Synthesis of Ni3 B/Ni via Vacuum-Induced for Ultrahigh Stable and Efficient Methanol Oxidation.

Designing efficient catalysts to promote the electrochemical oxidation of anodes is the core of the development of electrochemical synthesis technologies, such as HER and CO2 RR. Here, a novel vacuum induction strategy is used to synthesize nickel boride/nickel (Ni3 B/Ni) heterostructure catalyst for electrochemical oxidation of methanol into formic acid. The catalyst has extremely high reactivity (only 146.9 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 , the maximum current density reaches 555.70 mA mg-1 and 443.87 mA cm-2 ), ultra-high selectivity (Faraday efficiency of methanol conversion to formic acid is close to 100%), and ultra-long life (over 50 h at 100 mA cm-2 ). In-suit electrochemical impedance spectroscopy proved that MeOH is oxidized first and inhibits the phase transition of the electrocatalyst to the high-valent electrooxidation products, which not only enables the high selectivity of MeOH oxidation but also ensures high stability of the catalyst. The mechanism studies by density functional theory calculations show that the potential determining step, the formation of *CH2 O, occurs most favorably in the Ni3 B/Ni heterostructure. These results provide references for the development of MeOH oxidation catalysts with high activity, high stability, high selectivity, and low cost.

The Impact of Elsinoë ampelina Infection on Key Metabolic Properties in Vitis vinifera 'Red Globe' Berries via Multiomics Approaches.

Grape anthracnose caused by Elsinoë ampelina (Shear) is one of the most serious fungal diseases that lead to the quality reduction and yield losses of grape (Vitis vinifera 'Red Globe') berries. In the present study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted using grape berries in the field after infection with E. ampelina at 7, 10, and 13 days to identify the metabolic properties of berries. In total, 132 metabolites with significant differences and 6,877 differentially expressed genes were detected and shared by three comparisons. The analyses demonstrated that phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, stilbenoid, and nucleotide metabolisms were enriched in E. ampelina-infected grape berries but not amino acid metabolism. Phenolamide, terpene, and polyphenole contents also accumulated during E. ampelina infection. The results provided evidence of the enhancement of secondary metabolites such as resveratrol, α-viniferin, ε-viniferin, and lignins involved in plant defense. The results showed the plant defense-associated metabolic reprogramming caused by E. ampelina infection in grape berry and provided a global metabolic mechanism under E. ampelina stimulation.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Current status and future prospects of grapevine anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina: An important disease in humid grape-growing regions.

Anthracnose, caused by Elsinoe ampelina, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevines worldwide, especially in humid areas. E. ampelina mainly infects young tissues starting from shoots to berries and affects vine vigour and berry yield. The occurrence and the role of the sexual stage in the disease cycle and the grapevine-E. ampelina interaction remain poorly understood. However, the recent genome sequence data of E. ampelina provides the basis for further studies to understand its evolution, pathogenicity mechanisms, and effector repertoire. New studies on E. ampelina have been conducted in recent years. In this pathogen profile, we present a comprehensive literature review of E. ampelina to summarize the findings on its aetiology, infection mechanisms, genome, pathogenicity, and host resistance. TAXONOMY: Elsinoe ampelina Shear; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Dothideomycetes; Subclass Dothideomycetidae; Order Myriangiales Starbäck; Family Elsinoaceae Höhnel; Genus Elsinoe Racib. HOST RANGE: E. ampelina only infects Vitis species and hybrids. DISTRIBUTION: The grapevine anthracnose is distributed worldwide but is most prevalent in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, USA, and Uruguay. DISEASE SYMPTOMS: E. ampelina causes slightly abundant depressed spots on young leaves, petioles, stems, tendrils, rachises, and berries. Under severe infection conditions, early defoliation, berry dropping, and delayed berry development and ripening may occur. GENOME: The genomes of two E. ampelina isolates, YL-1 and CECT 20119, are publicly released with 8,057 and 10,207 predicted genes, respectively.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Grape-Elsinoë ampelina Pathosystem Reveals Novel Effectors and a Robust Defense Response.

Elsinoë ampelina is an ascomycetous fungus that causes grape anthracnose, a potentially devastating disease worldwide. In this study, a dual RNA-seq analysis was used to simultaneously monitor the fungal genes related to pathogenesis and grape genes related to defense during the interaction at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postinoculation. Consistent with their potential roles in pathogenicity, genes for carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, pathogen-host interaction, and those encoding secreted proteins are upregulated during infection. Based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we further showed that eight and nine candidate effectors, respectively, suppressed BAX- and INF1-mediated programmed cell death. The host response was characterized by the induction of multiple defense systems against E. ampelina, including synthesis of phenylpropanoids, stilbenes, and terpenoid biosynthesis, cell-wall modifications, regulation by phytohormones, and expression of defense-related genes. Together, these findings offer new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the grape-E. ampelina interaction.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Genome Sequence Resource for Elsinoë ampelina, the Causal Organism of Grapevine Anthracnose.

Elsinoë ampelina is an ascomycetous fungus that causes grape anthracnose, a potentially devastating disease worldwide. Here, we report a 28.29 Mb high-quality genome sequence of E. ampelina YL-1 that encodes 8,057 predicted protein-coding genes and represents the first sequenced genome assembly of E. ampelina. This study adds to the current genomic resources for the genus Elsinoë and paves the way for research on comparative genomic studies, E. ampelina-grape interactions, and improvement of management strategies.

The Endophytic Fungus Albifimbria verrucaria from Wild Grape as an Antagonist of Botrytis cinerea and Other Grape Pathogens.

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases in table and wine grapes, affecting grape quality and yields. In this study, we isolated several endophytic fungi, including Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris cynodontis, Phoma sp., and Albifimbria verrucaria, from leaves of Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) cultivar Shuangyou and investigated their biocontrol activity against B. cinerea. In vitro dual assay showed that A. verrucaria isolate SYE-1 inhibited growth of B. cinerea. The isolate also had a wide range of biocontrol activity against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Elsinoë ampelina. Mycelial growth and conidium germination of B. cinerea were significantly inhibited by metabolites of A. verrucaria in agar plates and culture extracts of A. verrucaria from liquid culture. The isolate produced a total chitinase activity of 0.4 U/ml after incubation for 10 days in Czapek's liquid medium. In addition, application of culture extracts of A. verrucaria prior to B. cinerea inoculation significantly reduced disease severity on grape leaves of the susceptible cultivar Red Globe. Taken together, our results indicate that A. verrucaria has potential as a biocontrol agent to control grape gray mold.

Application of a novel co-enzyme reactor in chemiluminescence flow-through biosensor for determination of lactose.

A novel enzyme reactor with co-immobilization of beta-galactosidase and glucose oxidase in calcium alginate fiber (CAF) and amine modified nanosized mesoporous silica (AMNMS) was prepared which incorporate the adsorption and catalysis of AMNMS with the cage effect of the polymer to increase catalytic activity and stability of immobilized enzyme. The enzyme reactor was applied to prepare a chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through biosensor for determination of lactose combined with a novel luminol-diperiodatonickelate (DPN) CL system we reported. It shows that the CL flow-through biosensor possesses long lifetime, high stability, high catalytic activity and sensitivity. The relative CL intensity was linear with the lactose concentration in the range of 8 x 10(-8) - 4 x 10(-6) g mL(-1) with the detection limit of 2.7 x 10(-8) g mL(-1) (3sigma). It has been successfully applied to the determination of lactose in milk.

Development of a novel enzyme reactor and application as a chemiluminescence flow-through biosensor.

A novel enzyme reactor was prepared using calcium alginate fiber (CAF) and amine-modified nanosized mesoporous silica (AMNMS) as a support. Combination of the adsorption of the enzyme on AMNMS with the cage effect of the polymer greatly increases the catalytic activity and the stability of the immobilized enzyme. It was shown that the lifetime, stability, and catalytic activity of the enzyme reactor were greatly improved by incorporating AMNMS into CAF to efficiently encapsulate the enzyme. Glucose oxidase was chosen as a model enzyme to explore the possibility of using CAF-AMNMS as a matrix for enzyme immobilization in the design of a chemiluminescence (CL) flow-through biosensor. The sensitivity of the flow-through biosensor combined with a novel luminol-diperiodatonickelate CL system was higher than for other reported CL biosensors. The proposed biosensor exhibits short response time, easy operation, long lifetime, high catalytic activity, high sensitivity, and simple assembly.

Molecularly imprinted polymer-based chemiluminescence array sensor for the detection of proline.

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-chemiluminescence (CL) method has been developed for detection of proline. The molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were synthesized using precipitation polymerization with hydroxyproline, a structural analogue, as the template. Polymer microspheres were immobilized in microtiter plates (96 wells) which selectively adsorbed the analyte (dansyl-proline). After washing, the bound fraction was quantified based on peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO-CL) reaction enhanced by imidazole. The cavity of MIP synthesized with hydroxyproline as template is smaller, which can avoid non-specific adsorption and lead to enhancement of specificity, response speed and sensitivity when recognizing dansyl-proline. Under the optimum conditions, the relative CL intensity has a linear relationship with the concentration of proline in the range of 1x10(-6) mol L(-1) to 4x10(-5) mol L(-1), with a limit of detection 3x10(-7) mol L(-1) (3sigma). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for proline (1x10(-6) mol L(-1), n=7) was 3.7%. The MIP-CL method can become a useful analytical technology for determination of proline in real sample.