Revolutionizing Oncology: A Comprehensive Review of Digital Health Applications.

Digital health is poised to revolutionize the field of oncology, offering innovative solutions that enhance diagnostics, treatment, and patient care. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted landscape of digital health in oncology, encompassing its definition, significance, applications, benefits, challenges, ethical considerations, and future trends. Key findings highlight the potential for early detection, personalized treatment, enhanced care coordination, patient empowerment, accelerated research, and cost efficiency. Ethical concerns surrounding privacy, equitable access, and responsible data use are discussed. Looking ahead, the future of digital health in oncology is bright, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, predictive analytics, global collaboration, and evolving regulations. This review underscores the need for collaboration among stakeholders and a patient-centered approach to harness the transformative power of digital health, promising a future where the burden of cancer is lessened through innovation and compassionate care.

A Narrative Review of Urbanization and Mental Health: An Indian Perspective.

Urbanization is a phenomenon that shows the expansion of urban areas in conjunction with industrial and economic progress. Rapid world urbanization is caused by the swift rise in urban residents as a proportion of the population. Efforts to examine the quality of urban life and urbanization as distinct risk factors for mental illness within specific age groups have been made. However, the issue remains contentious and largely unresolved. Urban mental health issues, such as substance abuse, fear of crime, poverty, and ethnicity, are associated with factors like depression, aggression, fear, sadness, and personality disorders. The entire gamut of the population, particularly adult males and females, is affected by these impacts of urbanization. The size of the population increases the prevalence of the preview study. India is expected to concentrate highly on the whole urban population, but this might inadvertently cause harm to urban residents. This review discusses the impact of urbanization on mental health and well-being. We search via PubMed (Medline), Google Scholar, and databases like WHO. The language of the study is English, and other language articles are excluded. The mental health challenges associated with urbanization impact the entire population, with a notable emphasis on adult males and females. They are raising awareness about various urban programs designed for urban populations. It will function as a coordinator of change in a rapidly modified Indian society to spread awareness about mental illnesses throughout all segments of society.

Navigating the Unknown: A Comprehensive Review of Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome.

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a complex and multifaceted condition that affects astronauts during and after their missions in space. This comprehensive review delves into the various aspects of SANS, providing a thorough understanding of its definition, historical context, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, preventive measures, and management strategies. Various ocular and neurological symptoms, including visual impairment, optic disc edema, choroidal folds, retinal changes, and increased intracranial pressure, characterize SANS. While microgravity is a primary driver of SANS, other factors like radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, and environmental conditions within spacecraft contribute to its development. The duration of space missions is a significant factor, with longer missions associated with a higher incidence of SANS. This review explores the diagnostic criteria and variability in SANS presentation, shedding light on early detection and management challenges. The epidemiology section provides insights into the occurrence frequency, affected astronauts' demographics, and differences between long-term and short-term missions. Diagnostic tools, including ophthalmological assessments and imaging techniques, are crucial in monitoring astronaut health during missions. Preventive measures are vital in mitigating the impact of SANS. Current strategies, ongoing research in prevention methods, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and the potential role of artificial gravity are discussed in detail. Additionally, the review delves into interventions, potential pharmacological treatments, rehabilitation, and long-term management considerations for astronauts with SANS. The conclusion underscores the importance of continued research in SANS, addressing ongoing challenges, and highlighting unanswered questions. With the expansion of human space exploration, understanding and managing SANS is imperative to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts during long-duration missions. This review is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and space agencies striving to enhance our knowledge and address the complexities of SANS.

Rehabilitation Engineering: A Narrative Review on Recent Advances in Mobility Aids in India.

Mobility has been characterized as the capacity to move across an environment safely, pleasantly, elegantly, and autonomously. India's current population is 1.4 billion, out of which 2.3%, i.e., 32 million people, are suffering from some kind of disability. With the rise in the geriatric population, the incidence of non-communicable and communicable diseases also rises and presents the risk of disorders that may progress to disability. People often neglect their disability and learn to live with it, even when most of them can use rehabilitation programs in conjunction with various mobility aids. Affordable access to adequate healthcare and assistive devices is limited, contributing to the challenges faced by disabled adults. Despite the potential for many disabled individuals to engage in productive work, their employment rates remain significantly lower. Mobility aids can provide significant benefits to individuals affected by a range of medical conditions, including arthritis, cerebral palsy, developmental disabilities, diabetic ulcers and wounds, fractures or broken bones, injuries, and walking impairments resulting from brain injury or stroke. Each person is different and may require help in a certain way for their disability, so choosing the most appropriate aid is crucial for the individual's well-being. Commonly used mobility aids are canes, walking sticks, walkers, and wheelchairs, with prostheses being used less commonly. With the advent of techniques such as state-of-the-art 3D printing and challenging surgeries, various Indian tech companies, along with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have brought about many significant changes in the world of prosthesis by making it better, affordable, and accessible.

Understanding Alcohol Relapse in Liver Transplant Patients With Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review.

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) presents a significant global health concern, with liver transplantation being a crucial intervention for patients in the advanced stages of the disease. However, the persistent risk of alcohol relapse in transplant recipients with ALD remains a formidable challenge. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted nature of alcohol relapse, from its underlying factors to strategies for prevention. It highlights the importance of rigorous pre-transplant assessments, effective post-transplant interventions, and the role of multidisciplinary care teams in mitigating the risk of relapse. Furthermore, the review underscores the significance of adopting a holistic approach to ALD and transplantation, acknowledging the interconnectedness of medical, psychosocial, and psychological factors. With this holistic approach, we aim to enhance patient outcomes, reduce relapse rates, and ultimately improve the overall quality of life for individuals affected by ALD.

Giant Lipoma: A Case Report.

Lipomas are one of the most common, benign, slow-growing tumours composed of adipose (fat) tissue. These soft, rubbery lumps are usually painless and move easily when touched. Lipomas are generally small, ranging from less than an inch to a few inches in diameter. However, when a lipoma grows to a size larger than 10 cm (about 4 in), it is referred to as a giant lipoma. Only about 1% of all lipomas can be called "giant". Though usually they are benign, in the case of a very large lipoma it is essential to rule out the possibility of malignancy before embarking on its surgical treatment. Lipomas can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most commonly found on the neck, shoulders, back, abdomen, arms, or thighs. Here, we present a case of a 42-year-old woman with a giant lipoma over her left scapula.

Unlocking the Potential of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Remission.

Diabetes was considered manageable but not curable, but now there are methods by which diabetes can be reversed. The twin cycle hypothesis provides a bird's eye view on the pathogenesis of the onset of diabetes, which is necessary to understand for reversing the disease: it states that diabetes occurs due to a substantial accumulation of fat in the pancreas and liver, impairing the ß-cell function. Thus, we can infer that diabetes and obesity are two aspects of the same problem. Thus, the key to diabetes reversal is to reverse obesity. Bariatric surgery has shown promising results. Diabetes remission can also be achieved by reducing calories. A very low-calorie diet (VLCD) results in rapid weight loss. ß-cell recovery is possible if early-diagnosed individuals are treated with intensive insulin therapy. New drugs like liraglutide and tirzepatide also have the potential for diabetes reversal. Thus the age-old myth of diabetes being incurable is proven wrong.

Dietary Sources, Bioavailability, and Functions of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Its Role in the Common Cold, Tissue Healing, and Iron Metabolism.

Ascorbic acid is also popularly known as vitamin C or ascorbate. It is a water-soluble vitamin. Ascorbic acid is necessary for bone formation, wound healing, connective tissue growth, and the maintenance of healthy gum tissue. Antioxidants like ascorbic acid shield the body from free radical damage. In many illnesses and conditions, vitamin C is employed as a medicinal agent. It improves the immunity of the body, reduces the severity of allergies, and aids in the management of infectious disorders. Additionally, ascorbic acid has health benefits for conditions including atherosclerosis, cancer, the common cold, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Therefore, continuous efforts may open new avenues to understand the importance of vitamin C in managing various diseases.

Uncovering the Cardiovascular Threat: A Comprehensive Examination of Liver Fibrosis and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a global epidemic intricately linked to the rising tide of obesity and metabolic syndrome. This comprehensive review delves into the complex web of relationships between NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and subclinical atherosclerosis, shedding light on their interplay, shared risk factors, and clinical implications. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions, from the benign non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation and hepatocellular injury. Central to the discussion is the insidious development of liver fibrosis, the ominous harbinger of progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD, now affecting a quarter of the global population, poses a significant public health challenge. Its association with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome highlights the multifactorial nature of this disease. However, NAFLD's repercussions extend beyond the liver. This review unveils a potent connection between NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis, the early precursor to cardiovascular disease. Individuals with NAFLD face an elevated risk of atherosclerosis, even without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The intricate link between these two conditions is illuminated through shared pathophysiological pathways, including systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Understanding the interplay between liver fibrosis and subclinical atherosclerosis has profound clinical implications. Patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis are not only at risk of liver-related complications but also of cardiovascular events. This necessitates a holistic approach to patient care, with lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions simultaneously managing both conditions. Physicians must prioritize early detection and collaborate across disciplines to provide comprehensive care. Looking ahead, the future holds promising avenues of research. Emerging areas include genetics and precision medicine, microbiome research, and epigenetics, which may unveil new therapeutic targets. Innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics, such as non-invasive biomarkers and combination therapies, offer hope for more effective management. Long-term outcomes and survivorship research will provide insights into the lasting impact of interventions. In conclusion, this review underscores the imperative of addressing liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis in the context of NAFLD. It is a call to action for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers to work collaboratively, promote early detection, and advance our understanding of these interconnected conditions. By doing so, we can enhance patient outcomes and chart a course toward a healthier future for those grappling with NAFLD and its intricate web of consequences.

A Rare Case of Splenic Artery Aneurysm With Unusual Combination of Pancytopenia and Massive Splenomegaly in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Aneurysms of the splenic artery leading to extrahepatic portal hypertension are sporadic and infrequently encountered. They typically manifest as a consequence of thrombus or embolus formation. A splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) represents a localized expansion in the diameter of the splenic artery and is one of the most prevalent forms of visceral artery aneurysms. This artery dilation is primarily attributed to pancreatitis, trauma, or atherosclerosis, commonly affecting elderly patients. Patients affected by this condition typically remain asymptomatic, except for an audible bruit over the aneurysm site, unless a rupture occurs. In the event of a rupture, early indicators include abdominal pain, hemoperitoneum, and a positive Kerr sign, all indicative of SAA rupture. Most SAAs are incidentally discovered, with CT angiography being the preferred diagnostic tool. We present the case of a 38-year-old female (gravida 1, para 1) with a previous full-term normal delivery, who presented to a rural tertiary care hospital with a two-week history of left-sided abdominal pain. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a solitary aneurysm in the distal portion of the splenic artery, accompanied by perisplenic fluid collection resulting in splenomegaly. Given the critical risk of rupture, which can result in life-threatening bleeding, prompt and accurate diagnosis assumes paramount significance. It is worth noting that the diagnosis of SAA often occurs incidentally due to its asymptomatic nature in its early stages. We document this unique occurrence of extrahepatic SAA contributing to pancytopenia, portal hypertension, and extensive splenomegaly to provide valuable insights for medical professionals in recognizing and managing such presentations. This awareness can help prevent unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

A Dire Presentation of Carcinoma Cervix in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Case: A Salient Display.

Despite being one of the commonest malignancies among women worldwide, carcinoma of the cervix, due to its nonspecific symptoms, goes undiagnosed until it reaches advanced stages. This is especially true among women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the rate of screening for them is much less as compared to noninfected women. HIV infection greatly impacts the treatment and the prognosis of the diagnosed carcinoma. The existing common linkage between the occurrence of HIV and that of cervical cancer has some significant common elements such as low socio-economic conditions and poor hygiene. The treatment methods in such cases, prove to be of concern, taking into consideration the seropositive status of the case. Here, we discuss one such case of a seropositive patient who presented with complaints of leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. She had stable vitals, with a pulse rate of 86/minute and blood pressure of 100/80 mmHg. On clinical examination, she was diagnosed with stage International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) IIIB cervical carcinoma. Under all aseptic precautions, a cervical biopsy was taken and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was diagnosed. A multidisciplinary approach was decided as the course of action, after which she was referred to the department of medical oncology for chemoradiation. Five cycles with a dose of ten Gray (GY) per cycle were planned with concurrent chemotherapy with cisplatin per week. The patient was advised to follow up in the gynecology outpatient department after completion of her chemoradiation cycles for further evaluation and management.

Effects of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on Linear Growth: A Comprehensive Review.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has a significant effect on the growth of children. The disease has a negative effect on growth when considered in relation to the time period and metabolic control. Studies in this review have suggested debilitated growth in children with T1DM and have a few anomalies in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis when compared to fit children. Some studies show that children with T1DM were taller before the onset of the disease and during early diagnosis. Moreover, the linear growth depends on the interaction between the gonadotropin hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sex steroid hormones axis and GH-IGF-1; there's a rise in GH during puberty, which has an effect on the estrogen and testosterone, which leads to the pulsatile secretion of GH, this increment leads to insulin resistance. These studies suggest short stature in girls, and some suggest in both. The final height in boys was unchanged, but a slight decline was observed in girls. This review aims to provide the latest understanding of impaired height in children with T1DM. The most accepted and effective treatment of impaired growth is the administration of long-acting insulin or continuous rapid-acting insulin. However, height was affected by the administration of good basal insulin at puberty and was unaffected by the continuous subcutaneous insulin injection. Hence, new technologies are the therapeutic regimen in children, especially the prepubertal age group; it will be interesting to see their effects on growth patterns in these children with T1DM.

Unravelling the Interplay: Exploring the Influence of Previous Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis A Virus, and Hepatitis E Virus Infections on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

The intricate interplay between viral infections and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents a fascinating and clinically significant intersection of virology and hepatology. This review article delves into the complex relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and NAFLD. It outlines the shared mechanisms linking viral infections to NAFLD development, including their effects on lipid metabolism, immune responses, inflammation, and gut microbiota. The clinical implications of this interplay are explored, including challenges in diagnosis and management and potential therapeutic strategies. The review emphasises the need for a comprehensive understanding of these interactions as they impact disease progression, risk stratification, and treatment decisions. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of integrated approaches and personalised treatment paradigms for optimising patient care. As we navigate this intricate crossroads, the insights gained can reshape our understanding of liver health and contribute to more effective strategies for managing viral infections and NAFLD.

Becker's Nevus in a Male: A Case Report.

Nevus is a group of melanocytes that grow together to form a benign growth on the skin. It is often a black lesion that may protrude from the skin. Becker's nevus is a hyperpigmented lesion that presents congenitally or is acquired. The pigmentation and unusually high hair growth might grow darker with time. Becker's nevus, which can interchangeably be called Becker's melanosis, is a rare disease usually presented by men. The following case is of a 21-year-old male who presented with a hyperpigmented lesion on his right arm. The lesion started at age 16 and increased in size gradually; it involved the flexor surface of the right elbow joint and showed hypertrichosis with irregular margins. On examination, the top dermis contained melanophages, and the basal layer was hyperpigmented. Based on clinical appearance and examination, Becker's nevus was diagnosed.

Prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Link to Obesity in Adolescent Girls.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also referred to as Stein-Leventhal syndrome, happens to be one of most common hormonal disorders found in females, causing large-sized ovaries with small cysts of non-ovulated oocytes in the outer medulla part of the ovary. Women suffering from PCOS often exhibit symptoms like oligomenorrhoea, elevated testosterone levels, acne, alopecia, hirsutism, sudden weight gain and many more. It can predispose a woman to developing infertility in future, and thus, difficulties in conceiving; due to the cystic changes in the ovaries, it results in anovulation and amenorrhea. The early symptoms of PCOS are being commonly observed nowadays in young women who are in their early 20s and those who are overweight or obese. The metabolic expression of PCOS increases with obesity. Obesity is a factor that is considered to contribute the most in the occurrence of various long-standing and non-transmissible illnesses apart from PCOS such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, high blood cholesterol and even certain types of cancers. In obesity, there is an increase in the size and number of fat cells in the body. Obese and overweight young girls have a heightened likelihood of developing PCOS and its corresponding metabolic and reproductive health complications.

Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions.

Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. Differential diagnosis is crucial in terms of the early recognition and management of monkeypox. Given its similarity to other poxvirus infections, a thorough assessment of clinical symptoms, travel history, and exposure to potential reservoir hosts is essential. Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission. Nurses are at the forefront of enforcing these measures, educating patients, families, and healthcare staff about their significance, and ensuring strict adherence. Therapeutic interventions in monkeypox largely focus on supportive care and symptom management. Nurses occupy a central role in administering antiviral medications, providing wound care for skin lesions, and monitoring patients for potential complications such as secondary bacterial infections. Psychosocial support is equally important, as patients often experience fear and anxiety due to the disease's contagious nature. Nursing professionals offer compassionate care, address patients' emotional needs, and facilitate communication between patients and their families. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox entails a multifaceted approach involving differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. Nursing professionals serve as frontline caregivers, pivotal in early diagnosis, effective prevention strategies, and comprehensive patient management. As the global healthcare community faces an influx of emerging infectious diseases, the lessons learned from managing monkeypox can contribute to the creation of a more resilient and responsive nursing workforce capable of effectively addressing future health challenges.

Unveiling Skin Manifestations: Exploring Cutaneous Signs of Malnutrition in Eating Disorders.

The intricate interplay between eating disorders, malnutrition, and their cutaneous manifestations is the focal point of this comprehensive review. The review delves into the clinical significance of recognising and understanding these visible signs in the context of eating disorders. It highlights the vital role of nutrition in maintaining healthy skin and addresses the challenges associated with relying solely on cutaneous signs for diagnosis. Emphasising a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, psychiatrists, and nutritionists, the review underscores the holistic nature of the treatment. Addressing psychological aspects alongside nutritional rehabilitation is underscored with a forward-looking perspective on future research avenues. This review is valuable for healthcare professionals by synthesising existing knowledge and identifying research gaps. It aims to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and preventative strategies for individuals dealing with the complex challenges of eating disorders and malnutrition.

A Comprehensive Review of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptom Management in Autoimmune Gastritis: Current Insights and Future Directions.

Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to autoimmune dysregulation. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms associated with autoimmune gastritis can significantly impact an individual's quality of life and require effective management strategies. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of upper gastrointestinal symptom management in autoimmune gastritis, aiming to consolidate existing knowledge, identify gaps, and offer insights for future research and clinical practice. The review begins by discussing the background and significance of autoimmune gastritis, highlighting its prevalence and the impact of upper gastrointestinal symptoms on affected individuals. The pathophysiology and clinical presentation of autoimmune gastritis-related upper gastrointestinal symptoms are explored, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis and targeted management approaches. Diagnostic approaches, including diagnostic criteria, endoscopy, histology, and biomarkers, are critically examined, along with the challenges and limitations associated with diagnosing autoimmune gastritis. The review then delves into the pharmacological approaches for symptom relief, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 receptor antagonists. It explores the role of dietary modifications and lifestyle changes in symptom control. The article further discusses recent advancements in pharmacological interventions, novel therapeutic approaches, and the potential benefits of complementary and alternative medicine in symptom management. The concept of patient-centered approaches and personalized management strategies is emphasized, highlighting the importance of considering individual patient characteristics, treatment goals, and preferences. Recommendations for future research and clinical management are provided, including exploring emerging therapeutic targets, precision medicine approaches, and collaboration among researchers, clinicians, and patient advocacy groups. The review concludes by emphasizing the significance of implementing the findings and recommendations in clinical practice to enhance patient care and improve the quality of life for individuals with autoimmune gastritis.

Exploring the Relation Between Diabetes and HIV: A Narrative Review.

Diabetes mellitus, more usually abbreviated as DM or just diabetes, is a devastating metabolic disorder that claims many lives every year. Due to various variables, including the aging of the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-infected population and the high prevalence of chronic medical conditions among persons living with HIV, the crossroads of DM and HIV infection has become a significant research topic. Although the connection between HIV and diabetes is not simple, many aspects of the virus and its treatment have been connected to the onset of diabetes. The presence of inconclusive evidence that HIV is a risk factor for diabetes makes this area more challenging and debatable. This article examines the prevalence of DM in the HIV-positive community, along with its assessment, management, and treatment objectives. The most recent diabetes treatment recommendations from authoritative groups are considered in this article to give readers thorough and current advice. These guidelines emphasize the importance of tailoring pharmacological therapy and treatment goals to suit the specific needs of individuals with diabetes, including those who are also living with HIV. Individualizing treatment plans ensures that healthcare professionals consider comorbidities, medication interactions, and potential side effects when managing diabetes concerning HIV. In the later part of the article, a holistic approach is discussed to address the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and associated complications in HIV-positive individuals with diabetes. This approach aims to mitigate cardiovascular risks and improve overall health outcomes through comprehensive strategies such as lifestyle modifications, regular monitoring, medication management, and integration of multidisciplinary healthcare teams. By considering the unique challenges and considerations of individuals living with both HIV and diabetes, healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions and provide optimal care. In order to improve the life and health of persons living with HIV and diabetes, the article stresses the significance of cooperation amongst professionals in these fields.

Emerging Insights Into Necroptosis: Implications for Renal Health and Diseases.

Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death that has gained increasing attention in recent years. It plays a significant role in various physiological and pathological processes, including renal health and disease. This review article provides an overview of necroptosis as a regulated cell death pathway and explores its implications in renal physiology and renal diseases. The molecular signaling pathways involved in necroptosis, including the key players such as receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), are discussed in detail. The crosstalk between necroptosis and other cell death pathways, particularly apoptosis, is explored to understand the interplay between these processes in renal cells. In normal physiological conditions, necroptosis has been found to play a crucial role in renal development and tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulated necroptosis can contribute to tissue damage, inflammation, and fibrosis in renal diseases. The review highlights the involvement of necroptosis in acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and renal transplant rejection, elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences. The therapeutic targeting of necroptosis in renal diseases is an emerging area of interest. Current and emerging strategies to modulate necroptosis, including the inhibition of key mediators and regulators, are discussed here. Additionally, the potential therapeutic targets and inhibitors of necroptosis, along with preclinical and clinical studies exploring their efficacy, are reviewed.