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The association between mood and sexual desire has been the object of significant scientific and public interest. How mood shapes and is shaped by sexual desire is typically studied within one and the same individual, yet sexual desire is often experienced in the context of a romantic relationship. To obtain a more complete picture of the relation between mood and sexual desire, we examined the temporal interplay between mood and sexual desire both within and between partners in a romantic relationship. Using data from an experience sampling study involving both partners of mixed-gender romantic couples (N = 188; Mage = 26.34, SDage = 5.33), we investigated how each partner's mood (in terms of positive and negative affect) predicted their own sexual desire as well as that of their partner and vice versa. Results of both concurrent and temporal analyses confirmed bidirectional associations between mood and sexual desire both within and between partners, such that (1) both a person's own and their partner's positive mood predicted an increase in sexual desire, and a person's own and their partner's negative mood predicted a decrease in sexual desire. In addition, (2) both a person's own and their partner's sexual desire predicted an increase in positive mood, and a person's own and their partner's sexual desire predicted a decrease in negative mood. Only a few gender differences were found. The results underscore how sexual desire can predict and be predicted by both romantic partners' mood, highlighting the need for interactional models of sexual desire.
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We examined continuous affect drawings as innovative measure of affective experiences over time. Intensive longitudinal data often rely on discrete assessments, containing "blind spots" between measurements. With continuous affect drawings participants visually depict their affect fluctuations between assessments. In an experience sampling study, participants (N = 115) rated their momentary positive and negative affect 6 times daily. From the second daily rating on, they additionally drew their positive and negative affect changes and reported affective events between assessments. They received one measurement burst between assessments daily. The strength of the approach is a substantial amount of informational gain (average 7%) over linearly interpolated points between assessments. The additional information was subsequently categorized into positive and negative affect peaks and valleys, each occurring once a day per person on average. The probability of detecting peaks and valleys increased with reported events. The drawings correlated positively with momentary affect scores from the burst. Yet, the drawing predicted the bursts less well suggesting that the momentary ratings may yield different information than the drawings. Although the timing of retrospective drawings is less precise than individual momentary assessments, this method provides a comprehensive understanding of affective experiences between assessments, offering a unique perspective on affect dynamics.
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Profile similarity measures are used to quantify the similarity of two sets of ratings on multiple variables. Yet, it remains unclear how different measures are distinct or overlap and what type of information they precisely convey, making it unclear what measures are best applied under varying circumstances. With this study, we aim to provide clarity with respect to how existing measures interrelate and provide recommendations for their use by comparing a wide range of profile similarity measures. We have taken four steps. First, we reviewed 88 similarity measures by applying them to multiple cross-sectional and intensive longitudinal data sets on emotional experience and retained 43 useful profile similarity measures after eliminating duplicates, complements, or measures that were unsuitable for the intended purpose. Second, we have clustered these 43 measures into similarly behaving groups, and found three general clusters: one cluster with difference measures, one cluster with product measures that could be split into four more nuanced groups and one miscellaneous cluster that could be split into two more nuanced groups. Third, we have interpreted what unifies these groups and their subgroups and what information they convey based on theory and formulas. Last, based on our findings, we discuss recommendations with respect to the choice of measure, propose to avoid using the Pearson correlation, and suggest to center profile items when stereotypical patterns threaten to confound the computation of similarity.
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How adolescents and their parents cope with adolescent stress is relevant for child well-being. (In)congruencies between parent and child perceptions of child stress may be important sources of information for understanding family functioning. However, research assessing the occurrence of stressful events in adolescents' daily lives from the perspective of both adolescents and their parents is lacking, likely because this type of research comes with numerous challenges. Therefore, this pilot study examined the feasibility of two different paradigms, daily diary and the experience sampling method (ESM), for triadic (child-mother-father) assessment of adolescent stress in daily life. Twenty family triads participated either in the diary paradigm (receiving one survey per day) or the ESM paradigm (receiving multiple surveys per day). Results indicated that both paradigms seemed doable to participants in terms of experienced burden, and individual compliance to the paradigms was sufficient. The absolute number of reported stressors was similar across paradigms. In addition, both paradigms captured convergence and divergence in the family members' reports of adolescent stress and between- and within-family differences therein. However, diary participants experienced lower burden and missed relatively less assessments (higher individual and triadic compliance) than ESM participants, suggesting higher data quality. In all, these findings suggest that although both paradigms may be feasible, a diary paradigm may be preferred to capture triadic family reports of adolescent stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Evaluación Ecológica Momentánea , Estudios de Factibilidad , Estrés Psicológico , Humanos , Adolescente , Femenino , Masculino , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Proyectos Piloto , Adulto , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Adaptación Psicológica/fisiología , Padres/psicología , NiñoRESUMEN
Western society generally highly values happiness. As a result, people sometimes experience pressure not to feel negative emotions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated this pressure, and how it manifests itself, in adult romantic relationships. Specifically, we first examined when, how often and how intensely people experience pressure not to feel bad from their romantic partners (94 different-sex couples). Additionally, we investigated (both between- and within-person) how this pressure is related to context (presence of, contact and or conflict with a partner), emotional processes (i.e. experienced sadness and anxiety, emotion suppression, and how their partner perceived their affect), and relationship well-being. Using experience sampling methodology data (6/14 reports per day over one week) we found that although participants generally did not experience strong pressure from their partner, they experienced some feelings of pressure about 50% of the time. Furthermore, within-person predictors associated with negative processes/emotions (i.e. negative emotions, conflict, emotion suppression) were related to the momentary frequency (odds) and/or intensity of perceived pressure not to feel bad. At the between-person level, individuals who experience more sadness, anxiety and reported suppressing their emotions more often tended to experience more and/or stronger pressure. Only weak associations with relationship well-being were found.
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To unravel how within-person psychological processes fluctuate in daily life, and how these processes differ between persons, intensive longitudinal (IL) designs in which participants are repeatedly measured, have become popular. Commonly used statistical models for those designs are multilevel models with autocorrelated errors. Substantive hypotheses of interest are then typically investigated via statistical hypotheses tests for model parameters of interest. An important question in the design of such IL studies concerns the determination of the number of participants and the number of measurements per person needed to achieve sufficient statistical power for those statistical tests. Recent advances in computational methods and software have enabled the computation of statistical power using Monte Carlo simulations. However, this approach is computationally intensive and therefore quite restrictive. To ease power computations, we derive simple-to-use analytical formulas for multilevel models with AR(1) within-person errors. Analytic expressions for a model family are obtained via asymptotic approximations of all sample statistics in the precision matrix of the fixed effects. To validate this analytical approach to power computation, we compare it to the simulation-based approach via a series of Monte Carlo simulations. We find comparable performances making the analytic approach a useful tool for researchers that can drastically save them time and resources.
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Modelos Estadísticos , Método de Montecarlo , Análisis Multinivel , Humanos , Simulación por Computador , Estudios Longitudinales , Interpretación Estadística de DatosRESUMEN
The onset of depressive episodes is preceded by changes in mean levels of affective experiences, which can be detected using the exponentially weighted moving average procedure on experience sampling method (ESM) data. Applying the exponentially weighted moving average procedure requires sufficient baseline data from the person under study in healthy times, which is needed to calculate a control limit for monitoring incoming ESM data. It is, however, not trivial to obtain sufficient baseline data from a single person. We therefore investigate whether historical ESM data from healthy individuals can help establish an adequate control limit for the person under study via multilevel modeling. Specifically, we focus on the case in which there is very little baseline data available of the person under study (i.e., up to 7 days). This multilevel approach is compared with the traditional, person-specific approach, where estimates are obtained using the person's available baseline data. Predictive performance in terms of Matthews correlation coefficient did not differ much between the approaches; however, the multilevel approach was more sensitive at detecting mean changes. This implies that for low-cost and nonharmful interventions, the multilevel approach may prove particularly beneficial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Evaluación Ecológica Momentánea , Análisis Multinivel , Humanos , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Depresión/psicología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Modelos Estadísticos , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Despite the importance for understanding mechanisms of change, little is known about the order of change in daily life emotions, cognitions, and behaviors during treatment of depression. This study examined the within-person temporal order of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral improvements using ecological momentary assessment data. METHOD: Thirty-two individuals with diagnosed depression completed ecological momentary assessment questions on emotions (sad mood, happy mood), behaviors (social interaction, number of activities), and cognitive variables (worrying, negative self-thoughts) 5 times a day during a 4-month period in which they underwent psychotherapy for depression. Nonparametric change-point analyses were used to determine the timing of gains (i.e., improvements in the mean of each variable) for each individual. We then established whether the first (i.e., earliest) gains in emotions preceded, followed, or occurred in the same week as cognitive and behavioral gains for each individual. RESULTS: Contrary to our hypotheses, first gains in behaviors did not precede first emotional gains (3 times, 8%) more often than they followed them (26 times, 70%). Cognitive gains often occurred in the same week as first emotional gains (43 times, 58%) and less often preceded (13 times, 18%) or followed emotional gains (18 times, 24%). CONCLUSION: The first improvements in behaviors did not tend to precede the first improvements in emotions likely because fewer behavioral gains were found. The finding that cognitive variables tend to improve around the same time as sad mood may explain why many studies failed to find that cognitive change predicts later change in depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Researchers increasingly study short-term dynamic processes that evolve within single individuals using N = 1 studies. The processes of interest are typically captured by fitting a VAR(1) model to the resulting data. A crucial question is how to perform sample-size planning and thus decide on the number of measurement occasions that are needed. The most popular approach is to perform a power analysis, which focuses on detecting the effects of interest. We argue that performing sample-size planning based on out-of-sample predictive accuracy yields additional important information regarding potential overfitting of the model. Predictive accuracy quantifies how well the estimated VAR(1) model will allow predicting unseen data from the same individual. We propose a new simulation-based sample-size planning method called predictive accuracy analysis (PAA), and an associated Shiny app. This approach makes use of a novel predictive accuracy metric that accounts for the multivariate nature of the prediction problem. We showcase how the values of the different VAR(1) model parameters impact power and predictive accuracy-based sample-size recommendations using simulated data sets and real data applications. The range of recommended sample sizes is smaller for predictive accuracy analysis than for power analysis.
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Modelos Estadísticos , Humanos , Tamaño de la Muestra , Simulación por Computador , Proyectos de Investigación , Interpretación Estadística de DatosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Recurrent depressive episodes are preceded by changing mean levels of repeatedly assessed emotions (e.g., feeling restless), which can be detected in real time using statistical process control (SPC). This study investigated whether monitoring changes in the standard deviation (SD) of emotions and negative thinking improves the early detection of recurrent depression. METHOD: Formerly depressed adults (N = 41) monitored their emotions five times a day for 4 consecutive months. During the study, 22 individuals experienced recurrent depression. We used SPC to detect warning signs (i.e., changing means and SDs) of four emotions (positive and negative affect with high or low arousal) and negative thinking. RESULTS: SD-based warning signs only preceded 23%-36% of recurrences, but almost never reflected a false alarm (0%-16%). Correspondingly, SD-based warnings had a high specificity (at the cost of sensitivity), while mean-based warnings had a higher sensitivity (but lower specificity). There was little overlap in mean- and SD-based warning signs. For the majority of emotions, monitoring for high SDs alongside monitoring changes in mean levels improved the detection of depression (p < .015) compared to when only monitoring for changing mean levels. CONCLUSIONS: Warning signs for depression manifest not only in changing mean levels of emotions and cognitions but also in increasing SDs. These warnings could eventually be used to detect not just who is at increased risk for depression but also when risk is rising. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical utility of depression SPC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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BACKGROUND: Cueing can alleviate freezing of gait (FOG) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), but using the same cues continuously in daily life may compromise effectiveness. Therefore, we developed the DeFOG-system to deliver personalized auditory cues on detection of a FOG episode. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effects of DeFOG during a FOG-provoking protocol: (1) after 4 weeks of DeFOG-use in daily life against an active control group; (2) after immediate DeFOG-use (within-group) in different medication states. METHOD: In this randomized controlled trial, 63 people with PD and daily FOG were allocated to the DeFOG or active control group. Both groups received feedback on their daily living step counts using the device, but the DeFOG group also received on-demand cueing. Video-rated FOG severity was compared pre- and post-intervention through a FOG-provoking protocol administered at home off and on-medication, but without using DeFOG. Within-group effects were tested by comparing FOG during the protocol with and without DeFOG. RESULTS: DeFOG-use during the 4 weeks was similar between groups, but we found no between-group differences in FOG-severity. However, the within-group analysis showed that FOG was alleviated by DeFOG (effect size d = 0.57), regardless of medication state. Combining DeFOG and medication yielded an effect size of d = 0.67. CONCLUSIONS: DeFOG reduced FOG considerably in a population of severe freezers both off and on medication. Nonetheless, 4 weeks of DeFOG-use in daily life did not ameliorate FOG during the protocol unless DeFOG was worn. These findings suggest that on-demand cueing is only effective when used, similar to other walking aids. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Señales (Psicología) , Trastornos Neurológicos de la Marcha , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Humanos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Trastornos Neurológicos de la Marcha/etiología , Trastornos Neurológicos de la Marcha/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Group-level studies showed associations between depressive symptoms and circadian rhythm elements, though whether these associations replicate at the within-person level remains unclear. We investigated whether changes in circadian rhythm elements (namely, rest-activity rhythm, physical activity, and sleep) occur close to depressive symptom transitions and whether there are differences in the amount and direction of circadian rhythm changes in individuals with and without transitions. We used 4 months of actigraphy data from 34 remitted individuals tapering antidepressants (20 with and 14 without depressive symptom transitions) to assess circadian rhythm variables. Within-person kernel change point analyses were used to detect change points (CPs) and their timing in circadian rhythm variables. In 69% of individuals experiencing transitions, CPs were detected near the time of the transition. No-transition participants had an average of 0.64 CPs per individual, which could not be attributed to other known events, compared to those with transitions, who averaged 1 CP per individual. The direction of change varied between individuals, although some variables showed clear patterns in one direction. Results supported the hypothesis that CPs in circadian rhythm occurred more frequently close to transitions in depression. However, a larger sample is needed to understand which circadian rhythm variables change for whom, and more single-subject research to untangle the meaning of the large individual differences.
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Actigrafía , Individualidad , Humanos , Sueño , Ritmo Circadiano , Antidepresivos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Retrospective analyses of experience sampling (ESM) data have shown that changes in mean and variance levels may serve as early warning signs of an imminent depression. Detecting such early warning signs prospectively would pave the way for timely intervention and prevention. The exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) procedure seems a promising method to scan ESM data for the presence of mean changes in real-time. Based on simulation and empirical studies, computing and monitoring day averages using EWMA works particularly well. We therefore expand this idea to the detection of variance changes and propose to use EWMA to prospectively scan for mean changes in day variability statistics (i.e., s 2 , s , ln( s )). When both mean and variance changes are of interest, the multivariate extension of EWMA (MEWMA) can be applied to both the day averages and a day statistic of variability. We evaluate these novel approaches to detecting variance changes by comparing them to EWMA-type procedures that have been specifically developed to detect a combination of mean and variance changes in the raw data: EWMA- S 2 , EWMA-ln( S 2 ), and EWMA- X ¯ - S 2 . We ran a simulation study to examine the performance of the two approaches in detecting mean, variance, or both types of changes. The results indicate that monitoring day statistics using (M)EWMA works well and outperforms EWMA- S 2 and EWMA-ln( S 2 ); the performance difference with EWMA- X ¯ - S 2 is smaller but notable. Based on the results, we provide recommendations on which statistic of variability to monitor based on the type of change (i.e., variance increase or decrease) one expects.
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Evaluación Ecológica Momentánea , Modelos Estadísticos , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
In intensive longitudinal research, researchers typically consider the structure of affect to be stable across individuals and contexts. Based on an assumed theoretical structure (e.g., one bipolar or two separate positive and negative affect constructs), researchers create affect scores from items (e.g., sum or factor scores) and use them to examine the dynamics therein. However, researchers usually ignore that the affect structure itself is dynamic and varies across individuals and contexts. Understanding these dynamics provides valuable insights into individuals' affective experiences. This study uses latent Markov factor analysis (LMFA) to study what affect structures underlie individuals' responses, how individuals transition between structures, and whether their individual transition patterns differ. Moreover, we explore whether the intensity of negative events and the personality trait neuroticism relate to momentary transitions and individual differences in transition patterns, respectively. Applying LMFA to experience sampling data (N = 153; age: mean = 22; SD = 7.1; range = 17-66), we identified two affect structures-one with three and one with four dimensions. The main difference was the presence of negative emotionality, and the affect dimensions became more inversely related when the affect structure included negative emotionality. Moreover, we identified three latent subgroups that differed in their transition patterns. Higher negative event intensity increased the probability of adopting an affect structure with negative emotionality. However, neuroticism was unrelated to subgroup-membership. Summarized, we propose a way to incorporate contextual and individual differences in affect structure, contributing to advancing the theoretical basis of affect dynamics research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Afecto , Individualidad , Humanos , Afecto/fisiología , Neuroticismo , Análisis FactorialRESUMEN
PURPOSE: One of the core features that can be experienced by adults on the autism spectrum is hyper- and hyporeactivity to sensory stimuli. Research suggests that executive functioning (EF) impairments are related to sensory issues. In this study the relationship between sensory processing issues and EF was investigated. We expected sensory processing issues to predict EF impairments. METHODS: Thirty men and 30 women on the autism spectrum, 20 men and 24 women without autism were included and matched on intelligence and age. Group comparisons were conducted to determine if groups differed regarding self-reported sensory processing issues (GSQ-NL) and self-reports on EF (BRIEF-A). Correlational and regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relationship between self-reports on GSQ-NL and BRIEF-A. RESULTS: We found significant differences between men and women on the spectrum with regard to sensory processing issues and EF. Hyporeactivity to sensory information explained most of the EF problems. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of differences in sensory experiences between adults on the spectrum and non-autistic adults and differences between men and women during assessment and subsequent counselling.
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Detecting early signs of recurrence of psychopathology is key for prevention and treatment. Personalized risk assessment is especially relevant for formerly depressed patients, for whom recurrence is common. We aimed to examine whether recurrence of depression can be accurately foreseen by applying Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) statistical process control charts to Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data. Participants were formerly depressed patients (n = 41) in remission who (gradually) discontinued antidepressants. Participants completed five smartphone-based EMA questionnaires a day for 4 months. EWMA control charts were used to prospectively detect structural mean shifts in high and low arousal negative affect (NA), high and low arousal positive affect (PA), and repetitive negative thinking in each individual. A significant increase in repetitive negative thinking (worry, negative thoughts about the self) was the most sensitive early sign of recurrence: this was detected in 18 out of 22 patients (82%) before recurrence and in 8 out of 19 patients (42%) who stayed in remission. A significant increase in NA high arousal (stress, irritation, restlessness) was the most specific early sign of recurrence: this was detected in 10 out of 22 patients (45%) before recurrence and in 2 out of 19 patients (11%) who stayed in remission. These mean changes were detected at least a month before recurrence in the majority of the participants. The outcomes were robust across EWMA parameter choices, but not when using fewer observations per day. The findings demonstrate the value of monitoring EMA data with EWMA charts for detecting prodromal symptoms of depression in real-time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Depresión , Teléfono Inteligente , Humanos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Ansiedad , Evaluación Ecológica MomentáneaRESUMEN
Affect, behavior, and severity of psychopathological symptoms do not remain static throughout the life of an individual, but rather they change over time. Since the rise of the smartphone, longitudinal data can be obtained at higher frequencies than ever before, providing new opportunities for investigating these person-specific changes in real-time. Since 2019, researchers have started using the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) procedure, as a statistically sound method to reach this goal. Real-time, person-specific change detection could allow (a) researchers to adapt assessment intensity and strategy when a change occurs to obtain the most useful data at the most useful time and (b) clinicians to provide care to patients during periods in which this is most needed. The current paper provides a tutorial on how to use the EWMA procedure in psychology, as well as demonstrates its added value in a range of potential applications.
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Dynamic networks are valuable tools to depict and investigate the concurrent and temporal interdependencies of various variables across time. Although several software packages for computing and drawing dynamic networks have been developed, software that allows investigating the pairwise associations between a set of binary intensive longitudinal variables is still missing. To fill this gap, this paper introduces an R package that yields contingency measure-based networks (ConNEcT). ConNEcT implements different contingency measures: proportion of agreement, corrected and classic Jaccard index, phi correlation coefficient, Cohen's kappa, odds ratio, and log odds ratio. Moreover, users can easily add alternative measures, if needed. Importantly, ConNEcT also allows conducting non-parametric significance tests on the obtained contingency values that correct for the inherent serial dependence in the time series, through a permutation approach or model-based simulation. In this paper, we provide an overview of all available ConNEcT features and showcase their usage. Addressing a major question that users are likely to have, we also discuss similarities and differences of the included contingency measures.
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Programas Informáticos , Humanos , Factores de Tiempo , Simulación por ComputadorRESUMEN
First-order autoregressive models are popular to assess the temporal dynamics of a univariate process. Researchers often extend these models to include time-varying covariates, such as contextual factors, to investigate how they moderate processes' dynamics. We demonstrate that doing so has implications for how well one can estimate the autoregressive and covariate effects, as serial dependence in the variables can imply predictor collinearity. This is a noteworthy contribution, since in current practice serial dependence in a time-varying covariate is rarely considered important. We first recapitulate the role of predictor collinearity for estimation precision in an ordinary least squares context, by discussing how it affects estimator variances, covariances and correlations. We then derive a general formula detailing how predictor collinearity in first-order autoregressive models is impacted by serial dependence in the covariate. We provide a simulation study to illustrate the implications of the formula for different types of covariates. The simulation results highlight when the collinearity issue becomes severe enough to hamper interpretation of the effects. We also show that the effect estimates can be biased in small samples (i.e., 50 time points). Implications for study design, the use of time as a predictor, and related model variants are discussed.
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The current study explored dynamics of secure state attachment expectations in everyday life in middle childhood, specifically state attachment carry-over and reactivity to experiences of caregiver support in the context of stress. In two independent samples (one community sample, N = 123; one adoption sample, N = 69), children (8-12 years) daily reported on their state attachment for respectively 14 and 7 consecutive days. Additionally, they reported daily on their experiences of distress and subsequent experiences of caregiver support. Results in both samples indicated that secure state attachment on a day-to-day basis is characterized by a significant positive carry-over effect, suggesting that state attachment fluctuations are (partially) self-predictive. In Study 1, experiencing no support following distress significantly related to intraindividual decreases in secure state attachment; in Study 2, experiencing effective support during distress related to intra-individual increases in secure state attachment. Taken together, the current studies provide novel and important insights into how state attachment temporally evolves on a day-to-day basis in middle childhood.