL8-neutralizing antibody. An increased secretion of CXCL8 and MMP-2 was observed after treatment of T-HESC with CM obtained from HTR-8/SVneo cells, which was not observed in T-HESC pre-incubated with losartan or with the NFAT inhibitor. This study evidenced a reciprocal RAS-coded messaging between trophoblast and ESC which is affected by the AT1 receptor blocker losartan.

Immunomodulatory effect of dopamine in human keratinocytes and macrophages under chronical bisphenol-A exposure conditions.

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that links the nervous and the immune system. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with a wide distribution in the environment that is used in the manufacturing of plastic products. Evidence shows that BPA can interfere with the central dopaminergic transmission; however, there are no previous reports of this effect outside the central nervous system. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro mechanisms of action involved in the response to dopamine in both human keratinocyte and macrophage cell lines chronically exposed to BPA. Dopamine modulates cytokine secretion and NF-κB expression in BPA-treated HaCaT keratinocytes, without modifying these parameters in BPA-treated THP-1 macrophages. In addition, dopamine increases MMP activity in both BPA-treated cell lines, although it decreases keratinocytes migration. We suggest the immunomodulatory effect of dopamine might be different in keratinocytes and macrophages under chronical BPA exposure conditions. These findings revealed for the first time the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of dopamine in the presence of BPA at peripheral level.

Immunoexpression of Trefoil Factor 1 in Non-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Canine Gastric Tissues.

TFF1 expression is markedly reduced in human GCs, suggesting that TFF1 is a tumor suppressor for human gastric cancer. The present study evaluated the expression and distribution pattern of TFF1 in paraffin-embedded canine gastric tissue samples, including normal mucosa (n = 3), polyps (n = 8), carcinomas (n = 31) and their adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa (n = 30), neoplastic emboli (n = 14), and metastatic lesions (n = 9), by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All normal gastric tissues expressed TFF1 in the superficial foveolar epithelium and mucopeptic cells of the neck region. Most gastric polyps (GPs) displayed immunoreactivity for TFF1 in >75% of the epithelial component. In GCs, the expression of TFF1 was found reduced in 74.2% of the cases. The level of TFF1 expression had a decreased tendency from normal gastric mucosa to GPs and GCs (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the expression of TFF1 were found in GCs, according to age, sex, histological type based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Lauren classification, tumor location, depth of tumor invasion, presence of neoplastic emboli or metastatic lesions. The median survival time of GC patients with preserved and reduced TFF1 immunoexpression were 30 and 12 days, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant survival differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that TFF1 protein may play a role in canine gastric carcinogenesis, and further studies are necessary to define its usefulness as a prognostic indicator in canine gastric carcinoma.

Sellado apical de dos materiales de obturación retrógrada en dientes unirradiculares / Apical sealing of two root-end filling materials in unirradicular teeth

Objetivo: Comparar la capacidad de sellado de dos materiales para obturación retrógrada en dientes permanentes unirradiculares: el agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA®) y el silicato tricálcico (Biodentine®). Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron 38 dientes permanentes unirradiculares con cierre apical completo, los cuales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos experimentales (n = 15): Grupo 1: MTA®, Grupo 2: Biodentine®. Además, se usaron controles positivos y negativos. El tratamiento radicular se realizó con el sistema rotatorio Mtwo y la obturación mediante el sistema termoplástico de onda continua (Beefill), y se usó como sellador el cemento tipo Grossman. Se realizó la apicectomía del extremo apical, luego la preparación de cavidades retroapicales estandarizadas y las respectivas obturaciones con MTA® y Biodentine®, según grupo. Posteriormente, los especímenes se sometieron a un proceso de filtración apical de tinta china y de transparentación, mientras que la filtración apical fue evaluada por medio de un microscopio estereoscópico. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El análisis inferencial mostró que Biodentine® tuvo una menor microfiltración que el MTA®, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al 95% (p < 0,034). Conclusión: El cemento Biodentine® mostró una mayor capacidad de sellado a nivel apical que el cemento MTA® en obturaciones retrógradas de dientes unirradiculares ex vivo. (AU)

Aim: To compare the sealing capacity of mineral trioxide (MTA®) and tricalcium silicate (Biodentine®) for retrograde filling in single-root permanent teeth. Materials and methods: Thirty-eight permanent single-root teeth with complete apical closure were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 15): Group 1: MTA®, and Group 2: Biodentine®, in addition to positive and negative controls. Root treatment was performed with the MTWO rotary system, and obturation was carried out by means of the continuous wave thermoplastic system (Beefill) using Grossman-type cement as a sealant. Apical end apicoectomy was performed followed by the preparation of standardized retro-apical cavities and the respective fillings with MTA ® and Biodentine® according to the study group. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to an apical filtration process of Chinese ink and transparency, while the apical filtration was evaluated with a stereoscopic microscope. The data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Inferential analysis showed that Biodentine® had less microleakage than MTA® with a statistically significant difference of 95% (p <0.034). Conclusion: Biodentine® cement showed greater apical sealing capacity than MTA® cement in retrograde fillings of single-root teeth ex vivo. (AU)

Identification of Lama glama as Reservoirs for Acinetobacter lwoffii.

South American Camelids have an increasing relevance in local economies, worldwide. These animals are bred for their meat, fur and as companion and therapy animals. Thus, their sanitary status should be well-established. According to the OIE (World Organization for Animal Health), respiratory infections mainly produced by Pasteurella spp. have been reported for camelids. It has been stated that this microorganism causes a mild disease, although many authors report it is an important cause of mortality among alpacas. Nevertheless, the incidence of infection by Pasteurella spp. in camelids still needs to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the occurrence of nasopharyngeal colonization of Lama glama by respiratory bacteria, and to assess the usefulness of serological tests for clinical diagnosis. The colonization was studied by culture techniques carried out with material taken by nasopharyngeal swabs. Bacterial isolates were first phenotypically characterized and then identified by MALDI/TOF-MS. The presence of specific serum antibodies was studied by ELISA and Western blot. In the present work Pasteurella spp. was not found. Nevertheless, we report for the first time, the colonization of L. glama by bacteria of the Acinetobacter lwoffii, at a reliable level in 19.4% of the animals. Acinetobacter species are found in different environmental sources, as well as vegetables, animals, and humans, and their role in infections has recently gained relevance. The results presented herein contribute to a better understanding of the respiratory microbiota in camelids, and increase the knowledge about environmental distribution of Acinetobacter non-baumanii species. Given that these respiratory bacteria might be the cause of infection among cattle, and even humans, this report highlights the need for further research.

Immunostimulatory Effects Triggered by Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 Probiotic Strain Involve Activation of Dendritic Cells and Interferon-Gamma Production.

Probiotics can modulate the immune system, conferring beneficial effects on the host. Understanding how these microorganisms contribute to improve the health status is still a challenge. Previously, we have demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 implants itself and persists in the murine gastrointestinal tract, and enhances and skews the profile of cytokines towards the Th1 phenotype in several biological models. Given the importance of dendritic cells (DCs) in the orchestration of immunity, the aim of this work was to elucidate the influence of E. faecalis CECT7121 on DCs and the outcome of the immune responses. In this work we show that E. faecalis CECT7121 induces a strong dose-dependent activation of DCs and secretion of high levels of IL-12, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10. This stimulation is dependent on TLR signaling, and skews the activation of T cells towards the production of IFNγ. The influence of this activation in the establishment of Th responses in vivo shows the accumulation of specific IFNγ-producing cells. Our findings indicate that the activation exerted by E. faecalis CECT7121 on DCs and its consequence on the cellular adaptive immune response may have broad therapeutic implications in immunomodulation.

Age-dependent biochemical dysfunction in skeletal muscle of triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer`s disease.

The emergence of Alzheimer`s disease as a systemic pathology shifted the research paradigm toward a better understanding of the molecular basis of the disease considering the pathophysiological changes in both brain and peripheral tissues. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of disease progression on physiological relevant features of skeletal muscle obtained from 3, 6 and 12 month-old 3xTg-AD mice, a model of Alzheimer`s disease, and respective agematched nonTg mice. Our results showed that skeletal muscle functionality is already affected in 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice as evidenced by deficient acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities as well as by alterations in fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes. Additionally, an age-dependent accumulation of amyloid-ß1-40 peptide occurred in skeletal muscle of 3xTg-AD mice, an effect that preceded bioenergetics mitochondrial dysfunction, which was only detected at 12 months of age, characterized by decreased respiratory control ratio and ADP/O index and by an impairment of complex I activity. HPLC-MS/MS analyses revealed significant changes in phospholipid composition of skeletal muscle tissues from 3xTg-AD mice with 12 months of age when compared with age-matched nonTg mice. Increased levels of lyso-phosphatidylcholine associated with a decrease of phosphatidylcholine molecular species containing arachidonic acid were detected in 3xTg-AD mice, indicating an enhancement of phospholipase A2 activity and skeletal muscle inflammation. Additionally, a decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens content and an increase in phosphatidylinositol levels was observed in 3xTg-AD mice when compared with age-matched nonTg mice. Altogether, these observations suggest that the skeletal muscle of 3xTg-AD mice are more prone to oxidative and inflammatory events.

Validation of an electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry method for quantification of total chromium and chromium(VI) in wild mushrooms and underlying soils.

An ETAAS method was validated to quantify total Cr and Cr(VI) in mushrooms and the underlying soils. The method includes a sample pretreatment for total Cr dissolution using a wet acid digestion procedure and a selective alkaline extraction for Cr(VI). The limits of detection were, expressed in microg/L, 0.15 and 0.17 for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The linearity ranges under the optimized conditions were 0.15-25.0 and 0.17-20.0 microg/L for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The limits of quantification were, expressed in microg/g of dry weight, 0.0163 and 0.0085 for total and hexavalent chromium, respectively. The precision of the instrumental method for total Cr and Cr(VI) was lower than 1.6%, and for the analytical method, it was lower than 10%. The accuracy of the method for Cr(VI) quantification was evaluated by the standard additions method, with the recoveries being higher than 90% for all of the added concentrations. For total Cr, certified reference materials (lichen CRM 482 and soil sample NCS ZC73001) were used. An interference study was also carried out in a mushroom simulated matrix, and it was verified that the deviations of the expected values were lower than 4.0% for both total Cr and Cr(VI). The validated method was applied to the evaluation of total Cr and Cr(VI) in 34 wild mushrooms and 34 respective underlying soil samples collected in two different regions of Portugal (Beira Interior and TrAs-os-Montes), with different locations regarded as noncontaminated or contaminated areas. The species were identified by a mycologist and subdivided into 10 genera and 15 species: Amanita (rubescens, muscaria, and ponderosa), Boletus (regius), Lactarius (deliciosus, vellereus, and piperatus), Suillus (granulatus and luteus), Tricholoma (acerbum), Agaricus (sylvicola), Volvariella (gloiocephala), Lecopaxillus (giganteus), Macrolepiota (procera), and Psilocybe (fascicularis). The mean values found for total Cr were 1.14 and 1.11 microg/g of dry weight, and for Cr(VI), the mean values were 0.103 and 0.143 microg/g of dry weight for cap and stalk, respectively. For soils, the mean concentrations found were, for total Cr, 84.0 microg/g and, for Cr(VI), 0.483 microg/g. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) based on dry weight for cap and stalk were determined, and the values found, for both total Cr and Cr(VI), were always <1, although for hexavalent chromium, the BCFs were 10 times higher than for total chromium.

A case study of molinate application in a Portuguese rice field: herbicide dissipation and proposal of a clean-up methodology.

This study was designed to monitor molinate losses in surface and underground waters during Ordram application in a rice field situated in central Portugal. Water samples were collected from different sites, before, during and about one month and a half after Ordram application. Molinate quantification was based on a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method followed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) analysis, and led to the conclusion that the herbicide was dissipated in the environment, reaching levels as high as 3.9 microgl(-1) in underground water and 15.8 microgl(-1) in the river receiving tail waters. The feasibility of the application of treatment methodologies based on adsorption or biodegradation as processes to remove molinate from real-world waters was assessed. These methods seem suitable to reduce molinate concentrations to values in the range of the legally recommended limits (<0.5 microgl(-1)).

Nosocomial outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-5-producing isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Athens, Greece.

Seven nonrepetitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates producing the clavulanic acid-inhibited extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-5 were isolated in the same hospital in Athens, Greece, from 1998 to 2002. All isolates except one were clonally related, and the bla(SHV-5) gene was chromosomally located. This study underlined that this gene, which is widespread in Enterobacteriaceae in Greece, may disseminate also in P. aeruginosa.

Alternative diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough immunization schedule to evoke a Th2 tetanus and a Th1 pertussis immune response.

In a previous study, using BALB/c mice, we found that while diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and whooping cough (Pw, whole-cell Bordetella pertussis) immunization induces a Th1/Th2 tetanus response and memory T cells able to proliferate in response to in vitro stimulation with B. pertussis, DTPa immunization induces a Th2 tetanus immune response and no memory T cells that recognize B. pertussis as stimulus. Considering that a pro-inflammatory cytokine production is not necessary for protection against tetanus and therefore should be avoided, an alternative DTP immunization schedule with minimal Pw exposure was assessed in order to obtain a Th2 tetanus response and a Th1 pertussis response. BALB/c mice were primed with DT vaccine at day 0, with Pw vaccine at day 14 and boosted with DTPa vaccine at days 21 and 28. A control group was inoculated with saline. Antibodies against B. pertussis surface antigens, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were produced by mice. Spleen cells stimulated in vitro with B. pertussis produced IL-6 and IFNgamma. Only IL-5 was produced by cells in response to tetanus toxoid stimulation. These results are in line with the low IgG1/IgG2a ratio for pertussis antibodies compared with those corresponding to tetanus and diphtheria. The immunization protocol presented herein succeeded in producing tetanus and pertussis immune responses of Th2 and Th1 type, respectively. In contrast to previous results obtained with DTPw immunization, no IL-12 production was observed. Our findings provide direct evidence that an immunization protocol with an interval of 14 days between DT and Pw primings, followed by DTPa boosters, can induce appropriate immune responses against DTP vaccine antigens.

Citología e Inmunomarcación de Linfocitos Infiltrantes Intratiroideos: Su Correlación Serológica para Búsqueda de Marcadores Pronósticos

Estos resultados sugieren un importante rol de las hormonas tiroideas en la respuesta inmune ya que los niveles séricos de correlacionan fuertemente con la función tiroidea independientemente del infiltrado linfocitario presente en la glándula. Este hallazgo es de gran interés para el manejo clínico ya que ta normalización indica que dismuye la activación inmune mientras que el estado hipertiroideo perpetuaría esta respuesta. Los niveles séricos de INFy relacionados con el estado hipertiroideo no se modifican con el tratamiento con MMI lo que podría sugerir que esta citoquina sería un marcador de persistencia de la patología inmune. Debido a que los auto-aníicuerpos para el receptor de TSH (Trab) que estimulan la glándula conduciendo al hipertiroidismo están restringido a la subclase lgG1 y que ésta es una subclase "Th1 dependiente", los elevados niveles de INFy encontrados podrían reflejar la actividad de la enfermedad y podríamos suponer que un descenso de esta citoquina podría indicar la remisión de la enfermedad.Los niveles elevados de INFy observados en los pacientes hipertiroideos sugieren una tendencia de la respuesta inmune hacia el tipo Th1. Nuestros resultados aportan conocimiento sobre el estado inmune de los pacientes juveniles con ETA, que hasta ef momento han sido muy poco estudiados, y resalta el rol de las hormonas tiroideas sobre la activación del sistema inmune. Mayor tiempo de seguimiento y la evaluación de maypr número de pacientes nos permitirá profundizar nuestra comprensión en el escenario de las citoquinas en la ETA. H

Whole-cell Bordetella pertussis vaccine component modulates the mouse immune response to an unrelated soluble antigen.

Several factors are involved in the selective activation of Th1 or Th2 cells, such as different physical characteristics of antigens and the type of antigen-presenting cells involved in the immune response, among others. To study the influence of a particulate antigen on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation during the immune response to another antigen, we analysed the immune response to tetanus toxoid (soluble antigen) in BALB/c mice immunized with one of the three following vaccines: tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (DT), or DT associated with whole-cell Bordetella pertussis or its soluble antigens (DTPw and DTPa, respectively). Similar total antibody levels were observed for all vaccines. DT vaccine showed a higher IgG1/IgG2a ratio than the similar values observed for DTPw and DTPa vaccines. DT- and DTPa-primed spleen cells showed a Th2 (IL-5) profile while a Th1/Th2 (IFN gamma, IL-5) profile was observed for DTPw. IL-6 was only produced by DTPw-primed cells. Besides, IL-12 levels induced by DTPw were three times higher than the ones induced by both DT and DTPa. Our findings indicate that whole-cell B. pertussis priming modifies the tetanus immune response from Th2 to Th1/Th2 type probably via inflammatory mechanisms. In addition, in the light of conflicting reports regarding the mechanisms of protection induced by DTP vaccines, we studied the pertussis immune response. Only DTPw immunization generated memory T cells capable of proliferating with B. pertussis as an in vitro stimulus. Results might indicate that these cells may not play a key role in protecting against B. pertussis when the host is vaccinated with DTPa.

[Cytokines induced by experimental anti-tetanus immunization. Vaccine formulation effect]. / Citoquinas inducidas por la inmunización experimental antitetánica. Efecto de la formulación vacunal.

Several factors are involved in the selective activation of T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, such as the type of antigen-presenting cells involved in the immune response and the different physical characteristics of antigens. The aim of this work was to evaluate if adding other antigens to tetanus toxoid modifies the original immune response. BALB/c mice were immunized with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids associated with whole-cell Bordetella pertussis (DTPw vaccine), B. pertussis soluble antigens (DTPa vaccine) or Salmonella typhi plus DTPa (DTPaSt vaccine). DTPw and DTPaSt immunization induced a T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) anti-tetanus response with gamma interferon and interleukin 5 production. DTPa immunization induced a Th2 response with production of interleukin 5 and interleukin 6. Only DTPw vaccine induced higher levels of IL-12 in non-immunized mice. Our findings indicate that the co-injection of whole-cell antigens such as B. pertussis or S. typhi, modifies the anti-tetanus response shifting it from Th2 to Th1 type. However, the original Th2 immune response is not modified when the vaccine consists only of soluble antigens.

Citoquinas inducidas por la inmunización experimental antitetánica. Efecto de la formulación vacunal / [Cytokines induced by experimental anti-tetanus immunization. Vaccine formulation effect]

Several factors are involved in the selective activation of T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, such as the type of antigen-presenting cells involved in the immune response and the different physical characteristics of antigens. The aim of this work was to evaluate if adding other antigens to tetanus toxoid modifies the original immune response. BALB/c mice were immunized with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids associated with whole-cell Bordetella pertussis (DTPw vaccine), B. pertussis soluble antigens (DTPa vaccine) or Salmonella typhi plus DTPa (DTPaSt vaccine). DTPw and DTPaSt immunization induced a T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) anti-tetanus response with gamma interferon and interleukin 5 production. DTPa immunization induced a Th2 response with production of interleukin 5 and interleukin 6. Only DTPw vaccine induced higher levels of IL-12 in non-immunized mice. Our findings indicate that the co-injection of whole-cell antigens such as B. pertussis or S. typhi, modifies the anti-tetanus response shifting it from Th2 to Th1 type. However, the original Th2 immune response is not modified when the vaccine consists only of soluble antigens.

Citoquinas inducidas por la inmunización experimental antitetánica. Efecto de la formulación vacunal. / [Cytokines induced by experimental anti-tetanus immunization. Vaccine formulation effect]

Several factors are involved in the selective activation of T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells, such as the type of antigen-presenting cells involved in the immune response and the different physical characteristics of antigens. The aim of this work was to evaluate if adding other antigens to tetanus toxoid modifies the original immune response. BALB/c mice were immunized with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids associated with whole-cell Bordetella pertussis (DTPw vaccine), B. pertussis soluble antigens (DTPa vaccine) or Salmonella typhi plus DTPa (DTPaSt vaccine). DTPw and DTPaSt immunization induced a T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) anti-tetanus response with gamma interferon and interleukin 5 production. DTPa immunization induced a Th2 response with production of interleukin 5 and interleukin 6. Only DTPw vaccine induced higher levels of IL-12 in non-immunized mice. Our findings indicate that the co-injection of whole-cell antigens such as B. pertussis or S. typhi, modifies the anti-tetanus response shifting it from Th2 to Th1 type. However, the original Th2 immune response is not modified when the vaccine consists only of soluble antigens.

Utilização do laser de argônio como polimerizador de materiais retroobturadores / Using the argon laser as polymerizing of retroobturadores materials

A terapia endodôntica básica há muitas décadas vêm sendo realizada com falhas no que diz respeito aos aspectos de limpeza, desinfecção e obturação do sistema de canais radiculres...

Algunos factores que condicionan el embarazo de riesgo en gestantes primíparas y multíparas que acuden al Centro de Salud Universitario Pedro P. Diaz, Arequipa-Paucarpata 1994

El presente estudio se realizó en el consultorio externo de obstetricia del C.U.S Pedro P. Díaz, teniendo como población de estudio a primíparas y multíparas que acuden a dicho consultorio en los meses de enero a abril. El objetivo de estudio fue determinar la relación que existe entre algunos factores condicionantes: Biológicos (edad, talla, antecedentes obstétricos y patológicos), Socio-culturales (grado de instrucción, estado civil, control prenatal e ingreso económico) y el embarazo de riesgo, utilizando para ello el método descriptivo con un diseño de correlación. La población estuvo constituida por 600 gestantes entre primíparas y multíparas, para determinar el tamaño de la muestra se utilizó la formula de población finita dándose como resultado 279 gestantes, las cuales fueron las unidades de observación. La técnica utilizada para la recolección de la información fue la entrevista utilizando como instrumento el formulario, para determinar la significación estadística de la relación entre los factores condicionantes y el embarazo de riesgo entre la primípara y multíparas, se utilizó la prueba del Ji². Los resultados obtenidos fueron: que existe relación significativa entre los factores condicionantes siguientes: edad, talla, antecedentes obstétricos, socio-económicos y culturales y el embarazo de riesgo. No existe relación significativa entre los antecedentes patológicos

Citología e Inmunomarcación de Linfocitos Infiltrantes Intratiroideos: Su Correlación Serológica para Búsqueda de Marcadores Pronósticos

Estos resultados sugieren un importante rol de las hormonas tiroideas en la respuesta inmune ya que los niveles séricos de correlacionan fuertemente con la función tiroidea independientemente del infiltrado linfocitario presente en la glándula. Este hallazgo es de gran interés para el manejo clínico ya que ta normalización indica que dismuye la activación inmune mientras que el estado hipertiroideo perpetuaría esta respuesta. Los niveles séricos de INFy relacionados con el estado hipertiroideo no se modifican con el tratamiento con MMI lo que podría sugerir que esta citoquina sería un marcador de persistencia de la patología inmune. Debido a que los auto-aníicuerpos para el receptor de TSH (Trab) que estimulan la glándula conduciendo al hipertiroidismo están restringido a la subclase lgG1 y que ésta es una subclase "Th1 dependiente", los elevados niveles de INFy encontrados podrían reflejar la actividad de la enfermedad y podríamos suponer que un descenso de esta citoquina podría indicar la remisión de la enfermedad.Los niveles elevados de INFy observados en los pacientes hipertiroideos sugieren una tendencia de la respuesta inmune hacia el tipo Th1. Nuestros resultados aportan conocimiento sobre el estado inmune de los pacientes juveniles con ETA, que hasta ef momento han sido muy poco estudiados, y resalta el rol de las hormonas tiroideas sobre la activación del sistema inmune. Mayor tiempo de seguimiento y la evaluación de maypr número de pacientes nos permitirá profundizar nuestra comprensión en el escenario de las citoquinas en la ETA. H

Citología e Inmunomarcación de Linfocitos Infiltrantes Intratiroideos: Su Correlación Serológica para Búsqueda de Marcadores Pronósticos

Estos resultados sugieren un importante rol de las hormonas tiroideas en la respuesta inmune ya que los niveles séricos de correlacionan fuertemente con la función tiroidea independientemente del infiltrado linfocitario presente en la glándula. Este hallazgo es de gran interés para el manejo clínico ya que ta normalización indica que dismuye la activación inmune mientras que el estado hipertiroideo perpetuaría esta respuesta. Los niveles séricos de INFy relacionados con el estado hipertiroideo no se modifican con el tratamiento con MMI lo que podría sugerir que esta citoquina sería un marcador de persistencia de la patología inmune. Debido a que los auto-aníicuerpos para el receptor de TSH (Trab) que estimulan la glándula conduciendo al hipertiroidismo están restringido a la subclase lgG1 y que ésta es una subclase "Th1 dependiente", los elevados niveles de INFy encontrados podrían reflejar la actividad de la enfermedad y podríamos suponer que un descenso de esta citoquina podría indicar la remisión de la enfermedad.Los niveles elevados de INFy observados en los pacientes hipertiroideos sugieren una tendencia de la respuesta inmune hacia el tipo Th1. Nuestros resultados aportan conocimiento sobre el estado inmune de los pacientes juveniles con ETA, que hasta ef momento han sido muy poco estudiados, y resalta el rol de las hormonas tiroideas sobre la activación del sistema inmune. Mayor tiempo de seguimiento y la evaluación de maypr número de pacientes nos permitirá profundizar nuestra comprensión en el escenario de las citoquinas en la ETA. H