Inorganic lead-free perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with broadband self-trapped exciton (STEs) emission and low toxicity have shown enormous application prospects in the field of display and lighting. However, white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) based on a single-component material with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) remain challenging. Here, we demonstrate a novel codoping strategy by introducing Sb3+/Mn2+ ions to achieve the tuneable dual emission in lead-free perovskite Cs3InCl6 NCs. The PLQY increases to 59.64% after doping with Sb3+. The codoped Cs3InCl6 NCs exhibit efficient white light emission due to the energy transfer channel from STEs to Mn2+ ions with PLQY of 51.38%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to verify deeply the effects of Sb3+/Mn2+ doping. WLEDs based on Sb3+/Mn2+-codoped Cs3InCl6 NCs are explored with color rendering index of 85.5 and color coordinate of (0.398, 0.445), which have been successfully applied as photodetector lighting sources. This work provides a new perspective for designing novel lead-free perovskites to achieve single-component WLEDs.
Powdered infant formula (PIF) is prone to Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) contamination, which can result in infections that endanger the lives of newborns and infants. Slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW) has shown antibacterial effects on a variety of foodborne pathogens and has a wide applicability in the food industry. Here, the antibacterial activity of SAEW against C. sakazakii and its use as a disinfectant on contact surfaces with high infection transmission risk were investigated. The inactivation of SAEW on C. sakazakii was positively correlated to the SAEW concentration and treatment time. The antibacterial effect of SAEW was achieved by decreasing the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), K+, protein, and DNA contents of C. sakazakii, reducing the intracellular pH (pHin) and destroying the cell morphology, which led to inactivation of C. sakazakii ultimately. To test the applicability of this study, the results showed that approximately 103 CFU/cm2 of C. sakazakii were successfully inactivated on stainless steel and rubber surfaces after a 30 mg/L SAEW treatment for 20 s. These results indicate the antibacterial mechanism and potential application of SAEW against C. sakazakii, as well as a new strategy for the prevention and control of C. sakazakii on stainless steel and rubber surfaces.
Carbon-based carbides have attracted tremendous attention for electromagnetic energy attenuation due to their adjustable dielectric properties, oxidation resistance, and good chemical stability. Herein, we reasonably regulate the growth of dopamine hydrochloride on the surface of the Mo-glycerate (Mo-GL) microsphere and then transform the resultant Mo-polydopamine (Mo-PD) microsphere into a dual-shell Mo2C/C (DS-Mo2C/C) microsphere in a high-temperature pyrolysis process under an inert atmosphere. It is found that the pyrolysis temperature plays an important role in the graphitization degree of the carbon matrix and internal architecture. The fabrication of a dual-shell structure can be propitious to the optimization of impedance matching, and the introduction of Mo2C nanoparticles also prompts the accumulation of polarization loss. When the pyrolysis temperature reaches 800 °C, the optimized composite of DS-Mo2C/C-800 exhibits good EM absorption performance in the frequency range of 2.0-18.0 GHz. DS-Mo2C/C-800's qualified bandwidth can reach 4.4 GHz at a matching thickness of 1.5 mm, and the integrated qualified bandwidth (QBW) even exceeds 14.5 GHz with a thickness range of 1.5-5.0 mm. The positive effects of the dual-shell structure and Mo2C nanoparticles on EM energy attenuation may render the DS-Mo2C/C microsphere as a promising candidate for lightweight and broad bandwidth EM absorption materials in the future.
Absorption, Radiation , Pyrolysis , Microspheres , Carbon , Atmosphere
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cronobacter sakazakii in goat milk-based infant formula (GIF) collected from Shaanxi Province, China, and reveal the molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance profile of these isolates. A total of 750 GIF samples were collected from the retail markets in 5 cities in Shaanxi Province from February 2019 to February 2021. Molecular characterization was investigated using multilocus sequence typing and O-antigen serotyping. Antibiotic resistance of C. sakazakii isolates was assessed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Thirty-two strains of C. sakazakii were isolated from GIF samples with a prevalence rate of 4.27% and were divided into 16 sequence types (STs); among them, ST4 (6/32, 18.75%) and ST21 (5/32, 15.63%) were dominant. Five C. sakazakii serotypes (O2, O1, O7, O4, and O3) were detected, and C. sakazakii serotype O2 (15/32, 46.88%) was the main. Of the 21 antimicrobials, isolates showed higher resistance against cephalothin (87.5%), amoxicillin (25%), azithromycin (18.75%), oxytetracycline (18.75%), ampicillin (12.5%), and streptomycin (12.5%). In addition, three isolates were found to be resistant to three antimicrobials. These findings revealed the potential epidemiological risk and characterization of C. sakazakii in GIF from Shaanxi Province, China, and provided reference data for the effective prevention and control of C. sakazakii in powdered infant formula.
Cronobacter sakazakii , Cronobacter , Animals , China/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Food Microbiology , Goats , Humans , Infant , Infant Formula , Milk
The side-channel security of lattice-based post-quantum cryptography has gained extensive attention since the standardization of post-quantum cryptography. Based on the leakage mechanism in the decapsulation stage of LWE/LWR-based post-quantum cryptography, a message recovery method, with templates and cyclic message rotation targeting the message decoding operation, was proposed. The templates were constructed for the intermediate state based on the Hamming weight model and cyclic message rotation was used to construct special ciphertexts. Using the power leakage during operation, secret messages in the LWE/LWR-based schemes were recovered. The proposed method was verified on CRYSTAL-Kyber. The experimental results demonstrated that this method could successfully recover the secret messages used in the encapsulation stage, thereby recovering the shared key. Compared with existing methods, the power traces required for templates and attack were both reduced. The success rate was significantly increased under the low SNR, indicating a better performance with lower recovery cost. The message recovery success rate could reach 99.6% with sufficient SNR.
Recently, abundant resources, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are deemed to the new-generation battery in the field of large-scale energy storage. Nevertheless, poor active reaction dynamics, dissolution of intermediates and electrolyte matching problems are significant challenges that need to be solved. Herein, dimensional gradient structure of sheet-tube-dots is constructed with CoSe2@CNTs-MXene. Gradient structure is conducive to fast migration of electrons and ions with the association of ether electrolyte. For half-cell, CoSe2@CNTs-MXene exhibits high initial coulomb efficiency (81.7%) and excellent cycling performance (400 mAh g-1 cycling for 200 times in 2 A g-1). Phase transformation pathway from crystalline CoSe2-Na2Se with Co and then amorphous CoSe2 in the discharge/charge process is also explored by in situ X-ray diffraction. Density functional theory study discloses the CoSe2@CNTs-MXene in ether electrolyte system which contributes to stable sodium storage performance owing to the strong adsorption force from hierarchical structure and weak interaction between electrolyte and electrode interface. For full cell, CoSe2@CNTs-MXene//Na3V2 (PO4)3/C full battery can also afford a competitively reversible capacity of 280 mAh g-1 over 50 cycles. Concisely, profiting from dimensional gradient structure and matched electrolyte of CoSe2@CNTs-MXene hold great application potential for stable sodium storage.
With the growth of demand for flexible devices, the development of flexible electrodes used in energy storage devices has attracted much attention of researchers. In this work, a thin flexible cathode of Prussian blue analogue@polyaniline rooted in carbon cloth has been fabricated. The Prussian blue analogue (PBA) is an electrochemically active material grafted on flexible carbon cloth substrates, which had been precoated with polyaniline. Polyaniline as an intermediate layer can not only improve the overall electronic conductivity of the electrode but also enhance the adhesion and load of the PBAs. The electrochemical properties of the flexible cathode with a "sandwich" structure were determined in half-cells, with a superior capacity of 151 mA h·g-1 and a striking cyclability with 96% capacity retention over 100 cycles at 100 mA h·g-1. This work proposes a novel perspective for the structural construction and material synthesis of flexible positive electrodes and gives new options for the practical application of flexible batteries.
Prussian blue analogues are potential competitive energy storage materials due to their diverse metal combinations and wide three-dimensional ion channels. Here, we prepared a new highly crystalline monoclinic nickel-doped cobalt hexacyanoferrate via a feasible and simple one-step co-precipitation method. In the process of sodium-ion de-intercalation, three stable charge and discharge platforms, which are consistent with the cyclic voltammetry performance, are seen for the first time, showing the function of nickel ions in Prussian blue. Furthermore, the charge transfer and structural evolution caused by the transmission of sodium ions were well revealed via ex situ XRD, ex situ XPS, and in situ EIS studies. Simulation calculations are performed relating to the energy band structure and the highest-occupied bonding orbitals of the system in different charge states, revealing the charge and discharge mechanism of the nickel-doped material and the reason for the emergence of the new platform at low voltages. In addition, NaNi0.17Co0.83Fe(CN)6 also delivers a striking capacity of 146 mA h g-1 and superior cyclability, with 93% capacity retention over 100 cycles; it can be considered as a promising alternative cathode material for use in sodium-ion batteries.
Highly efficient and blue-emitting CsPbBr3 quantum dots were successfully synthesized by two-step supersaturated recrystallization under ambient condition. This method could control the particle size within 2.8 nm, thus resulting in strong quantum confinement effect of the products. The as-synthesized CsPbBr3 quantum dots presented outstanding optical properties with highest photo-luminescence quantum yield of 87.20% and longest PL lifetime of 12.24 ns. The blue light-emitting diode made from the CsPbBr3 quantum dots exhibited a CIE coordinate (0.14, 0.10), in good agreement with the standard blue CIE coordinate (0.14, 0.08) of National Television System Committee (NTSC).
Photodetectors based on high-performance, two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are limited by the synthesis of larger-area 2D TMDCs with high quality and optimized device structure. Herein, we report, for the first time, a uniform and stacked-layered MoSe2 film of high quality was deposited onto Si substrate by using the pulsed laser deposition technique, and then in situ constructed layered MoSe2/Si 2D-3D vertical heterojunction. The resultant heterojunction showed a wide near-infrared response up to 1550 nm, with both ultra-high detectivity up to 1.4 × 1014 Jones and a response speed approaching 120 ns at zero bias, which are much better than most previous 2D TMDC-based photodetectors and are comparable to that of commercial Si photodiodes. The high performance of the layered MoSe2/Si heterojunction can be attributed to be the high-quality stacked-layered MoSe2 film, the excellent rectifying behavior of the device and the n-n heterojunction structure. Moreover, the defect-enhanced near-infrared response was determined to be Se vacancies from the density functional theory (DFT) simulations. These results suggest great potential of the layered MoSe2/Si 2D-3D heterojunctions in the field of communication light detection. More importantly, the in situ grown heterojunctions are expected to boost the development of other 2D TMDCs heterojunction-based optoelectronic devices.
Dysfunctions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-regulated cell migration and invasion have been involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). However, the role of circRNAs in EMT of PE has not been widely investigated. In this study, we identified that circTNRC18 was upregulated in PE placentas compared with normal pregnancy placentas. Moreover, circTNRC18 negatively regulated trophoblast cell migration and EMT. Overexpression of circTNRC18 reduced while depletion of circTNRC18 enhanced trophoblast cell migration and EMT. Mechanistically, circTNRC18 sponged miR-762 contributed to inhibit miR-762 activity and elevated EMT-related transcriptional factor Grhl2 protein level. miR-762 expression was lower in PE placentas and played a promoting role in trophoblast cell migration and EMT. In contrast, Grhl2 was highly expressed in PE placentas. Furthermore, we confirmed that upregulation of Grhl2 by circ-TNRC18-induced inhibition of miR-762 led to trophoblast cell migration and EMT. In conclusions, circTNRC18/miR-762/Grhl2 axis plays a key role in trophoblast cell migration and EMT. circTNRC18/miR-762/Grhl2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target in PE.
DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , MicroRNAs/genetics , Pre-Eclampsia/genetics , RNA, Circular/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Trophoblasts/cytology , Cell Line , Cell Movement , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Female , Humans , Pre-Eclampsia/metabolism , Pregnancy , Transcription Factors/genetics , Trophoblasts/metabolism , Up-Regulation
Instability of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) toward humidity remains one of the major obstacles for their long-term use in optoelectronic devices. Herein, a general amphiphilic star-like block copolymer nanoreactor strategy for in situ crafting a set of hairy perovskite QDs with precisely tunable size and exceptionally high water and colloidal stabilities is presented. The selective partition of precursors within the compartment occupied by inner hydrophilic blocks of star-like diblock copolymers imparts in situ formation of robust hairy perovskite QDs permanently ligated by outer hydrophobic blocks via coprecipitation in nonpolar solvent. These size- and composition-tunable perovskite QDs reveal impressive water and colloidal stabilities as the surface of QDs is intimately and permanently ligated by a layer of outer hydrophobic polymer hairs. More intriguingly, the readily alterable length of outer hydrophobic polymers renders the remarkable control over the stability enhancement of hairy perovskite QDs.
Coriolus versicoloris is one of the well-known traditional medicinal mushrooms used in China for over 2000 years. Polysaccharopeptide (PSP) is identified as the major bioactive component, which can be obtained from the mycelium or fermentation broth of Coriolus versicolor. The polysaccharide content in PSP is ~60% and the peptide content in PSP is ~10-30%. The main monosaccharides found in PSP include glucose, mannose, and a small amount of galactose, xylose, and fucose. ß-Glucan is one of the identified components in PSP with the established immunomodulatory function. PSP was approved by the authority and has been used clinically in Japan and China since 1970s. PSP is helpful in improving the survival and quality of life in patients suffering cancers, hepatopathy, hyperlipidemia, chronic bronchitis, and other complex diseases. In this article, the preclinical and clinical studies of PSP are summarized over the past 41 years based on a literature search covering the CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases. Current studies support PSP as an immunotherapeutic. PSP activates and enhances the function and recognition ability of immune cells, strengthens the phagocytosis of macrophages, increases the expressions of cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1ß and IL-6), histamine, and prostaglandin E, stimulates the filtration of both dendritic cells and T-cells into tumors, and ameliorates the adverse events associated with chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has been widely used in cancer treatment. However, to use PSP as an immunotherapeutic at world stage, further chemical, biochemical and pharmacological studies of PSP are needed.
Agaricales/chemistry , Immunotherapy , Proteoglycans/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , China , Humans , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Proteoglycans/chemistry
We report a simple, robust, and inexpensive strategy to enable all-inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with a set of markedly improved stabilities, that is, water stability, compositional stability, phase stability, and phase segregation stability via impregnating them in solid organic salt matrices (i.e., metal stearate; MSt). In addition to acting as matrices, MSt also functions as the ligand bound to the surface of CsPbX3 NCs, thereby eliminating the potential damage of NCs commonly encountered during purification as in copious past work. Quite intriguingly, the resulting CsPbX3-MSt nanocomposites display an outstanding suite of stabilities. First, they retain high emission in the presence of water because of the insolubility of MSt in water, signifying their excellent water stability. Second, anion exchange between CsPbBr3-MSt and CsPbI3-MSt nanocomposites is greatly suppressed. This can be ascribed to the efficient coating of MSt, thus effectively isolating the contact between CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 NCs, reflecting notable compositional stability. Third, remarkably, after being impregnated by MSt, the resulting CsPbI3-MSt nanocomposites sustain the cubic phase of CsPbI3 and high emission, manifesting the strikingly improved phase stability. Finally, phase segregation of CsPbBr1.5I1.5 NCs is arrested via the MSt encapsulation (i.e., no formation of the respective CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3), thus rendering pure and stable photoluminescence (i.e., demonstration of phase segregation stability). Notably, when assembled into typical white light-emitting diode architecture, CsPbBr1.5I1.5-MSt nanocomposites exhibit appealing performance, including a high color rendering index ( Ra) and a low color temperature ( Tc). As such, the judicious encapsulation of perovskite NCs into organic salts represents a facile and robust strategy for creating high-quality solid-state luminophores for use in optoelectronic devices.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The up-regulation of hepatocyte growth factor/receptor, HGF/Met, signal transduction is observed in most of human cancers. Specific heparan sulfate structures enhance the HGF/Met signaling at both cell and animal-based model systems. Biochemical studies indicate that heparan sulfate interacts with HGF and a natural occurring splicing variant NK1 of HGF with similar affinity. However, it is currently unknown if cell surface heparan sulfate binds to Met at physiological conditions and if specific cell surface heparan sulfate structures are required for effective HGF/Met or NK1/Met signaling. METHODS: An established flow sorting strategy was used to isolate a soluble Met recombinant protein-binding positive or negative CHO cell clones different only in specific heparan sulfate structures. The cell surface bindings were imaged by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Glucosamine vs. galactosamine contents from media-, cell surface-, and cell association glycosaminoglycans were quantified by HPLC. 35S-sulfate labeled glycosaminoglycans were characterized by anion exchange and size-exclusion HPLC. Heparan sulfate disaccharide compositions were determined by HPLC-MS analysis. Western blot analyses of MAPK-p42/44 were used to monitor HGF- and NK1-facillated Met signaling. RESULTS: CHO-Positive but not CHO-Negative cell surface heparan sulfate bound to Met recombinant protein and HGF/NK1 further promoted the binding. Overall glycosaminoglycan analysis results indicated that the CHO-Negative cells had reduced amount of heparan sulfate, shorter chain length, and less 6-O-sulfated disaccharides compared to that of CHO-Positive cells. Moreover, CHO-Negative cells were defective in NK1/Met but not HGF/Met signaling. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that soluble Met recombinant protein bound to cell surface HS at physiological conditions and a Met /HGF or NK1/HS ternary signaling complex might be involved in Met signaling. Shorter HS chains and reduced 6-O-sulfation might be responsible for reduced Met binding and the diminished NK1-initiated signaling in the CHO-Negative cells. The unique CHO-Positive and CHO-Negative cell clones established in current study should be effective tools for studying the role of specific glycosaminoglycan structures in regulating Met signaling. Such knowledge should be useful in developing glycosaminoglycan-based compounds that target HGF/Met signaling.
Heparitin Sulfate/analysis , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism , Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Animals , CHO Cells , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Disaccharides/analysis , Glycosaminoglycans/analysis , Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry , Heparitin Sulfate/chemistry , Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/chemistry , Humans , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Protein Binding , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/chemistry , Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism , Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
PURPOSE: Lentinan is a polysaccharide extracted from Shiitake mushrooms that have been used to improve general health for thousands of years in Asia. Lentinan injection is a clinically approved drug in several countries in Asia. The purpose of this study is to review the structure, preclinical and clinical studies, and molecular mechanisms of lentinan. Most importantly, the clinical effectiveness of lentinan as an adjuvant therapeutic drug in treating patients with lung cancer in China during the past 12 years is analyzed statistically. METHODS: We carried out literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 2004 to 2016 based on CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database) and Wanfang database, and 38 eligible RCTs of lentinan-associated lung cancer treatment were identified, containing 3,117 patients. RESULTS: The structure and function relationship and underlying molecular mechanism of lentinan as an immunostimulant has been summarized. The mean value of overall response rate in treating lung cancer was increased from 43.3% of chemotherapy alone to 56.9% of lentinan plus chemotherapy [p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.102-0.170]. Compared with chemotherapy alone, lentinan plus chemotherapy showed more efficacy in treating lung cancer (pooled RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85) and no statistical heterogeneity was found among studies (I2 = 11%). CONCLUSION: Clinical data presented in the past 12 years shows that lentinan is effective not only in improving quality of life, but also in promoting the efficacy of chemotherapy during lung cancer treatment.
Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Lentinan/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung/drug effects , Asian People , China , Humans , Lung/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/ethnology , Quality of Life , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Treatment Outcome
Grifola frondosa, a species of Basidiomycotina, is an edible medicinal mushroom with a large fruiting body characterized by overlapping caps. The ß-glucan is the major biologically active component in G. frondosa polysaccharide (GFP) or D-fraction, which has been studied extensively for nearly 30 years. GFP was approved as an adjunctive therapeutic drug in China for treating cancers in 2010. In this article, based on the search results of Chinese VIP, CNKI, and Wanfang databases, 105 independent animal studies were summarized. The chemical structure, the antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and antiviral activities and molecular mechanisms of GFP are reviewed and discussed.
Antihypertensive Agents , Antineoplastic Agents , Fungal Polysaccharides , Grifola/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents , Immunologic Factors , Animals , Antihypertensive Agents/chemistry , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , China , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
ß-D-xylosides with cytotoxic aglycones have augmented cytotoxicity towards animal cells because ß-D-xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans further enhance the aglycone's cytotoxicity. In this study, we designed and synthesized different 4-anilinequinazoline ß-D-xylosides and found that compounds 7-10 possessing 3-chloro-4-((3-fluorobenzyl)oxy)aniline group as in anticancer drug lapatinib also primed glycosaminoglycans and were highly cytotoxic to cancer cells.
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Glycosaminoglycans/chemistry , Glycosides/chemical synthesis , A549 Cells , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Glycosides/chemistry , Glycosides/pharmacology , HCT116 Cells , Humans , Lapatinib , Molecular Structure , Quinazolines/chemistry , Quinazolines/pharmacology
Most ß-d-xylosides with hydrophobic aglycones are nontoxic primers for glycosaminoglycan assembly in animal cells. However, when Ebselen was conjugated to d-xylose, d-glucose, d-galactose, and d-lactose (8A-D), only Ebselen ß-d-xyloside (8A) showed significant cytotoxicity in human cancer cells. The following facts indicated that the aglycone Ebselen and ß-d-xyloside primed glycosaminoglycans co-contributed to the observed cytotoxicity: 1. Ebselen induced S phase cell cycle arrest, whereas 8A induced G2/M cell cycle arrest; 2. 8A augmented early and late phase cancer cell apoptosis significantly compared to that of Ebselen and 8B-D; 3. Both 8A and phenyl-ß-d-xyloside primed glycosaminoglycans with similar disaccharide compositions in CHO-pgsA745 cells; 4. Glycosaminoglycans could be detected inside of cells only when treated with 8A, indicating Ebselen contributed to the unique property of intracellular localization of the primed glycosaminoglycans. Thus, 8A represents a lead compound for the development of novel antitumor strategy by targeting glycosaminoglycans.
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/toxicity , Azoles/chemical synthesis , Azoles/toxicity , Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism , Glycosides/chemical synthesis , Glycosides/toxicity , Organoselenium Compounds/chemical synthesis , Organoselenium Compounds/toxicity , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , CHO Cells , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Humans , Isoindoles , S Phase/drug effects
Ganoderma sinense or "Chinese Lingzhi" is a well-known medicinal fungus in China for more than 2000 years. Polysaccharide is the main immunomodulatory and antitumor component in G. sinense. In 2010, G. sinense polysaccharide (GSP) tablet is approved as an adjunctive therapeutic drug in China for treating leukopenia and hematopoietic injury caused by concurrent chemo/radiation therapy during cancer treatment by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). ß-glucan, an established immunostimulant, is one of the components in GSP. Based on CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), Wanfang database, and PubMed searches, we have not only summarized but also translated all the basic and preclinical studies about GSP published in Chinese into English in this review article. Unfortunately, all the clinical studies about GSP tablet could not be found during the search or by contacting the drug manufacturers. However, both basic and preclinical studies showed that GSP has antitumor, antioxidant, anticytopenia, and unique mushroom-poison detoxification properties that are different from that of G. lucidum polysaccharide, another "Lingzhi" polysaccharide. The structure and molecular mechanisms of GSP are also discussed. This article urges availability of clinical study results of GSP tablet that would allow in-depth evaluation if the tablet is appropriate to serve as an immunomodulatory drug during cancer therapy at world stage.
Ganoderma/chemistry , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , China , Humans , Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Reishi/chemistry
