Modern treatment of unicameral and aneurysmatic bone cysts.

The best treatment of unicameral bone cyst and aneurismatic bone cyst (ABC) is debated in the literature. For simple bone cysts, multiple treatments were proposed from observation only to open curettage. The historical treatment with intraosseous injection of methylprednisolone acetate into the bone cysts nowadays is reduced due to the morbidity of multiple injections and the risk of multiple pathologic fractures until the healing. Different types of treatments for ABC are reported, including surgery, percutaneous treatments, and medical treatments; however, there is currently no consensus on the best approach. The association of curettage, bone graft, and elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN) had a success rate of over 85%. Decompressing the cyst wall is more critical for increasing the healing rate than the type of graft used to fill the cavity. In ABC, sclerotherapy offers the advantages of lower invasiveness and morbidity, associated with better functional scores and faster return to full weight-bearing. Moreover, they can be used in challenging locations. Selective arterial embolization is a complex procedure and often requires association with other treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of denosumab and its side effects on skeletally immature patients. Curettage with adjuvants and autogenous bone grafting still shows promising results and can be used in larger, aggressive defects or superficial lesions. For simple bone cysts, the combination of curettage, bone graft, and ESIN showed the best results. Sclerotherapy for ABC also shows promising results.

Ortho-oncoplastic surgery in foot and ankle: A narrative overview on reconstruction of soft-tissue defects after oncologic resections.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors of the foot are rare, and treatment strategies are challenging considering the complex anatomy of this area. In recent years, dramatic advances in technology and collaborations between different specialties (such as orthopedic, oncology, radiology, plastic, and vascular surgery) significantly changed the approach to complex malignant tumors without resorting to limb removal. The combination of the strengths of both orthopedic surgery and plastic surgery constitutes the modern definition of "orthoplasty." The aim of this review article is to provide treatment strategies that are available for reconstruction of foot and ankle in limb-salvage surgery after tumor resection, with a specific focus on microsurgical techniques in plastic surgery. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search for relevant papers across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. We included patient-based studies reporting on procedures for soft-tissue reconstruction with small and large soft tissue defects. Indications, pros and cons, and technique tips are discussed for each type of reconstructive technique. RESULTS: The search was done using literature of the past 30 years (from 1990 to date), resulting in about 725 articles describing over 2000 cases. Cutaneous flaps included lateral supramalleolar flap, medial plantar flap, reverse sural neurocutaneous island flap, medial leg flap, and lateral leg flap. Free flaps included anterolateral thigh flap, radial forearm flap, latissimus dorsi flap, gracilis muscle flap, lateral arm flap, and rectus abdominis flap. CONCLUSIONS: The orthoplastic approach in musculoskeletal oncology is a collaborative model of orthopedic and plastic surgeons working together, resulting in a higher rate of successful limb salvage in patients at risk for amputation. Protocols, biologic substitutes, and surgical techniques are largely improved in the last decades increasing the possibility of functional reconstruction. Microsurgical strategies represent the new frontiers in these demanding reconstructions.

Desmoid Tumors in the Active Surveillance Era: Evaluation of Treatment Options and Pain Relief in a Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

In patients with desmoid tumors (DTs), active surveillance has been increasingly preferred over surgery, while treatment (including pharmacological therapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgery) is performed in cases with confirmed disease progression. This study aimed to evaluate event-free survival and pain management according to different treatment strategies. We evaluated event-free survival, including recurrence after initial surgical treatment or changes in the therapeutic management after initial non-surgical treatment and pain management according to different treatment strategies. All patients referred for DT in 2001-2021 at our institutions were stratified into four groups: those treated surgically prior to 2012 (SGPre12) or after 2012 (SGPost12), those treated pharmacologically (MG), and those under active surveillance (ASG). An event was defined as recurrence after initial surgical treatment or a change in therapeutic management. Overall, 123 patients were included in the study: 28 in SGPre12, 41 in SGPost12, 38 in MG, and 16 in ASG. Pharmacological treatment resolved painful symptoms in 16/27 (60%) patients (p = 0.0001). The median follow-up duration was 40 months (IQR 23-74). Event-free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was: 85%, 70%, and 62% in SGPre12; 76%, 58%, and 49% in SGPost12; 49%, 31%, and 31% in MG; and 45%, 45%, and 45% in ASG. Our findings support the role of active surveillance as initial management, as demonstrated by the fact that about half the patients did not experience any progression, while surgery can be reserved as a first-line approach for selected patients. In terms of pain relief, medical therapy led to symptom resolution in more than half the cases.

A Scoping Review with Bibliometric Analysis of Para-Rowing: State of the Art and Future Directions.

Para-rowing is a format of rowing practiced by people with different types of disabilities, thanks to adapted equipment set-ups and regulations. Para-rowing made its debut recently at the 2008 Paralympic Games. According to the mandate of the "International Paralympic Committee", para-rowers should be enabled to pursue sporting excellence. Therefore, rigorous research is needed in terms of well-designed, high-quality studies. To the best of our knowledge, there are no systematic appraisals of the body of scholarly evidence in the field of para-rowing. As such, a scoping review enhanced by bibliometric analyses was carried out to provide a comprehensive synthesis of knowledge related to para-rowing for the perusal of practitioners and athletes. By mining eighteen major databases, 17 studies were retained in the present review. The included studies were found to focus on a range of aspects involving health, the etiology of injuries (n = 5), psychological and physiological responses (n = 5), performance, biomechanical analysis (n = 4), and new analytical approaches for kinematic assessments and predictions of mechanical outputs in para-rowers (n = 3). The scholarly community on para-rowing consists of 78 researchers, 16 (20.51%) of whom are highly interconnected. The most prolific author was Smoljanovic T., from Croatia, with three items/documents. In total, 93.6% of scholars have authored one single document. Topological features indicated a highly fragmented and dispersed, poorly connected community characterized by a high number of clusters and a low strength of connections. In terms of publication years, the first scholarly article dates back to 2008, with four articles (23.5%) published in the current year, showing an increasing interest in this para-sports discipline. Finally, gaps in current research on para-rowing were identified in terms of overlooked topics, including sports nutrition, doping, and psychological aspects in para-rowers other than those with visual impairment.

Double fractures of the femur: a review of 16 patients.

BACKGROUND: Double ipsilateral femoral fractures account for 1-9% of femoral fractures. There is no clear advantage between single or double implant osteosynthesis. We present a series of patients with double ipsilateral femoral fractures, to address the challenges in treatment, namely the implants for osteosynthesis and complications of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 16 patients (7 men, 9 women; mean age, 51 years) treated from January 2015 to December 2018. Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of injury. Types of fractures were pertrochanteric and shaft (6), pertrochanteric and distal (2), double shaft (3), neck and shaft (2), neck and distal (1), shaft and distal (1), and triple fracture including a pertrochanteric, shaft and distal (1). In five patients, two different implants were used (plate and screws, cannulated hip screws, femoral nail), whereas in 11 patients a long femoral nail was used. RESULTS: Fourteen patients experienced union at a mean of 3 months (2-6 months). Two patients experienced nonunion: both had plate and screws osteosynthesis. One patient died 15 days after admission from polytrauma and another patient experienced central venous catheter thrombosis and pneumonia. Surgical complications (2 patients) included a thigh skin necrosis, and external fixator pin tract infection/infected non-union. Weight-bearing was delayed in all patients; full weight-bearing was allowed in 11 patients at 4 months postoperatively, and in four patients at 5 months. CONCLUSION: Due to the rarity and the difficulty of standardization of double ipsilateral femoral fractures, there is variable information on the optimal osteosynthesis of the fractures and the outcome of the patients. It seems that closed reduction and long hip nailing is the treatment of choice, with few complications.

Subclavius Tendon Autograft Reconstruction of Traumatic Posterior Dislocation of the Sternoclavicular Joint in Adolescence.

Posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is a rare and emergent injury. Diagnosis is often missed or delayed. Treatment is challenging because of the joint's inherent instability. This article presents a 15-year-old adolescent who experienced a traumatic posterior dislocation of his right sternoclavicular joint that was treated successfully with open reduction and joint reconstruction using the ipsilateral subclavius tendon autograft. At one-year follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, with a stable sternoclavicular joint and full range of motion of his right shoulder.

Schwannoma of the foot: report of four cases and literature review.

Schwannoma is a soft tissue tumor that rarely presents in the foot. Patients are usually asymptomatic, but in some cases symptoms typically result from the mass effect and direct involvement of the nerve and surrounding tissue. We report on four consecutive cases. The first patient was a 57-years-old female that referred symptoms similar to the Morton's neuroma with a mass arising from the medial plantar nerve. The second patient was treated for a schwannoma in the plantar area. The third case was a female with a schwannoma arising from the sural nerve and the fourth patient had a tumor arising from the medial plantar nerve. All patients underwent surgical excision and histological evaluation. No signs of neurological deficit or recurrence were observed at final follow-up. Purpose of the study was to define clinical features, optimal management and outcome of schwannomas of the foot, through an accurate review of the literature.