Impacts of Interleukin-10 Promoter Genotypes on Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene have been implicated in PCa susceptibility, development, and progression. This study aims to assess the contributions of three IL-10 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), A-1082G (rs1800896), T-819C (rs3021097), and A-592C (rs1800872), to the risk of PCa in Taiwan. The three IL-10 genotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP methodology and were evaluated for their contributions to PCa risk among 218 PCa patients and 436 non-PCa controls. None of the three IL-10 SNPs were significantly associated with the risks of PCa (p all > 0.05) in the overall analyses. However, the GG at rs1800896 combined with smoking behavior was found to significantly increase the risk of PCa by 3.90-fold (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.28-11.89, p = 0.0231). In addition, the rs1800896 AG and GGs were found to be correlated with the late stages of PCa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.90 and 6.42, 95% CI = 1.05-3.45 and 2.30-17.89, p = 0.0452 and 0.0003, respectively). The IL-10 promoter SNP, A-1082G (rs1800896), might be a risk factor for PCa development among smokers and those at late stages of the disease. These findings should be validated in larger and more diverse populations.

Associations of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Genotypes to Renal Cell Carcinoma in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents a formidable clinical challenge due to its aggressive behavior and limited therapeutic options. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has recently emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for various cancers. However, the genetic involvement of MMP-8 in RCC has remained largely obscure. This study aimed to elucidate the role of MMP-8 genotypes in RCC susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was employed to scrutinize the genotypes of MMP-8 C-799T (rs11225395), Val436Ala (rs34009635), and Lys460Thr (rs35866072) among 118 RCC patients and 590 controls. Furthermore, potential associations between MMP-8 genotypes and age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, and family history status in relation to RCC risk were assessed. RESULTS: No significant disparities in the distribution of MMP-8 rs11225395, rs34009635, and rs35866072 genotypes were observed between the RCC case and control cohorts (p>0.05). Individuals with CT and TT genotypes at MMP-8 rs11225395 exhibited 0.86- and 0.80-fold RCC risks, respectively (OR=0.57-1.31 and 0.42-1.55, p=0.5585 and 0.6228, respectively). Intriguingly, hypertensive individuals carrying the MMP-8 rs11225395 CT or TT genotype demonstrated an elevated risk for RCC compared to those with wild-type CC genotype (p=0.0440). No interactions of MMP-8 genotypes with age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, or diabetes status were evident (all p>0.05). No significant association was discerned for MMP-8 rs34009635 or rs35866072 genotypes. CONCLUSION: MMP-8 genotypes appear to have a modest influence on individual susceptibility to RCC. Hypertensive patients with the CT or TT MMP-8 rs11225395 genotype may have an elevated risk of RCC.

Impacts of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Genotypes on Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is elevated in various renal diseases, including renal cell carcinoma. However, the role of MMP9 genotype in this context remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between MMP9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MMP9 rs3918242 genotypes of 118 patients with renal cell carcinoma and 590 healthy subjects were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: The results indicated that individuals carrying the CT or TT genotype of MMP9 rs3918242 did not exhibit an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma compared to wild-type CC carriers (odds ratio=1.20 and 2.68, 95% confidence interval=0.75-1.92 and 0.89-8.03; p=0.5270 and 0.1420, respectively). However, individuals with the CT and TT genotypes had a higher prevalence of renal cell carcinoma than those with the CC genotype when they also had hypertension (p=0.0010), diabetes (p=0.0010), or a family history of cancer (p<0.00001). No correlation was observed between MMP9 rs3918242 genotypic distribution and age (60 years or younger vs. older than 60 years) or sex (both p>0.05). Additionally, no correlation was found between MMP9 rs3918242 genotype and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in individuals with smoking or alcohol consumption habits. CONCLUSION: Carrying the T allele for MMP9 rs3918242 may predict a higher risk of renal cell carcinoma among individuals diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or with a family history of cancer.

Real-time adaptive ultrashort pulse compressor for dynamic group delay dispersion compensation.

The optical dispersion effect in ultrafast pulse laser systems broadens the laser pulse duration and reduces the theoretical peak power. The present study proposes an adaptive ultrashort pulse compressor for compensating the optical dispersion using a direct optical-dispersion estimation by spectrogram (DOES) method. The DOES has fast and accurate computation time which is suitable for real time controller design. In the proposed approach, the group delay dispersion (GDD) and its polarity are estimated directly from the delay marginal of the trace obtained from a single-shot frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG). The estimated GDD is then processed by a closed-loop controller, which generates a command signal to drive a linear deformable mirror as required to achieve the desired laser pulse compression. The dispersion analysis, control computation, and deformable mirror control processes are implemented on a single field programmable gate array (FPGA). It is shown that the DOES dispersion computation process requires just 0.5 ms to complete. Moreover, the proposed pulse compressor compensates for both static dispersion and dynamic dispersion within five time steps when closed-loop controller is performed at a frequency of 100 Hz. The experimental results show that the proposed pulse compressor yields an effective fluorescence intensity improvement in a multiphoton excited fluorescence microscope (MPEFM).

Fast and direct optical dispersion estimation for ultrafast laser pulse compression.

In ultrashort pulse laser applications, optical dispersion seriously affects the energy concentration in the laser pulse duration and lowers the peak power. Accordingly, this study proposes a rapid dispersion estimation mechanism to facilitate the compensation of optical dispersion using a closed-loop control system. In the proposed approach, the optical dispersion information of the laser pulse is estimated directly from a frequency-resolved optical gating trace without the need for an iterative pulse-retrieval algorithm. In particular, the group delay dispersion (GDD) is determined from frequency and delay marginals, which are related to the laser spectrum and intensity autocorrelation, respectively, using a simple lookup table approach. The accuracy of the estimated GDD results is confirmed via a comparison with the spectral phase distribution of the electric field reconstructed using the principal component generalized projections algorithm. It is shown that the computation time of the proposed direct estimation method is around 13 times faster than that of the traditional iterative algorithm. It thus provides a feasible approach for enabling the real-time compensation of ultrafast laser pulse compression. Moreover, in a multiphoton-excited fluorescence imaging application, the proposed pulse compression mechanism yields an effective improvement in the intensity and contrast of the reconstructed image due to the increased nonlinear optical excitation efficiency of the optimized laser pulses.

The effects of proton pump inhibitor on hepatic vascular responsiveness and hemodynamics in cirrhotic rats.

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is associated with increased intrahepatic resistance due to hepatic fibrosis and exaggerated vasoconstriction. Recent studies have indicated that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), in addition to acid suppression, modulate vasoactive substances and vasoresponsiveness. PPIs are frequently prescribed in patients with cirrhosis due to a higher prevalence of peptic ulcers, however other impacts are unknown. METHODS: Liver cirrhosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with common bile duct ligation (BDL). On the 29th day after BDL and after hemodynamic measurements, the intrahepatic vascular responsiveness to high concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) was evaluated after preincubation with (1) Krebs solution (vehicle), (2) esomeprazole (30 µM), or (3) esomeprazole plus Nω-nitro l-arginine (NNA, a non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, 10-4 M). After perfusion, the hepatic protein expressions of endothelial NOS (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, endothelin-1, DDAH-1 (dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1, ADMA inhibitor), DDAH-2, ADMA (asymmetrical dimethyl arginine, NOS inhibitor) were evaluated. In the chronic model, the BDL rats received (1) vehicle; or (2) esomeprazole (3.6 mg/kg/day, oral gavage) from the 1st to 28th day after BDL. On the 29th day and after hemodynamic measurements, plasma liver biochemistry and liver fibrosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Esomeprazole did not affect hepatic ET-1 vasoresponsiveness. The hepatic protein expressions of the aforementioned factors were not significantly different among the groups. There were no significant differences in hemodynamics, liver biochemistry and hepatic fibrosis after chronic esomeprazole administration. CONCLUSION: PPIs did not affect hepatic vasoresponsiveness or the release of vasoactive substances. Furthermore, they did not influence hemodynamics, liver biochemistry or severity of hepatic fibrosis in the cirrhotic rats.

An Environmentally Friendly Method for Testing Photocatalytic Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Propagation on a Hybrid Ag-TiO2 Photocatalyst under Solar Illumination.

Cyanobacteria were inactivated under sunlight using mixed phase silver (Ag) and deposited titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated on the surface of diatomite (DM) as a hybrid photocatalyst (Ag-TiO2/DM). The endpoints of dose-response experiments were chlorophyll a, photosynthetic efficiency, and flow cytometry measurements. In vitro experiments revealed that axenic cultures of planktonic cyanobacteria lost their photosynthetic activity following photocatalyzed exposure to sunlight for more than 24 h. Nearly 92% of Microcystis aeruginosa cells lost their photosynthetic activity, and their cell morphology was severely damaged within 24 h of the reaction. Preliminary carbon-14 ((14)CO3(-2)) results suggest that the complete inactivation of cyanobacteria arises from damage to cell wall components (peroxidation). A small concomitant increase in cell wall disorder and a consequent decrease in cell wall functional groups increase the cell wall fluidity prior to cell lysis. A high dosage of Ag-TiO2/DM during photocatalysis increased the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the Microcystis aeruginosa suspension by up to approximately 260%. However, photocatalytic treatment had a small effect on the disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor, as revealed by only a slight increase in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).

Dimethyl disulfide is an induced systemic resistance elicitor produced by Bacillus cereus C1L.

BACKGROUND: Bacillus cereus C1L is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium and can elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants against necrotrophic pathogens. However, little is known about ISR elicitors produced by B. cereus C1L, and no ISR elicitor has been identified and characterised. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify volatile ISR elicitor(s) produced by B. cereus C1L. RESULTS: The volatile metabolites produced by B. cereus C1L were extracted, separated and identified by solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) was the only separated metabolite being determined. Afterwards, application of DMDS by means of soil drench significantly protected tobacco and corn plants against Botrytis cinerea and Cochliobolus heterostrophus, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. The results reveal that DMDS could play an important role in ISR by B. cereus C1L. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of DMDS as an elicitor produced by an ISR-eliciting B. cereus strain and its ability to suppress plant fungal diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that DMDS has potential for practical use in controlling plant foliar diseases besides soil fumigation.

Effects of carrying methods and box handles on two-person team carrying capacity for females.

This study used a psychophysical approach to examine the effects of carrying methods and the presence or absence of box handles on the maximum acceptable weight carried and resulting responses (heart rate and rating of perceived exertion) in a two-person carrying task. After training, 16 female subjects performed a two-person carrying task at knuckle height for an 8-h work period. Each subject performed 4 different carrying combinations two times. The independent variables were carrying methods (parallel and tandem walking) and box handles (with and without handles). For comparison with two-person carrying, the subjects also performed one-person carrying. The results showed that the maximum acceptable weight carried (MAWC), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were significantly affected by the presence of box handles. However, the subjects' MAWC, HR, and RPE values were not significantly influenced by the carrying methods. The test-retest reliability of the psychophysical approach was 0.945. The carrying efficiency of two-person carrying was 96.2% of the one-person carrying method. In general, the use of box with handles allows the subjects to carry a higher MAWC (with lower HR and RPE) compared to carrying boxes without handles.