A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Age remains one of the major risk factors for the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Studies on the prevalence of these conditions in Mexico used different methods, tools, and population with different health status. All these heterogeneous results may be a problem in identifying the true prevalence of MCI and dementia in Mexico. To our knowledge, there is not a systematic review available that presents essential figures on the prevalence of these conditions in Mexico. Therefore, we intend to access the maximum number of reports published on the topic and determine the prevalence of MCI and dementia in Mexican older adults. METHODS: A systematic review using PubMed, Cochrane, Research Gate, Lilacs, and Scielo databases. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of MCI and dementia was analyzed using a random-effects model and presented in a forest plot among cross-sectional, epidemiological and pooled studies. RESULTS: Sixteen articles were included. The overall prevalence of MCI of 18% (95% CI 0.10-0.27) was estimated from pooled information from 12 selected studies, in women 21% (95% CI 0.08-0.38), and in men 18% (95% CI 0.06-0.33). The overall prevalence of dementia of 10% (95% CI 0.06-0.14) was estimated from pooled information from 9 selected studies, in women 14% (95% CI 0.05-0.25), and in men 10% (95% CI 0.04-0.17). CONCLUSION: Mexican older individuals have a similar prevalence of dementia and MCI as reported by international data; nevertheless, the prevalence is higher than some Latin American Countries. Mexico has particular issues that must be resolved, such as, a lack of research in the southern regions of the country and the high incidence of comorbidities.

Micro- and Macronutrient Intake and Food Group Frequency Consumed by Subjects with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Latin America: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition has relevant role in the pathogenesis of dementia. However, in Latin American Countries (LAC), it is unknown which type of diet the subjects with dementia and cognitive dysfunction have. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to determine micro- and macronutrients and food frequency intake among the LAC population with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. METHODS: A systematic review using PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, and Scielo databases. Energy intake as well as micro- and macronutrients intake were analyzed using a random-effect model and presented in a forest plot. RESULTS: Nine articles were included, an estimated energy intake of 1598.47 kcal (95% CI 1351.07-1845.88) was obtained. A daily consumption of 73.64 g/day (95% CI 64.07-83.2) of protein; 262.17 g/day (95% CI 214.51-309.93) of carbohydrates, and 57.91 g/day (95% CI 49.16-66.66) of fats were reported. A micronutrients daily intake consumption of 201.35µg/day of vitamin B9 (95% CI 125.32-277.38); 5.61µg/day of vitamin B12 (95% CI 2.53-8.70), and 139.67 mg/day of vitamin C (95% CI 59.33-220.02). Mineral intake of 637.32 mg/day of calcium (95% CI 288.54-986.11) and 9 mg/day of iron (95% CI 2.28-15.71) was obtained. A low intake of fruits and vegetables was found. CONCLUSION: Individuals with MCI and dementia from LAC have a nutritional deficiency characterized by a lower intake of fruits and vegetables, a high consumption of carbohydrates and protein, adequate fats intake and vitamins B12, vitamin C, and iron consumption, but a low intake of vitamin B9 and calcium.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Mexican Subjects with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Background: An excess accumulation of adipose tissue in the body is an indication of overweight (OW) and obesity (OB). In Mexico, excess body weight is a public health concern due to the high prevalence of OW and OB. In the last few years, evidence has linked oxidative stress (OS) to excess body weight. It is necessary to understand this relationship to generate strategies for the prevention of OW and OB in the Mexican population. This systematic review focuses on identifying differences in OS biomarkers in the Mexican population with excess body weight in comparison to the population with normal body weight. Methods: A systematic review was performed. The studies were identified through the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scielo, and Liliacs online databases, and the gray literature in Google Scholar. The key words used were "overweight," "obesity," "Mexico," and "oxidative stress." Results: Four studies were selected; the studies were performed in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were the OS biomarkers that were increased in the population with excess body weight compared to subjects with normal body weight. Conclusion: According to the included studies, MDA and LDL-ox increased significantly, while the increase in the levels of circulating lipids was enhanced by the excess adipose tissue present in individuals with OW and OB.